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Imade O, Ilesanmi BV, Ogunwole GO, Elekofehinti OO, Souza MCO, Barbosa F, Adedire CO, Adeyemi JA. Effects of 2,4-dichlorophenol on non-specific immunity, histopathological lesions, and redox balance in African Catfish, clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2024; 87:480-495. [PMID: 38591921 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2024.2339538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The toxic effects of 2, 4-dichlorophenol (2, 4-DCP) on aquatic organisms are well-established; however, the details regarding the mechanisms underlying the toxicity, especially immunotoxicity are poorly understood. Consequently, the aim of this study was to investigate the histopathologic, oxidative stress and immunotoxic effects attributed to exposure to sublethal concentrations of 2,4-DCP in the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Juvenile C. gariepinus were exposed to 0.4, 0.8, or 1.6 mg/L 2, 4-DCP for 28 days after which blood and head kidney were extracted for the determination of various nonspecific innate immune parameters while the liver was excised for histopathology examination and measurement of oxidative stress biomarkers. Control fish were maintained in water spiked 10 µL/L ethanol, representing the solvent control. A significant increase was noted in the activities of lactate dehydrogenase and superoxide dismutase as well as in levels of lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation in a dose-dependent manner, with higher adverse effects observed at the highest concentration tested (1.6 mg/L). The total white blood cells (WBC) count was significantly elevated in fish exposed to 2,4-DCP compared to control. Myeloperoxidase content was decreased significantly in fish exposed to 2,4-DCP especially at the highest concentration (1.6 mg/L) compared to controls. The respiratory burst activity did not differ markedly amongst groups. Histopathological lesions noted included edema, leucocyte infiltration, and depletion of hemopoietic tissue in the head kidney of exposed fish. There was significant upregulation in the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70) but downregulation of major histocompatibility complex 2 (MHC 2) in exposed fish. Data demonstrated that exposure to 2,4-DCP resulted in histopathological lesions, oxidative stress, and compromised immune system in C. gariepinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osayimwen Imade
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Bobola V Ilesanmi
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Germaine O Ogunwole
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Olusola O Elekofehinti
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Marília Cristina Oliveira Souza
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chris O Adedire
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Joseph A Adeyemi
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Pinto B, Correia D, Conde T, Faria M, Oliveira M, Domingues MDR, Domingues I. Impact of chronic fluoxetine exposure on zebrafish: From fatty acid profile to behavior. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 357:142026. [PMID: 38615959 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The consumption of antidepressants, such as fluoxetine, has increased over the years and, as a result, they are increasingly found in aquatic systems. Given the increasing use of zebrafish as an animal model in toxicological studies, this work proposed to evaluate the effects of chronic exposure, for 21 days, to fluoxetine at environmentally relevant concentrations (1, 10, 100, and 1000 ng/L). The behavioral tests performed did not reveal significant effects of fluoxetine. However, oxidative stress and changes in energy metabolism were detected after exposure to the highest concentrations of fluoxetine tested, namely a decrease in glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity (decrease of ca. 31%), increase in catalase (CAT) activity (increase of ca. 71%), and decrease in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity (decrease of ca. 53%). Analysis of the fatty acid profile (FA) revealed a decrease in the omega-3 FA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), C22:6 (decrease in relative abundance between 6% and 8% for both the head and body), an increase in omega-6 FA, linoleic acid (LA), C18:2, (increased relative abundance between 8% and 11% in the head and between 5% and 9% in the body), which may suggest changes in the inflammatory state of these organisms. The integrated analysis adopted proved to be useful in detecting subindividual effects of fluoxetine and modes of action in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Pinto
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, Santiago University Campus, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Chemistry, Santiago University Campus, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Santiago University Campus, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Daniela Correia
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, Santiago University Campus, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tiago Conde
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Chemistry, Santiago University Campus, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Santiago University Campus, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Melissa Faria
- IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Oliveira
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, Santiago University Campus, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria do Rosário Domingues
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Chemistry, Santiago University Campus, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Santiago University Campus, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Inês Domingues
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, Santiago University Campus, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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Zhang X, Huang Y, Yang L, Chen S, Liu Y, Tang N, Li Z, Zhang X, Li L, Chen D. Dietary exposure to 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) induces oxidative damage promoting cell apoptosis primarily via mitochondrial pathway in the hepatopancreas of carp, Cyprinus carpio. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 274:116192. [PMID: 38461574 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the mechanisms of BDE-47 on hepatotoxicity in fish, this study examined the effects of dietary exposure to BDE-47 (40 and 4000 ng/g) on carp for 42 days. The results showed that BDE-47 significantly increased carp's condition factor and hepatosomatic index. Pathological results revealed unclear hepatic cord structure, hepatocytes swelling, cellular vacuolization, and inflammatory cell infiltration in the hepatopancreas of carp. Further investigation showed that ROS levels significantly increased on days 7, 14, and 42. Moreover, the activities of antioxidant enzymes SOD, GSH, CAT, and GST increased significantly from 1 to 7 days, and the transcription levels of antioxidant enzymes CAT, Cu-Zn SOD, Mn-SOD, GST, and GPX, and antioxidant pathway genes Keap1, Nrf2, and HO-1 changed significantly at multiple time-points during the 42 days. The results of apoptosis pathway genes showed that the mitochondrial pathway genes Bax, Casp3, and Casp9 were significantly upregulated and Bcl2 was significantly downregulated, while the transcription levels of FADD and PERK were significantly enhanced. These results indicate that BDE-47 induced oxidative damage in hepatopancreas, then it promoted cell apoptosis mainly through the mitochondrial pathway. This study provides a foundation for analyzing the mechanism of hepatotoxicity induced by BDE-47 on fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yujie Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Yuxi Agriculture Vocation-Technical College, 41 Xiangjiazhuang Road, Yuxi, Yunnan, China
| | - Shuhuang Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Youlian Liu
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ni Tang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiqiong Li
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Institute of Fisheries Research, Chengdu Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, 200 Nongke Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liangyu Li
- Institute of Fisheries Research, Chengdu Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, 200 Nongke Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Defang Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Samaddar A, Kaviraj A, Nielsen I, Saha S. Recycling of animal protein wastes in the formulation of feed for Labeo rohita and Mystus vittatus-a comparative evaluation. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:93. [PMID: 38430451 PMCID: PMC10908637 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-03910-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are key players in the fermentation of organic wastes and their recycling as feedstuff for fish. Whey, a common dairy byproduct in India, is a cheap source of LAB and can be used to ferment animal byproducts. An experimental study was designed to explore whether the whey fermented animal protein blend (WFAPB) could be used as a fishmeal replacer in the formulation of feed for both stomach-less carp fish Labeo rohita and stomach-bearing catfish Mystus vittatus. Experiments were performed with five isoproteinous, isolipidous, and isoenergetic feeds with WFAPB replacing fishmeal (FM) by 0% (T1), 25% (T2), 50% (T3), 75% (T4), and 100% (T5). Fifteen days of laboratory experiments with these experimental feeds revealed that more than 50% FM replacement level could result in excess postprandial absorption (6 h) of some essential and non-essential amino acids in the plasma of both fish. The postprandial absorption was more in M. vittatus than L. rohita. Ninety-day experiments were conducted in outdoor cement vats to measure growths and deposition of amino acids (AA) in muscle. Regression analysis was performed to find the optimal FM replacement based on four growth parameters and fifteen AA deposition in muscle. A two-phase fuzzy methodology was used to obtain Pareto-optimal replacement levels for each fish. The results demonstrated that FM replacement levels were 7.63% and 36.79% respectively for L. rohita and M. vittatus when only four growth parameters were considered. However, based on the FM replacement level that maximized deposition of 15 amino acids and growth parameters, it was found that 12.23% and 40.02% replacement of FM by the WFAPB was ideal respectively for L. rohita and M. vittatus. The results revealed that only a fraction of both essential and non-essential amino acids absorbed in plasma could be converted into protein and deposited as bound amino acids in the muscle. It is concluded that fermentation by whey is an inexpensive, easily available, and environmentally sustainable technique to recycle animal protein in the formulation of feed for fish, and the stomach-bearing carnivorous fish are more efficient in utilizing fermented animal protein blend than the stomach-less carps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Samaddar
- WorldFish - India, Directorate of Fisheries, Cuttack, 753001, Odisha, India
| | - Anilava Kaviraj
- Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Izabela Nielsen
- Department of Materials and Production, Aalborg University, Aalborg, 9220, Denmark
| | - Subrata Saha
- Department of Materials and Production, Aalborg University, Aalborg, 9220, Denmark.
- Department of Mathematics, University of Engineering & Management, Kolkata, 700160, India.
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Das BK, Nayak KK, Kumar V. Alteration of haematological and biochemical biomarkers after sub-lethal chronic malathion (Elathion®) intoxication in freshwater fish, Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 277:109844. [PMID: 38244824 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
The present investigation aimed to evaluate the long-term effects of malathion (Elathion®) at two sub-lethal concentrations (0.36 and 1.84 mgL-1) for 45 days after the determination of 96 h-LC50 value (18.35 mgL-1) in a commercially important aquaculture species, Labeo rohita by assaying multiple biomarker approaches. Total erythrocyte count (TEC), and haemoglobulin count (Hb) were found to be decreased while total leucocyte counts (TLC) were increased (p < 0.05) in malathion-intoxicated fish. Malathion exposure significantly reduced (p < 0.05) serum protein levels while significantly increased (p < 0.05) blood glucose levels. RNA activity in muscle was reduced (p < 0.05) while DNA activity increased (p < 0.05) in malathion-intoxicated fish. Acid phosphatase (ACP) activities in the brain; lacate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities in brain and liver were increased (p < 0.05), while alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities in the brain; succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities in the brain, liver and kidney; acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity in the brain; and ATPase activities in the brain, liver and kidney were reduced (p < 0.05) in comparison to control. Thus, the alteration in studied biomarkers was in a concentation-time dependent manner; however, it was more pronounced at the higher concentration at 45 days of exposure. The alteration in biomarker activity is probably a defensive mechanism/ adaptive response of fish to overcome the stress induced by malathion, which is a novel insight and possible impact on L.rohita. Our findings suggest malathion-induced stress, therefore, the use of malathion needs to be regulated to safeguard aquatic animals including fish and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basanta Kumar Das
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India.
| | | | - Vikas Kumar
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Regional Centre, Prayagraj, 211002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Rialto TCR, Marino RV, Abe FR, Dorta DJ, Oliveira DP. Comparative Assessment of the Toxicity of Brominated and Halogen-Free Flame Retardants to Zebrafish in Terms of Tail Coiling Activity, Biomarkers, and Locomotor Activity. TOXICS 2023; 11:732. [PMID: 37755743 PMCID: PMC10534375 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11090732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
BDE-47, a flame retardant that is frequently detected in environmental compartments and human tissues, has been associated with various toxic effects. In turn, information about the effects of aluminum diethyl-phosphinate (ALPI), a halogen-free flame retardant from a newer generation, is limited. This study aims to assess and compare the toxicity of BDE-47 and ALPI to zebrafish by analyzing the tail coiling, locomotor, acetylcholinesterase activities, and oxidative stress biomarkers. At 3000 µg/L BDE-47, the coiling frequency increased at 26-27 h post-fertilization (hpf), but the burst activity (%) and mean burst duration (s) did not change significantly. Here, we considered that the increased coiling frequency is a slight neurotoxic effect because locomotor activity was impaired at 144 hpf and 300 µg/L BDE-47. Moreover, we hypothesized that oxidative stress could be involved in the BDE-47 toxicity mechanisms. In contrast, only at 30,000 µg/L did ALPI increase the catalase activity, while the motor behavior during different developmental stages remained unaffected. On the basis of these findings, BDE-47 is more toxic than ALPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisa Carla Rizzi Rialto
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil; (T.C.R.R.); (F.R.A.)
| | - Renan Vieira Marino
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil; (T.C.R.R.); (F.R.A.)
| | - Flavia Renata Abe
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil; (T.C.R.R.); (F.R.A.)
| | - Daniel Junqueira Dorta
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Philosophy Science and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, SP, Brazil;
- National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Araraquara 14800-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Danielle Palma Oliveira
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil; (T.C.R.R.); (F.R.A.)
- National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Araraquara 14800-900, SP, Brazil
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Rangasamy B, Ramesh M, Malafaia G, Maheswaran R. Hematological changes, redox imbalance, and changes in Na +/K +-ATPase activity caused by bisphenol-A and the integrated biomarker responses in Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159844. [PMID: 36461564 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a plasticizer commonly used in the plastics industry to manufacture plastic materials. It is abundant in aquatic ecosystems, resulting in increased contamination and lower concentrations that may represent a significant threat to the aquatic system. Hence in the present study, an Indian major carp, Labeo rohita, was exposed to two different BPA concentrations (1 and 10 μg/L) for 30 days. Compared to control, the chronic effects resulted in significant alterations in red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC) count. The exposure to BPA caused significant changes in antioxidant activity in gill, liver, and kidney tissues (inferred by catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione S-transferase activity) in L. rohita. Regarding lipid peroxidation (LPO), we observed an increase in liver and kidney alteration, while LPO was noted in gill tissue compared to the control. Furthermore, increased Na+/K+-ATPase activity was observed in gills at the end of the 10th day and a gradual decrease at the end of the 30th day. These results indicated that exposure to BPA alters the RBC and WBC levels, antioxidant enzyme activity (gills, liver, and kidney), and Na+/K+-ATPase activity in the gill of L. rohita exposed to BPA (at 1 and 10 μg/L). Therefore, our findings will help us gain better insight into the toxicity of BPA in freshwater ichthyofauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basuvannan Rangasamy
- Entomology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu 636 011, India
| | - Mathan Ramesh
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641046, India
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil.
| | - Rajan Maheswaran
- Entomology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu 636 011, India.
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Kumari K, Swamy S. Field validated biomarker (ValidBIO) based assessment of impacts of various pollutants in water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:5347-5370. [PMID: 36414892 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity of fish towards pollutants serves as an excellent tool for the analysis of water pollution. The effluents generated from various anthropogenic activities may contain heavy metals, pesticides, microplastics, and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and ultimately find its way to aquatic environment. The enzymatic activities of fish collected from water bodies near major cities, oil spillage sites, agricultural land, and intensively industrialized areas have been reported to be significantly impacted in various field studies. These significant alterations in enzymatic activities act as a biomarker for monitoring purposes. The use of biomarkers not only helps in the identification of known and unknown pollutants and their detrimental health impacts, but also identifies the interaction between pollutants and organisms. The conventional method majorly used is physicochemical analysis, which is recognized as the backbone of the system for monitoring water quality. In physicochemical monitoring, major problems exist in assessing or predicting biological effects from chemical or physical data. Xenobiotic-induced enzymatic changes in fish may serve as an intuitive and efficient biomarker for determining contaminants in water bodies. Therefore, field validated biomarker (ValidBIO) approach needs to be integrated in water quality monitoring program for environmental health risk assessment of aquatic life impacted due to various point and non-point sources of water pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Kumari
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Kolkata Zonal Centre, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700107, India.
| | - Senerita Swamy
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India
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