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Jiao Y, Hu X, Peng Y, Wu K, Romeis J, Li Y. Bt rice plants may protect neighbouring non- Bt rice plants against the striped stem borer, Chilo suppressalis. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.1283. [PMID: 30051874 PMCID: PMC6083243 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The area planted with insect-resistant genetically engineered crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) genes has greatly increased in many areas of the world. Given the nearby presence of non-Bt crops (including those planted as refuges) and non-crop habitats, pests targeted by the Bt trait have a choice between Bt and non-Bt crops or weeds, and their host preference may greatly affect insect management and management of pest resistance to Bt proteins. In this study, we examined the oviposition preference of the target pest of Bt rice, Chilo suppressalis, for Bt versus non-Bt rice plants as influenced by previous damage caused by C. suppressalis larvae. The results showed that C. suppressalis females had no oviposition preference for undamaged Bt or non-Bt plants but were repelled by conspecific-damaged plants whether Bt or non-Bt. Consequently, C. suppressalis egg masses were more numerous on Bt plants than on neighbouring non-Bt plants both in greenhouse and in field experiments due to the significantly greater caterpillar damage on non-Bt plants. We also found evidence of poorer performance of C. suppressalis larvae on conspecific-damaged rice plants when compared with undamaged plants. GC-MS analyses showed that larval damage induced the release of volatiles that repelled mated C. suppressalis females in wind tunnel experiments. These findings suggest that Bt rice could act as a dead-end trap crop for C. suppressalis and thereby protect adjacent non-Bt rice plants. The results also indicate that the oviposition behaviour of target pest females should be considered in the development of Bt resistance management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyu Jiao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufa Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Kongming Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jörg Romeis
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.,Agroscope, Research Division Agroecology and Environment, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yunhe Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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Liang Y, Liu F, Li J, Cheng Z, Chen H, Wang X, Xiao N, Liu Y. Coexistence of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-transgenic and conventional rice affects insect abundance and plant fitness in fields. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:1646-1653. [PMID: 29318739 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As genetically modified (GM) crops are cultivated worldwide, concerns are emerging about the ecological consequences of the coexistence of transgenic and non-transgenic crops in fields. We first conducted field experiments using insect-resistant transgenic rice expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt-transgenic rice) and its counterpart conventional rice (Oryza sativa L.) with or without insecticide spraying in 2013 and 2014. In 2015 and 2016, Bt-transgenic and conventional rice plants were employed in pure and mixed cages, with an infestation of the target insect (Chilo suppressalis) and with insecticide spraying as the control treatment to prevent target insect infestation. RESULTS The presence of Bt-transgenic rice decreased the abundance of target insects but did not affect non-target insects and predators in fields. Compared with conventional rice, Bt-transgenic rice showed more empty seeds but comparable seed production in cages. The infestation of target insects significantly decreased the plant fitness of conventional rice in pure cages, but did not affect its fitness when conventional rice coexisted with Bt-transgenic rice. In mixed cages, the presence of Bt-transgenic rice decreased the abundance of target insects and the percentage of dead sheaths in conventional rice. CONCLUSION The presence of Bt-transgenic rice benefits the growth and reproduction of non-transgenic rice in fields because of a decreased abundance of target insects. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyong Liang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junsheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengxin Cheng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Hongfan Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Xuming Wang
- Plant Protection and Quarantine Station of Dayu, Ganzhou, China
| | - Nengwen Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
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Li Y, Gao Y, Wu K. Function and effectiveness of natural refuge in IRM strategies for Bt crops. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 21:1-6. [PMID: 28822481 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Several strategies involving refuge have been proposed for delaying insect resistance to Bt crops. The report was focused on the unstructured 'natural' refuges that contain plants naturally presented as part of the cropping system in the form of non-Bt plants that differ from Bt plant species, or wild host plants of the target pests. The cases of natural refuges applied in different countries were analyzed, and the factors that favor their success are discussed. The results indicate that the effectiveness of a natural refuge strategy depends on the biological characteristics of the target pest, the spatial and temporal distribution and abundance of the host plants in the agricultural system and the quality of the host plants for the pest species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhe Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yulin Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Kongming Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Lynch PA, Boots M. Using evolution to generate sustainable malaria control with spatial repellents. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27776220 PMCID: PMC5089865 DOI: 10.7554/elife.15416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolution persistently undermines vector control programs through insecticide resistance. Here we propose a novel strategy which instead exploits evolution to generate and sustain new control tools. Effective spatial repellents are needed to keep vectors out of houses. Our approach generates such new repellents by combining a high-toxicity insecticide with a candidate repellent initially effective against only part of the vector population. By killing mosquitoes that enter treated properties the insecticide selects for vector phenotypes deflected by the repellent, increasing efficacy of the repellent against the target vector population and in turn protecting the insecticide against the spread of insecticide resistance. Using such evolved spatial repellents offers an evolutionarily sustainable, ‘double-dip’ system of disease control combining mortality and repellence. We formalize this idea using models which explore vector population genetics and disease transmission probabilities and show that using evolved spatial repellents is theoretically achievable, effective and sustainable. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15416.001 Many of the mosquito species that transmit malaria have evolved to bite humans indoors at night, and therefore health programs target them using insecticides sprayed on surfaces inside people’s homes. This strategy, however, stops working when mosquito populations evolve to resist the insecticide used, either because they are immune to its poisonous effects or because they change their behaviour to avoid it. Consequently, there is now a need to develop alternative strategies to control mosquitoes that are more sustainable in the face of evolution. One possibility is repellents that keep mosquitoes out of homes. Lynch and Boots have now asked whether evolution could be used to create effective repellents from substances that initially repel only part of the mosquito population by pairing them with lethal insecticides sprayed inside people’s homes. Mathematical models showed that, before insecticide resistance becomes widespread, this “evolved repellence” approach could reduce the spread of malaria by a similar amount to using insecticides alone. This was particularly true if the models considered that, as well as surviving to give fewer infectious bites, repelled infectious mosquitoes may be less likely to transmit malaria with each feed, for example if they feed more on livestock rather than humans. The models of Lynch and Boots also show that that the success of the evolved repellence concept in a given location depends on a number of factors. The proportion of the starting mosquito population that is repelled or resistant can have a large effect. Similarly, success will also depend on how likely normal, repelled and insecticide-resistant mosquitoes are to reproduce successfully. These values can be influenced by the choice of insecticide and repellent and how the chemicals are applied. Lynch and Boots show that swapping insecticides can allow an evolved repellent to be established where it would otherwise not succeed. Also, the spread of resistance to the paired insecticide is slowed or prevented when the mosquito population evolves to be repelled. Practical laboratory and field- work is now needed to build on this theoretical groundwork and to determine suitable locations and application strategies to exploit this concept as a way to sustainably reduce the spread of malaria in the future. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15416.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Anne Lynch
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Boots
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, United Kingdom.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, United States
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Liu Y, Ge F, Liang Y, Wu G, Li J. Characterization of competitive interactions in the coexistence of Bt-transgenic and conventional rice. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:27. [PMID: 25928331 PMCID: PMC4409737 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0141-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transgene flow through pollen and seeds leads to transgenic volunteers and feral populations in the nature, and consumer choice and economic incentives determine whether transgenic crops will be cultivated in the field. Transgenic and non-transgenic plants are likely to coexist in the field and natural habitats, but their competitive interactions are not well understood. METHODS Field experiments were conducted in an agricultural ecosystem with insecticide spraying and a natural ecosystem, using Bt-transgenic rice (Oryza sativa) and its non-transgenic counterpart in pure and mixed stands with a replacement series. RESULTS Insect damage and competition significantly decreased plant growth and reproduction under the coexistence of transgenic and conventional rice. Insect-resistant transgenic rice was not competitively superior to its counterpart under different densities in both agricultural and natural ecosystems, irrespective of insect infection. Fitness cost due to Bt-transgene expression occurred only in an agroecosystem, where the population yield decreased with increasing percentage of transgenic rice. The population yield fluctuated in a natural ecosystem, with slight differences among pure and mixed stands under plant competition or insect pressure. The presence of Chilo suppressalis infection increased the number of non-target insects. CONCLUSIONS Plant growth and reproduction patterns, relative competition ability and population yield indicate that Bt-transgenic and non-transgenic rice can coexist in agroecosystems, whereas in more natural habitats, transgenic rice is likely to outcompete non-transgenic rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 8 Dayangfang, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Yuyong Liang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, 330200, China.
| | - Gang Wu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Junsheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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Yi D, Cui S, Yang L, Fang Z, Liu Y, Zhuang M, Zhang Y. Influences of Cry1Ac broccoli on larval survival and oviposition of diamondback moth. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2015; 15:ieu054. [PMID: 25843583 PMCID: PMC4535142 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieu054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Larval survival and oviposition behavior of three genotypes of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), (homozygous Cry1Ac-susceptibile, Cry1Ac-resistant, and their F1 hybrids), on transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) broccoli expressing different levels of Cry1Ac protein were evaluated in laboratory. These Bt broccoli lines were designated as relative low, medium, and high, respectively, according to the Cry1Ac content. Untransformed brocccoli plants were used as control. Larval survival of diamondback moth on non-Bt leaves was not significantly different among the three genotypes. The Cry1Ac-resistant larvae could survive on the low level of Bt broccoli plants, while Cry1Ac-susceptible and F1 larvae could not survive on them. The three genotypes of P. xylostella larvae could not survive on medium and high levels of Bt broccoli. In oviposition choice tests, there was no significant difference in the number of eggs laid by the three P. xylostella genotypes among different Bt broccoli plants. The development of Cry1Ac-susceptible and Cry1Ac-resistant P. xylostella on intact Bt plants was also tested in greenhouse. All susceptible P. xylostella larvae died on all Bt plants, while resistant larvae could survive on broccoli, which expresses low Cry1Ac protein under greenhouse conditions. The results of the greenhouse trials were similar to that of laboratory tests. This study indicated that high dose of Bt toxins in broccoli cultivars or germplasm lines is required for effective resistance management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengxia Yi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P. R. China Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Shusong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Limei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yumei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Mu Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yangyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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Ramalho FS, Pachú JKS, Lira ACS, Malaquias JB, Zanuncio JC, Fernandes FS. Feeding and dispersal behavior of the cotton leafworm, Alabama argillacea (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), on Bt and non-Bt cotton: implications for evolution and resistance management. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111588. [PMID: 25369211 PMCID: PMC4219722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The host acceptance of neonate Alabama argillacea (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae to Bt cotton plants exerts a strong influence on the potential risk that this pest will develop resistance to Bt cotton. This will also determine the efficiency of management strategies to prevent its resistance such as the “refuge-in-the-bag” strategy. In this study, we assessed the acceptance of neonate A. argillacea larvae to Bt and non-Bt cotton plants at different temperatures during the first 24 h after hatching. Two cotton cultivars were used in the study, one a Bt DP 404 BG (Bollgard) cultivar, and the other, an untransformed isoline, DP 4049 cultivar. There was a greater acceptance by live neonate A. argillacea larvae for the non-Bt cotton plants compared with the Bt cotton plants, especially in the time interval between 18 and 24 h. The percentages of neonate A. argillacea larvae found on Bt or non-Bt plants were lower when exposed to temperatures of 31 and 34°C. The low acceptance of A. argillacea larvae for Bt cotton plants at high temperatures stimulated the dispersion of A. argillacea larvae. Our results support the hypothesis that the dispersion and/or feeding behavior of neonate A. argillacea larvae is different between Bt and non-Bt cotton. The presence of the Cry1Ac toxin in Bt cotton plants, and its probable detection by the A. argillacea larvae tasting or eating it, increases the probability of dispersion from the plant where the larvae began. These findings may help to understand how the A. argillacea larvae detect the Cry1Ac toxin in Bt cotton and how the toxin affects the dispersion behavior of the larvae over time. Therefore, our results are extremely important for the management of resistance in populations of A. argillacea on Bt cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco S. Ramalho
- Unidade de Controle Biológico, Embrapa Algodão, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Jéssica K. S. Pachú
- Unidade de Controle Biológico, Embrapa Algodão, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Aline C. S. Lira
- Unidade de Controle Biológico, Embrapa Algodão, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - José B. Malaquias
- Unidade de Controle Biológico, Embrapa Algodão, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - José C. Zanuncio
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Buschman LL, Ramaswamy SB. How to build the non-host plant for stability in insect resistance management. GM CROPS & FOOD 2014; 3:163-74. [DOI: 10.4161/gmcr.20568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zalucki MP, Cunningham JP, Downes S, Ward P, Lange C, Meissle M, Schellhorn NA, Zalucki JM. No evidence for change in oviposition behaviour of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) after widespread adoption of transgenic insecticidal cotton. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2012; 102:468-76. [PMID: 22314028 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485311000848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cotton growing landscapes in Australia have been dominated by dual-toxin transgenic Bt varieties since 2004. The cotton crop has thus effectively become a sink for the main target pest, Helicoverpa armigera. Theory predicts that there should be strong selection on female moths to avoid laying on such plants. We assessed oviposition, collected from two cotton-growing regions, by female moths when given a choice of tobacco, cotton and cabbage. Earlier work in the 1980s and 1990s on populations from the same geographic locations indicated these hosts were on average ranked as high, mid and low preference plants, respectively, and that host rankings had a heritable component. In the present study, we found no change in the relative ranking of hosts by females, with most eggs being laid on tobacco, then cotton and least on cabbage. As in earlier work, some females laid most eggs on cotton and aspects of oviposition behaviour had a heritable component. Certainly, cotton is not avoided as a host, and the implications of these finding for managing resistance to Bt cotton are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Zalucki
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - J P Cunningham
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - S Downes
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Australian Cotton Research Institute, Narrabri, 2390, NSW
| | - P Ward
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - C Lange
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - M Meissle
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Brisbane, 4001, Australia
| | | | - J M Zalucki
- School of Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, 4111, Australia
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Wesseler J, Scatasta S, Hadji Fall E. Chapter 7 The Environmental Benefits and Costs of Genetically Modified (GM) Crops. FRONTIERS OF ECONOMICS AND GLOBALIZATION 2011. [DOI: 10.1108/s1574-8715(2011)0000010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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