1
|
Pourmoshtagh H, Halaji M, Ranjbar S, Ranjbar R. Molecular characterization of ESBL-producing uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates among kidney transplant patients: Emergence and spread of B2-ST131 clone type. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27339. [PMID: 38510019 PMCID: PMC10951548 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to identify the distribution of virulence determinants in uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) isolates obtained from kidney transplant (KTP) and non-transplant patients (non-KTP) with urinary tract infections (UTI). Additionally, the (GTG)5 fingerprinting technique was used to investigate the genetic diversity of Extended-Spectrum B-Lactamase (ESBL)-positive isolates. In this case-control study, 111 urine isolates were obtained from non-KTPs and KTPs, respectively. The presence of genetic markers encoding adhesion proteins, toxins and major E. coli phylogroups was assessed through PCR amplification. Molecular typing of ESBL-positive UPEC strains was performed using (GTG)5 fingerprinting and Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) techniques. Overall, 65 and 46 UPEC isolates were obtained from non-KTPs and KTPs, respectively. Among the studied isolates, traT (85.6%) gene was the most frequently observed virulence gene, followed by kpsMT (49.5%). Using the 80% cut-off point, all the 35 UPEC isolates were classified into four major clusters, namely A, B, C, and D. The majority of the Sequence Type (ST) 131 isolates belonged to cluster A. Additionally, three ST1193 isolates belonged to cluster A and phylogroup B2. Moreover, ST38, ST131 and ST10 were in different cluster. In general, we observed significant differences in the papA, ompT, sat, and vat genes between KTPs and non-KTPs. Furthermore, since all the isolates carried one or more virulence factors (VFs), these findings are concerning in the context of managing UTIs caused by the UPEC strain. Additionally, the distribution of ST and Clonal Complex (CC) among isolates in the main clusters revealed significant differences between MLST and (GTG)5 fingerprinting analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Pourmoshtagh
- Department of Pediatrics, Loghman-Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Halaji
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Sina Ranjbar
- Department of Microbiology, Shahr‐e‐Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ranjbar
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Behera B, Swain PP, Rout B, Panigrahy R, Sahoo RK. Genotypic characterization of hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKp) in a tertiary care Indian hospital. Int Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s10123-024-00480-3. [PMID: 38252202 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-024-00480-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKp) is an emerging pathogen and causes endophthalmitis, liver abscess, osteomyelitis, meningitis, and necrotizing soft tissue infections in both immunodeficient and healthy people. The acquisition of the antibiotic resistance genes of hvKp has become an emerging concern throughout the globe. In this study, a total of 74 K. pneumoniae isolates were collected and identified by VITEK2 and blaSHV gene amplification. Out of these, 18.91% (14/74) isolates were identified as hvKp by both phenotypic string test and genotypic iucA PCR amplification. The antibiotic susceptibility revealed that 57.14% (8/14) isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) and 35.71% (5/14) isolates were extremely drug-resistant (XDR). All the isolates were resistant to β-lactam, β-lactamase + inhibitor groups of antibiotics, and the least resistance to colistin. Of 14 hvKp isolates, all isolates are positive for iroB (100%), followed by iutA (92.85%), peg344 (85.71%), rmpA (57.14%), and magA (21.42%) genes. Among serotypes, K1 was the most prevalent serotype 21.4% (3/14), followed by K5 14.3% (2/14). The most common carbapenemase gene was blaOXA-48 (78.57%) followed by blaNDM (14.28%) and blaKPC (14.28%) which co-carried multiple resistance genes such as blaSHV (100%), blaCTX-M (92.85%), and blaTEM (78.57%). About 92.85% (13/14) of hvKp isolates were strong biofilm producers, while one isolate (hvKp 10) was the only moderate biofilm producer. The (GTG)5-PCR molecular typing method revealed high diversity among the hvKp isolates in the tertiary care hospital. Our findings suggest that MDR-hvKp is an emerging pathogen and a challenge for clinical practice. In order to avoid hvKp strain outbreaks in hospital settings, robust infection control and effective surveillance should be implemented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birasen Behera
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751029, India
| | - Pragyan Paramita Swain
- Centre For Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751029, India
| | - Bidyutprava Rout
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751029, India
| | - Rajashree Panigrahy
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751029, India.
| | - Rajesh Kumar Sahoo
- Centre For Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751029, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kostoglou D, Simoni M, Vafeiadis G, Kaftantzis NM, Giaouris E. Prevalence of Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes, and Population Levels of Food Safety Indicator Microorganisms in Retail Raw Chicken Meat and Ready-To-Eat Fresh Leafy Greens Salads Sold in Greece. Foods 2023; 12:4502. [PMID: 38137306 PMCID: PMC10742679 DOI: 10.3390/foods12244502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of microbial pathogens in foods compromises their safety resulting in foodborne illnesses, public health disorders, product recalls, and economic losses. In this work, 60 samples of chilled raw chicken meat and 40 samples of packaged ready-to-eat (RTE) fresh leafy greens salads, sold in Greek retail stores (butchers and supermarkets), were analyzed for the presence of three important foodborne pathogenic bacteria, i.e., Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes, following the detection protocols of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). In parallel, the total aerobic plate count (APC), Enterobacteriaceae, total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and staphylococci were also enumerated as hygiene (safety) indicator organisms. When present, representative typical colonies for each pathogen were biochemically verified, following the ISO guidelines. At the same time, all the Campylobacter isolates from chicken (n = 120) were identified to the species level and further phylogenetically discriminated through multiplex and repetitive sequence-based (rep) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods, respectively. Concerning raw chicken, Campylobacter spp. were recovered from 54 samples (90.0%) and Salmonella spp. were recovered from 9 samples (15.0%), while L. monocytogenes was present in 35 samples (58.3%). No Campylobacter was recovered from salads, and Salmonella was present in only one sample (2.5%), while three salads were found to be contaminated with L. monocytogenes (7.5%). The 65% of the Campylobacter chicken isolates belonged to C. jejuni, whereas the rest, 35%, belonged to C. coli. Alarmingly, APC was equal to or above 106 CFU/g in 53.3% and 95.0% of chicken and salad samples, respectively, while the populations of some of the other safety indicators were in some cases also high. In sum, this study unravels high occurrence percentages for some pathogenic and food safety indicator microorganisms in raw chicken meat and RTE fresh leafy greens salads sold in Greek retail, highlighting the need for more extensive microbiological control throughout the food production chain (from the farm/field to the market).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Efstathios Giaouris
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Lemnos, Greece; (D.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kamali Dolatabadi R, Fazeli H, Emami MH, Karbasizade V, Maghool F, Fahim A, Rahimi H. Phenotypicand Genotypic Characterization of Clinical Isolates of Intracellular Adherent–Invasive Escherichia coli Among Different Stages, Family History, and Treated Colorectal Cancer Patients in Iran. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:938477. [PMID: 35899040 PMCID: PMC9309365 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.938477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence showing that microbial dysbiosis impacts the health and cancer risk of the host. An association between adherent–invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) has been revealed. Cyclomodulins (CMs) have been receiving increasing attention for carcinogenic changes. In this study, the incidence and features of intracellular AIEC and cyclomodulin-encoding genes were investigated and the phylogenetic grouping and genetic relatedness were evaluated. E. coli strains were isolated from the colorectal biopsies. Adhesion and invasion assays and intramacrophage cell survival test were performed to separate the AIEC isolates. Virulence genotyping for the genes htrA, dsbA, chuA, and lpfA and the cyclomodulin toxins was also conducted. In addition, phylogenetic grouping of the isolates was determined. Subsequently, repetitive element sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR) fingerprinting was performed. A total of 24 AIEC pathovars were isolated from 150 patients. The prevalence rates of htr, dsbA, and lpfA were 70.83% and that of chuA was 91.66%. The frequencies of the cyclomodulin toxins were as follows: cnf1, 29.2%; cnf2, 25%; colibactin, 29.2%; and cdt, 4.2%; cif was not found. Among the AIEC isolates, 4.2%, 4.2%, 54.2%, 29.2%, and 8.3% with phylotypes A or C, B1, B2, D, and E were identified, respectively. Left-sided colon carcinoma and adenocarcinoma T≥1 stage (CRC2) were colonized by B2 phylogroup AIEC-producing CMs more often than the samples from the other groups. Close genetic relatedness was observed in AIEC isolates with rep-PCR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Razie Kamali Dolatabadi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Fazeli
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- *Correspondence: Hossein Fazeli,
| | - Mohammad Hassan Emami
- Poursina Hakim Digestive Diseases Research center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Vajihe Karbasizade
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Maghool
- Poursina Hakim Digestive Diseases Research center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Fahim
- Poursina Hakim Digestive Diseases Research center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hojatollah Rahimi
- Poursina Hakim Digestive Diseases Research center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kaboré B, Ouédraogo GA, Cissé H, Ouédraogo HS, Sampo E, Zongo KJ, Zeba B, Traoré Y, Gnankiné O, Sanou I, Savadogo A. (GTG) 5-PCR fingerprinting of multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli bacteria isolates from hospital in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:118. [PMID: 35488211 PMCID: PMC9052641 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02537-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most common bacterial species implicated in various types of infections including septicemia, gastroenteritis, urinary tract infections, meningitis and others pathologies. These involve several bacterial clones with multidrug resistance making them difficult to treat. The aims of this study was to perform molecular typing of E. coli strains using universal primer (GTG)5. In this study, 53 E. coli strains were collected from inpatients and outpatients. The test of antimicrobial sensibility was realized using CA-SFM /EUCAST method and strains were identified by conventional microbiological tests. The carbapenemase-producing strains were demonstrated by phenotypic method. Bacterial DNA was extracted by boiling method. (GTG)5-PCR was used for strain subtyping. The DendroUPGMA software was used for grouping of strains from the genetic fingerprints obtained by (GTG)5-PCR. RESULTS Antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that all strains were multi-drug resistant (MDR). Its strains showed resistance to at least three different families of antibiotics. Of this MDR strains, only one was a metallo-β-lactamase producer. The dendrogram obtained using genetic fingerprinting allowed the E. coli strains to be grouped into 22 clusters (G1 to G22). CONCLUSION The (GTG) 5-PCR assay enabled rapid molecular typing of E. coli strains. The strains of E. coli typed in this study would belong to different clones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boukaré Kaboré
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Immunology, University Joseph KI-ZERBO, BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
| | - Ganamé Abasse Ouédraogo
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Immunology, University Joseph KI-ZERBO, BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Hama Cissé
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Immunology, University Joseph KI-ZERBO, BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Henri S Ouédraogo
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Immunology, University Joseph KI-ZERBO, BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Koudbi Jacob Zongo
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Science and Technology, University of Dedougou, BP 176, Dedougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Boukaré Zeba
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Immunology, University Joseph KI-ZERBO, BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Yves Traoré
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Immunology, University Joseph KI-ZERBO, BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Olivier Gnankiné
- Department of Biology and Physiology Aminale, University Joseph KI-ZERBO, BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Idrissa Sanou
- UFR Health Sciences, University Joseph KI-ZERBO, BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.,Laboratory of Bacteriology and Virology at, Tengadogo University Hospital, BP 104, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Aly Savadogo
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Immunology, University Joseph KI-ZERBO, BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Al-Azawi IH, Al-Bidiri MS. DISTRIBUTION OF INTEGRON III AND PHYLOGENIC CLADE AMONG MDR UROPATHOGENIC E. COLI FROM PATIENT IN AL-DIWANIYAH CITY, IRAQ. WIADOMOSCI LEKARSKIE (WARSAW, POLAND : 1960) 2022; 75:1254-1260. [PMID: 35758440 DOI: 10.36740/wlek202205205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim: The goal of this study is to identify Uropathogenic E. coli multidrug-resistant bacteria, as well as their genetic profile clade and correlation with dispersion integron. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and methods: Five hundred urine samples from UTI patients were collected in Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq. They were then investigated by a qualified consulting doctor. After cultivation in special media (MacConkey agar and Eosin-Methylene blue) to detect Enterobacteriacea, including Escherichia coli, the samples were identified using the Vitec 2 compact system, as well as MIC susceptibility testing to Amikacin, Levofloxacin, Cefepime, Meropenem, Nitrofurantion, and Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for detect multidrug resistance isolates. Multiplex PCR was used to detect three types of integrase gene. Finally, ERIC2-PCR was used to detect the genetic profile of all isolates. RESULTS Results: From 500 UTI samples, 22 isolates UPEC detected resistance to different class of antibiotic, including: 86.3% to Cefepime, 54.5% - to Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 31.8% -Levofloxacin, 18.8% - Amikacin, 18.8% - Imipenem, 0% to Nitrofurantion. Twenty of the 22 isolates had various integrase gene classes as: 54.5%, 36.3%, 72.2% for Intl I, Intl II, and Intl III, respectively; while two isolates have no integron. CONCLUSION Conclusions: Integron III has a higher incidence and compensates other classes; isolates with triple classes are more virulent and antibiotic resistant. Their genomic profile reveals association with human urine and unique clade of relatives.
Collapse
|
7
|
Mazloomirad F, Hasanzadeh S, Sharifi A, Nikbakht G, Roustaei N, Khoramrooz SS. Identification and detection of pathogenic bacteria from patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia in southwestern Iran; evaluation of biofilm production and molecular typing of bacterial isolates. BMC Pulm Med 2021; 21:408. [PMID: 34886838 PMCID: PMC8662843 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-021-01773-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is the second most common nosocomial infection in intensive care units (ICUs). The present study aims to determine the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria, their biofilm formation, and molecular typing from patients with HAP in southwestern Iran. Methods Fifty-eight patients with HAP participated in this cross-sectional study. Sputum and endotracheal aspirate were collected from each patient for isolation and detection of bacteria. Biofilm formation was evaluated using Congo red agar or Microtiter plate assay. The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the isolates were investigated. The multiplex polymerase chain reaction (M-PCR) technique was used to determine the Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) types of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. All S. aureus isolates were typed using the agr typing method. A repetitive element sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR) typing method was used for typing of Gram-negative bacteria. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 15 and the chi-square test. Results Bacteria were isolated in 52 (89.7%) of patients. Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) was the most prevalent organism (37%), followed by S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Using the PCR method, 56 bacteria were detected. A. baumannii was the most prevalent (35.7%) organism. A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa were biofilm-producing. All Gram-negative isolates were colistin-sensitive, and most of the A. baumannii isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). MRSA was identified in 12 (80%) S. aureus isolates, and 91.6% of MRSA were SCCmec type III. The agr type III was the most predominant. The rep-PCR analysis showed seven different patterns in 20 A. baumannii, six patterns in 13 P. aeruginosa, and four patterns in 6 E. coli. Conclusion A. baumannii was more prevalent than S. aureus in ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), while S. aureus is a major pathogen in non-ventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia (NV-HAP), possibly due to the tendency of the former to aquatic environments. Based on the rep-PCR typing method, it was concluded that bacteria were transmitted from patients or healthcare workers among different wards. Colistin can be used as a treatment in Gram-negative MDR isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Mazloomirad
- Student Research Committee, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Sajad Hasanzadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Asghar Sharifi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Gordafarin Nikbakht
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Narges Roustaei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Seyed Sajjad Khoramrooz
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran. .,Department of Microbiology, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
From the Urinary Catheter to the Prevalence of Three Classes of Integrons, β-Lactamase Genes, and Differences in Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Proteus mirabilis and Clonal Relatedness with Rep-PCR. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:9952769. [PMID: 34212042 PMCID: PMC8211507 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9952769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Proteus mirabilis is a biofilm-forming agent that quickly settles on the urinary catheters and causing catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Thus, the spread of multidrug-resistant P. mirabilis isolates, with the ability to form a biofilm that carries integron, extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), and plasmid-mediated colistin resistance genes (mcr), represents a severe threat to managing nosocomial infectious diseases. This study is aimed at surveying the prevalence of ESBL, integrase, and mcr genes of P. mirabilis, isolated from the catheter, to assess the differences in their antimicrobial susceptibility and clonal dissemination. Method Microtiter plate assay was adopted to measure biofilm formation. The antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed by the disk diffusion method. Antimicrobial resistance genes (intI1, intI2, intI3, blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaSHV, mcr1, and mcr2) were detected by PCR. All of the isolates were characterized by repetitive sequence-based PCR. Result From 385 collected catheters in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), 40 P. mirabilis were isolated. All of the isolates could form a biofilm. Proteus spp. had intrinsic resistance to tetracycline (95%) and nitrofurantoin (92.5%), which explains the high resistance prevalence. The most widely resistant antibiotic was trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (75%). Thirty-three (82.5%) isolates were classified as multidrug resistance (MDR). The prevalence of intI1 and intI2 genes was 60% and 25%, respectively. In 6 (15%) isolates, both genes were detected. The most frequent ESBL gene detected in all of the isolates was blaTEM. Also, no detection for mcr1 and mcr2 antibiotic resistance genes was reported. Rep-PCR identified 39(GTG)5 types (G1–G39) of 40 isolates that 38 isolates had unique patterns. Conclusion In this study, 82.5% of isolates were MDR with high antibiotic resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The intI1 and blaTEM were the most prevalent genes in the integrase and ESBL gene family. High diversity was seen in the isolates with Rep-PCR. The increasing rate of MDR isolates with a high prevalence of resistance genes could be alarming and demonstrate the need for hygienic procedures to prevent the increased antibiotic resistance rate in the future.
Collapse
|