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Mu R, Cui K, Chen Y, Tang Y, Wang K, Sun S. Distribution characteristics and risk assessment of fluoride in surface water of urban typical rivers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175548. [PMID: 39151624 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Recent research on fluoride in water primarily focuses on groundwater; however, the potential environmental risks of fluoride in urban rivers should not be overlooked. In 2023, this study collected 135 surface water samples from the Ershibu River in Hefei, China, during various flood periods. Through descriptive statistical analysis, correlation analysis, principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) modeling, hazard quotient (HQ) assessment, and Monte Carlo simulation analysis, the spatial and temporal distribution, potential sources, and health risks of fluoride were investigated. The results showed that fluoride concentrations in the Ershibu River ranged from 0 to 1.38 mg/L. According to the PCA-MLR calculations, industrial pollution (73.92 %) was identified as the main source, followed by hydrogeochemical evolution (16.10 %) and agricultural activities (9.98 %). The HQ analysis revealed that the average exceedance rates of HQ for the five exposed populations were as follows: infants (64.45 %) > young children (2.22 %) = adults (2.22 %) > children (0) = teenagers (0). Therefore, relevant authorities should improve defluoridation facilities to reduce fluoride levels in industrial and agricultural wastewater and implement measures to protect public health. Future research should investigate the migration processes and toxicity mechanisms of fluoride more thoroughly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Mu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Kangping Cui
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Yihan Chen
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yuchao Tang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Shijie Sun
- Wancho Environmental-Protection Co., Ltd, Suzhou 234000, China
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Prasun A, Singh A. Evaluation of potential human health risks arising from nitrate and fluoride in the groundwater of Aurangabad, Bihar using GIS and chemometric analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:268. [PMID: 38954115 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-02047-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
This study employed the groundwater pollution index to assess the appropriateness of groundwater for human consumption. Additionally, the hazard index was utilized to evaluate the potential non-carcinogenic risks associated with fluoride and nitrate exposure among children, women, and men in the study region. A total of 103 samples were collected from the Aurangabad district of Bihar. The analyzed samples were assessed using several physicochemical parameters. Major cations in the groundwater are Ca2+ > Mg2+ and major anions are HCO3- > Cl- > SO42- > NO3- > F- > PO43-. Around 17% of the collected groundwater samples surpassed the allowable BIS concentration limits for Nitrate, while approximately 11% surpassed the allowed limits for fluoride concentration. Principal component analysis was utilized for its efficacy and efficiency in the analytical procedure. Four principal components were recovered that explained 69.06% of the total variance. The Hazard Quotient (HQ) of nitrate varies between 0.03-1.74, 0.02-1.47, and 0.03-1.99 for females, males, and children, respectively. The HQ of fluoride varies between 0.04-1.59, 0.04-1.34, and 0.05-1.82 for females, males, and children, respectively. The central part of the district was at high risk according to the spatial distribution maps of the total hazard index (THI). Noncarcinogenic risks due to THI are 47%, 37%, and 28% for children, females, and males, respectively. According to the human health risk assessment, children are more prone to getting affected by polluted water than adults. The groundwater pollution index (GPI) value ranges from 0.46 to 2.27 in the study area. Seventy-five percent of the samples fell under minor pollution and only one fell under high pollution. The spatial distribution of GPI in the research area shows that the central region is highly affected, which means that this water is unsuitable for drinking purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Prasun
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, 800005, India.
| | - Anshuman Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, 800005, India
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Sharma J, Kumar S, Singh P, Kumar V, Verma S, Khyalia P, Sharma A. Emerging role of osmoprotectant glycine betaine to mitigate heavy metals toxicity in plants: a systematic review. Biol Futur 2024; 75:159-176. [PMID: 38183566 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-023-00198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metals (HMs) toxicity has become one of the major global issues and poses a serious threat to the environment in recent years. HM pollution in agricultural soil is caused by metal mining, smelting, volcanic activity, industrial discharges, and excessive use of phosphate fertilizers. HMs above a threshold level adversely affect the cellular metabolism of plants by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS), which attack cellular proteins. There are different mechanisms (physiological and morphological) adopted by plants to survive in the era of abiotic stress. Various osmoprotectants or compatible solutes, including amino acids, sugar, and betaines, enable the plants to counteract the HM stress. Glycine betaine (GB) is an effective osmolyte against HM stress among compatible solutes. GB has been shown to improve plant growth, photosynthesis, uptake of nutrients, and minimize oxidative stress in plants under HM stress. Additionally, GB increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as CAT (catalase), SOD (superoxide dismutase), and POD (peroxidase), which are effective in scavenging unwarranted ROS. Since not all species of plants can naturally produce or accumulate GB in response to stress, various approaches have been explored for introducing them. Plant hormones like salicylic acid, ABA (abscisic acid), and JA (jasmonic acid) co-ordinately stimulate the accumulation of GB inside the cell under HM stress. Apart from the exogenous application, the introduction of GB pathway genes in GB deficient species via genetic engineering also seems to be efficient in mediating HM stress. This review complied the beneficial effects of GB in mitigating HM stress and its role as a plant growth regulator. Additionally, the review explores the potential for engineering GB biosynthesis in plants as a strategy to bolster their resilience to HMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Sharma
- Department of Botany, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Botany, Baba Mast Nath University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Pooja Singh
- Department of Botany, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Vikram Kumar
- Department of Botany, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Shivani Verma
- Department of Botany, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Pradeep Khyalia
- Department of Environmental Science, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Asha Sharma
- Department of Botany, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India.
- Department of Botany, Baba Mast Nath University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India.
- Department of Environmental Science, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India.
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Ratandeep, Dharmani AB, Verma M, Rani S, Narang A, Singh MR, Saya L, Hooda S. Unravelling groundwater contamination and health-related implications in semi-arid and cold regions of India. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2024; 261:104303. [PMID: 38244426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2024.104303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Groundwater, a vital global resource, is essential for sustaining life and various human activities. However, its quality and availability face increasing threats from both natural and human-induced factors. Widespread contamination, arising from both natural origins and human activities such as agriculture, industry, mining, improper waste disposal, and wastewater release, poses significant risks to human health and water security. India, known for its dense population and pronounced groundwater challenges, serves as a prominent case study. Notably, in most of its regions, groundwater resources have been found to be severely contaminated by various chemical, biological, and radioactive contaminants. This review presents an examination of contamination disparities across various states of semi-arid and cold regions, encompassing diverse assessment methods. The studies conducted in semi-arid regions of North, South, West, and East India highlight the consistent presence of fluorides and nitrates majorly, as well as heavy metals in some areas, with values exceeding the permissible limits recommended by both the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and the World Health Organization (WHO). These contaminants pose skeletal and dental threats, methemoglobinemia, and even cancer. Similarly, in cold regions, nitrate exposure and pesticide residues, reportedly exceeding BIS and WHO parameters, pose gastrointestinal and other waterborne health concerns. The findings also indicated that the recommended limits of several quality parameters, including pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness, and total alkalinity majorly surpassed. Emphasising the reported values of the various contaminant levels simultaneously with addressing the challenges and future perspectives, the review unravels the complex landscape of groundwater contamination and its health-related implications in semi-arid and cold regions of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratandeep
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Akshat Bhanu Dharmani
- School Of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Manisha Verma
- Department of Physics, Acharya Narendra Dev College, (University of Delhi), Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Sanjeeta Rani
- Department of Physics, Acharya Narendra Dev College, (University of Delhi), Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Anita Narang
- Department of Botany, Acharya Narendra Dev College, (University of Delhi), Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - M Ramananda Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Kirorimal College, (University of Delhi), Delhi 110009, India
| | - Laishram Saya
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College (University of Delhi), Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110021, India; Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Acharya Narendra Dev College, (University of Delhi), Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi - 110019, India.
| | - Sunita Hooda
- Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Acharya Narendra Dev College, (University of Delhi), Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi - 110019, India.
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Sharma J, Kumar S, Kumar V, Singh P, Khyalia P, Saini S, Sharma P, Kumar A, Sharma A. Stress-mitigating behavior of glycine betaine to enhance growth performance by suppressing the oxidative stress in Pb-stressed barley genotypes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:7498-7513. [PMID: 38158536 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31731-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The toxicity of lead (Pb) in agricultural soil is constantly increasing as a result of anthropogenic activities. Pb is one of the most phytotoxic metals in soil that accumulates in plant tissue, resulting in yield loss. It is currently becoming more popular to supplement glycine betaine (GB) for Pb-induced stress tolerance in crop plants. Currently, no report describes the use of GB as a stress mitigator for growth attributes and stress-specific biomarkers in barley plants under Pb stress conditions. Hence, the present research was designed to examine the stress-mitigating behavior of GB on various growth attributes including germination percentage, seed vigor index (SVI), radicle length, plant biomass (fresh and dry), shoot and root length, physiological attributes such as relative water content (RWC), and stress-specific biomarkers like electrolyte leakage (EL), and H2O2 content of two barley varieties viz. BH959 and BH946 at three Pb stress treatments (15 mM, 25 mM, and 35 mM), with and without GB (2 mM) supplementation in natural conditions. The present investigation showed that at the highest Pb stress (35 mM), the germination rate was reduced to zero, and the growth attributes and RWC of both barley varieties were also reduced as compared to the non-stressed plants (control) with an increase in Pb treatment. However, EL up to 70% and H2O2 content up to 30% increased with an increase in Pb stress concentration indicated by ROS accumulation, resulting in more oxidative stress. Additionally, GB application alleviated the toxic effect of Pb stress by improving the rate of germination by 33.3% and growth performance by reducing the ROS accumulation in terms of reducing stress biomarkers H2O2 by 25%, and EL by 12%. It has been revealed that the application of GB can minimize or reduce the toxic effects caused by Pb toxicity in both varieties, positively modulating plant growth performances and lowering oxidative stress. This research may provide a scientific basis for assessing Pb tolerance in barley plants and developing alternative approaches to protecting them from the severe effects of Pb toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Sharma
- Department of Botany, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Botany, Baba Mast Nath University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Vikram Kumar
- Department of Botany, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Pooja Singh
- Department of Botany, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Pradeep Khyalia
- Department of Environmental Science, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Sakshi Saini
- Department of Botany, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Priyanka Sharma
- Department of Botany, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Botany, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Asha Sharma
- Department of Botany, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India.
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Singh M, Wadhwa V, Batra L, Khyalia P, Mor V. A chemometric and ingestion hazard prediction study of groundwater in proximity to the Bandhwari landfill site, Gurugram, India. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2024; 22:52-63. [PMID: 38295072 PMCID: wh_2023_072 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Groundwater contamination due to the leaching of harmful pollutants such as heavy metals, xenobiotic compounds, and other inorganic compounds from solid waste dumping sites has become a major health concern in recent times. Therefore, to assess the effects of the Bandhwari landfill site, groundwater samples from the surrounding region of the dumping site were collected and analyzed for heavy metals and physicochemical properties. The total dissolved solids (TDS) of 67% of samples exceeded the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) permissible limits which makes it unfit for drinking purposes. The groundwater samples were also analyzed for iron (Fe), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr) concentrations and results of heavy metal concentration in the groundwater around the Bandhwari landfill follow the concentration trend of Pb > Cd > Ni > Cu > Zn > Fe > Cr. Risk assessment of consumers' health was done using target hazard quotient calculations which were less than unity (threshold value of <1), indicating that heavy metal concentrations do not pose any serious health effect according to total hazard quotient values. The results of the study made it evident that groundwater is not suitable for drinking purposes due to excess values of water quality parameters but poses no risk due to studied metal concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manbir Singh
- School of Applied Sciences, OM Sterling Global University, Hisar, Haryana 125001, India E-mail: ;
| | - Vaishali Wadhwa
- Indian Agriculture Research Institute (IARI) Regional Center, Karnal 132001, India
| | - Lavisha Batra
- Indian Agriculture Research Institute (IARI) Regional Center, Karnal 132001, India
| | - Pradeep Khyalia
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India
| | - Vikram Mor
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana 122505, India
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Selvam S, Nath AV, Roy PD, Jesuraja K, Muthukumar P. Evaluation of groundwater for nitrate and fluoride in Alappuzha region from the southwestern coast of India and associated health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 236:116791. [PMID: 37524155 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate and fluoride are two of the most prevalent pollutants in drinking water and exposure to their high concentrations could cause methemoglobinemia and fluorosis. This study attempted to evaluate the groundwater quality (pH: 4.4-9) from a relatively understudied part of the southwestern coast in India (i.e., Alappuzha, Kerala state) and assessed the associated health risks from exposures to nitrate (0.2-5.8 mg/l) and fluoride (0.2-1.9 mg/l) present in the groundwater. Pollution index (PIG: 0.35-5.43) grouped about 21% samples in high pollution and very high pollution categories because of fluoride content above the WHO guidelines. The total hazard index (THI) for adult male (0.17-1.70; average: 0.75), adult female (0.19-1.85; average: 0.81) and children (0.35-3.40; average: 1.50) suggested more non-carcinogenic risks for children from 41.6% samples compared to adult male and female from 33.3% samples in the absence of any mitigation measure. These results provide additional data from the country with highest population and the largest groundwater use in the context of sustainability in availability and supply of groundwater under the increasing risks of population growth, climate change and industrial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Selvam
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Akhila V Nath
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India; Registration No : 19212232222036, Affliated to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, 627012, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Priyadarsi D Roy
- Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Coyoacán, CP, 04510, Mexico
| | - K Jesuraja
- National Centre for Earth Science Studies, Thiruvananthapuram, 695011 Kerala, India
| | - P Muthukumar
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India
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Rani A, Parashar K, Meena R, Sharma SK, Tiwari KK, Ajaykumar V, Mondal NC. Hydrochemical characteristics and potential health risks of nitrate, fluoride, and uranium in Kota district, Rajasthan, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-28071-1. [PMID: 37326727 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the uranium, fluoride, and nitrate dispositions in groundwater as well as potential health risks in Kota district, Rajasthan, India. Total 198 groundwater samples were collected in both dry and wet periods and analyzed for physicochemical parameters along with U, F-, and NO3- using standard methods. Results indicate that the electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, alkalinity, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, Cl-, NO3-, and F- exceed the WHO standard limits of drinking water in both periods. Uranium concentration is at the broader of drinking water permissible limit (30 μg/L) and found about 1.05 times more. Nitrate and fluoride concentrations ranged from 9.8 to 412.0 mg/L and 0.1 to 4.0 mg/L for the dry season, while in the wet period, they varied from 10.0 to 954.0 mg/L and 0.1 to 3.5 mg/L, respectively. Correlation studies show a significantly strong positive correlation between uranium and total alkalinity and carbonate. Natural background levels (NBLs) were explored to assess the source of groundwater pollution. It shows that the second inflection points of NBLs estimated for NO3-, F-, and U are about 168 mg/L, 1.2 mg/L, and 7.3 μg/L, respectively, during the experimental period. The USEPA technique was used to evaluate the non-carcinogenic health risks associated with consuming the NO3- and F--contaminated groundwater. The health risks in Kota district show that children are more at risk than adults. The risk assessment of uranium reveals that the excess cancer risk (ECR) and hazard quotient (HQ) are found to be below the standard limits, but a high concentration of uranium (31.6 μg/L) is observed at Amarpura village of Digod block. This study will provide a baseline of uranium, fluoride, and nitrate dispositions in groundwater for simulating mass transport model and safe use of drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashu Rani
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Kota, Rajasthan, Kota, India
| | - Kiran Parashar
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Kota, Rajasthan, Kota, India
| | - Ramet Meena
- Department of Chemistry, Govt. College Kota, Rajasthan, Kota, India
| | - Sushil K Sharma
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Kota, Rajasthan, Kota, India
| | - Kamal K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Venkatarao Ajaykumar
- Earth Process Modeling Group, CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Nepal C Mondal
- Earth Process Modeling Group, CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, India.
- Electrical & Heliborne Geophysics Group, CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, India.
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
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Tanwer N, Deswal M, Khyalia P, Laura JS, Khosla B. Assessment of groundwater potability and health risk due to fluoride and nitrate in groundwater of Churu District of Rajasthan, India. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023:10.1007/s10653-023-01485-z. [PMID: 36656463 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01485-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The availability of potable drinking water is a tough challenge particularly in arid and semiarid regions as it is closely linked to human health. Fluoride and nitrate are widely reported concern in different districts of Rajasthan. Therefore, this study was engaged in the Churu District of Rajasthan to appraise the water quality especially in reference to fluoride and nitrate and health risk associated with its consumption. The overall potability of water was evaluated using water quality index and PCA indicated major sources responsible for water contamination. A total of 515 groundwater samples were collected from different locations of Churu District and16 water quality parameters were analyzed as per the standard protocol of APHA. The results showed that the values for all analyzed water quality parameters were greater than the prescribed limit of WHO and BIS. F- levels in 191 samples and nitrate levels in 147 samples were found to be over than BIS-acceptable limit. The results of the fluoride and nitrate risk assessment revealed that the Hazard Index value was greater than one of 393 groundwater samples for males, 403 groundwater samples for females, and 397 groundwater samples for children, indicating that drinking groundwater poses a significant health risk in the study area. Only 46.02 percent of groundwater samples may be utilized for drinking, according to the water quality index (WQI), while the remaining are unfit for drinking purpose without treatment. The huge number of variables impacting the overall quality and chemistry of groundwater were reduced using principal component analysis (PCA), which identified four key components that account for 69.11 percent of variance in the dataset. The PCA indicated that both geogenic and anthropogenic factors significantly influenced the water quality of the study region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Tanwer
- Department of Environmental Science, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Meena Deswal
- Department of Environmental Science, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Pradeep Khyalia
- Department of Environmental Science, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Jitender Singh Laura
- Department of Environmental Science, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Babita Khosla
- Department of Environmental Science, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
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