1
|
Wassmer T, Armstrong E. Population structure of Phanaeus vindex (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in SE Michigan. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2023; 23:2. [PMID: 37399115 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iead050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Until now, little is known about the population structure and mobility of temperate dung beetles including the rainbow scarab, Phanaeus vindex (MacLeay 1819), although this knowledge is essential for their conservation as pastures become increasingly rare and the landscape fragmented by monocultures and urbanization. Here, we estimated population size, longevity, and dispersal within and between pastures. For 3 yr, we life-trapped beetles every week on 2 adjacent farms in SE Michigan, determined their sex, male morph, and size, and marked their elytra with individual tattoo patterns before releasing them. We marked a total of 470 rainbow scarabs of which 14 were recaptured once and 2 were recaptured twice. The sex ratio was not significantly sex-biased but fluctuated between months with no apparent uniformity between years. While the minor to major male ratios were unbiased in 2019 and 2020, they were marginally minor-biased in 2021. The gross population estimates for the 2 farms were 458-491 and 217 rainbow scarabs, respectively. Beetles traveled distances of up to 178 m within farms. No beetles dispersed between farms. One large female was recaptured after 338 days documenting the first cold hardiness and long lifespan of a cold-temperate dung beetle species in the wild. The low population estimates on both farms indicate 2 vulnerable populations with no or extremely limited connectivity. Supplementary funding for the land stewardship of small-scale cattle farmers could stabilize populations of native dung beetles and maintain their ecosystem services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wassmer
- Department of Biology, Siena Heights University, 1247 E. Siena Heights Drive, Adrian, MI 49221, USA
| | - Elise Armstrong
- Department of Biology, Siena Heights University, 1247 E. Siena Heights Drive, Adrian, MI 49221, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Barretto J, Baena ML, Domínguez IH, Escobar F. Spatiotemporal variation in the adult sex ratio, male aggregation, and movement of two tropical cloud forest dung beetles. Curr Zool 2021; 68:635-644. [PMID: 36743229 PMCID: PMC9892795 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoab101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While theory suggests that at conception the sex ratio should be balanced (1:1), this can be variable across space and time in wild populations. Currently, studies of the environmental factors that regulate adult sex ratio (ASR) in species with different life history traits are scarce. Using capture-recapture over a year, we analyzed the influence of habitat type (forest and nonforest) and season (rainy and dry) on variation in ASR, male aggregation and the trajectory movement of 2 dung beetle species with different life history traits: Deltochilum mexicanum (a hornless roller species) and Dichotomius satanas (a tunneler species with horns on its head and thorax). We found opposite tendencies. The D. mexicanum population tends to be female-biased, but the population of D. satanas tends to be predominantly male, and observed values were not related to habitat type or season. However, the 95% confidence intervals estimated were highly variable between seasons depending on habitat. On examining the monthly variation in ASR for both habitats, we found that it depends on the species. In addition, male aggregation differed between species depending on habitat type and season, and species movement patterns were closely related to their habitat preferences. Based on our results, we argue that comparative population studies of species with different life history traits are necessary to understand the variation in demographic parameters as well as its ecological and evolutionary implications in the face of spatial and climatic environmental variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julliana Barretto
- Red de Ecoetología, Instituto de Ecología, Xalapa, C.P. 91073, Mexico
| | | | - Israel Huesca Domínguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Veracruzana. Av. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n Col. Industrial Ánimas, Xalapa, C.P. 91190, Mexico
| | - Federico Escobar
- Red de Ecoetología, Instituto de Ecología, Xalapa, C.P. 91073, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Macagno ALM, Edgerton TJ, Moczek AP. Incipient hybrid inferiority between recently introduced, diverging dung beetle populations. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Understanding why and how certain clades emerge as speciation hotspots is a fundamental objective of evolutionary biology. Here we investigate divergences between exotic Onthophagus taurus, a dung beetle introduced into the USA and Australia in the 1970s, as a potential model for the widespread recent speciation events characterizing the genus Onthophagus. To do so, we hybridized O. taurus derived from Eastern US (EUS) and Western Australian (WA) populations, and assessed fitness-relevant trait expression in first- and second-generation hybrids. We found that dams invest more in offspring provisioning when paired with a sire from the same population, and that WA dams crossed with EUS sires produce smaller and lighter F1 hybrids, with an unexpectedly male-biased sex ratio. Furthermore, fewer F2 hybrids with vertically inherited WA cytoplasm and microbiome emerged compared with WA backcrosses with WA cytoplasm/microbiome, suggesting that combinations of nuclear genome, cytoplasm and/or microbiome may contribute to hybrid viability. Lastly, we document a dominance of WA genotypes over body size at the point of inflection between minor and major male morphs, a trait of significance in mate competition, which has diverged remarkably between these populations. We discuss our results in light of the evolutionary ecology of onthophagine beetles and the role of developmental evolution in clade diversification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Armin P Moczek
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Papach A, Gonthier J, Williams GR, Neumann P. Sex Ratio of Small Hive Beetles: The Role of Pupation and Adult Longevity. INSECTS 2019; 10:E133. [PMID: 31067691 PMCID: PMC6571930 DOI: 10.3390/insects10050133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The sex ratio of sexually reproducing animal species tends to be 1:1, which is known as Fisher's principle. However, differential mortality and intraspecific competition during pupation can result in a biased adult sex ratio in insects. The female-biased sex ratio of small hive beetles (SHBs) is known from both laboratory and field studies, but the underlying reasons are not well understood. Here, we used laboratory mass and individual pupation to test if differential mortality between sexes and/or intraspecific interactions can explain this sex ratio. The data show a significant female-biased adult sex ratio in both mass and individual rearing, even when assuming that all dead individuals were males. Our results therefore suggest that neither differential mortality during pupation nor intraspecific interactions are likely to explain the female-biased sex ratio of freshly emerged adult SHBs. We regard it as more likely that either competition during the larval feeding stage or genetic mechanisms are involved. In addition, we compared our data with previously published data on the sex ratio of both freshly emerged and field-collected SHBs to investigate possible gender differences in adult longevity. The data show a significantly greater female bias in the sex ratio upon emergence, compared to field-collected SHBs, suggesting that adult females have a shorter longevity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Papach
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3097 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Jérémy Gonthier
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3097 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Geoffrey R Williams
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Peter Neumann
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3097 Bern, Switzerland.
- Swiss Bee Research Centre, Agroscope, 3097 Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kato T, Matsui S, Terai Y, Tanabe H, Hashima S, Kasahara S, Morimoto G, Mikami OK, Ueda K, Kutsukake N. Male-specific mortality biases secondary sex ratio in Eurasian tree sparrows Passer montanus. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:10675-10682. [PMID: 29299247 PMCID: PMC5743541 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex allocation theory predicts that parents bias the offspring sex ratio strategically. In avian species, the offspring sex ratio can be biased at multiple growth stages, although the mechanisms are not well known. It is crucial to reveal a cause and timing of biased offspring sex ratio. We investigated (i) offspring sex ratio at multiple growth stages, from laying to fledging; and (ii) the stage at which offspring sex ratio became biased; and (iii) the cause of biased offspring sex ratio in Eurasian tree sparrows Passer montanus. Sex determination of 218 offspring, including hatchlings and unhatched eggs from 41 clutches, suggested that the offspring sex ratio was not biased at the egg‐laying stage but was significantly female‐biased after the laying stage due to higher mortality of male embryos. Half of the unhatched eggs showed no sign of embryo development (37/74, 50.00%), and most undeveloped eggs were male (36/37, 97.30%). Additional experiments using an incubator suggested that the cause of embryo developmental failure was a lack of developmental ability within the egg, rather than a failure of incubation. This study highlights the importance of clarifying offspring sex ratio at multiple stages and suggests that offspring sex ratio is adjusted after fertilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kato
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems School of Advanced Sciences SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies) Hayama Japan
| | - Shin Matsui
- Department of Biology School of Biological Sciences Tokai Univerrsity Sapporo Japan
| | - Yohey Terai
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems School of Advanced Sciences SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies) Hayama Japan
| | - Hideyuki Tanabe
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems School of Advanced Sciences SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies) Hayama Japan
| | - Sayaka Hashima
- Department of Life Science Graduate School of Engineering Science Akita University Akita Japan
| | - Satoe Kasahara
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science Hirosaki University Hirosaki Japan
| | - Gen Morimoto
- Division of Avian Conservation Yamashina Institute for Ornithology Abiko City Japan.,Wildlife Conservation Center Department of Life Sciences Toho University Chiba Japan
| | - Osamu K Mikami
- Department of International and Regional Studies Faculty of Education Hokkaido University of Education Hakodate Japan
| | | | - Nobuyuki Kutsukake
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems School of Advanced Sciences SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies) Hayama Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Booksmythe I, Mautz B, Davis J, Nakagawa S, Jennions MD. Facultative adjustment of the offspring sex ratio and male attractiveness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 92:108-134. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isobel Booksmythe
- Division of Evolution, Ecology & Genetics; Research School of Biology, The Australian National University; Daley road Canberra Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia
- Department of Animal Ecology; Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University; Norbyvägen 18D SE-75236 Uppsala Sweden
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies; University of Zürich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Brian Mautz
- Division of Evolution, Ecology & Genetics; Research School of Biology, The Australian National University; Daley road Canberra Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia
- Department of Animal Ecology; Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University; Norbyvägen 18D SE-75236 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Jacqueline Davis
- Division of Evolution, Ecology & Genetics; Research School of Biology, The Australian National University; Daley road Canberra Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia
- Department of Psychology; University of Cambridge; Downing Street CB2 3EB Cambridge U.K
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Department of Zoology; University of Otago; PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Michael D. Jennions
- Division of Evolution, Ecology & Genetics; Research School of Biology, The Australian National University; Daley road Canberra Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bonal R, Hernández M, Espelta JM, Muñoz A, Aparicio JM. Unexpected consequences of a drier world: evidence that delay in late summer rains biases the population sex ratio of an insect. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2015; 2:150198. [PMID: 26473046 PMCID: PMC4593680 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The complexity of animal life histories makes it difficult to predict the consequences of climate change on their populations. In this paper, we show, for the first time, that longer summer drought episodes, such as those predicted for the dry Mediterranean region under climate change, may bias insect population sex ratio. Many Mediterranean organisms, like the weevil Curculio elephas, become active again after summer drought. This insect depends on late summer rainfall to soften the soil and allow adult emergence from their underground refuges. We found that, as in many protandric species, more C. elephas females emerged later in the season. Male emergence timing was on average earlier and also more dependent on the beginning of late summer rainfall. When these rains were delayed, the observed weevil sex ratio was biased towards females. So far, the effects of global warming on animal sex ratios has been reported for temperature-dependent sex determination in reptiles. Our results show that rainfall timing can also bias the sex ratio in an insect, and highlight the need for keeping a phenological perspective to predict the consequences of climate change. We must consider not just the magnitude of the predicted changes in temperature and rainfall but also the effects of their timing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raul Bonal
- Forest Research Group, INDEHESA, University of Extremadura, Plasencia, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación de la Biodiversidad Genética y Cultural, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Marisa Hernández
- Grupo de Investigación de la Biodiversidad Genética y Cultural, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | - Alberto Muñoz
- Departamento de Didáctica de la Ciencias Experimentales, Facultad de Educación, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Aparicio
- Grupo de Investigación de la Biodiversidad Genética y Cultural, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Puker A, Correa CM, Korasaki V. Deltochilini and Phanaeini dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) in introduced and native ecosystems of Brazil. J NAT HIST 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.908969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
9
|
Fuchikawa T, Okada K. Inter- and intrasexual genetic correlations of exaggerated traits and locomotor activity. J Evol Biol 2013; 26:1979-87. [PMID: 23848965 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Exaggerated traits in males can be costly and therefore can negatively affect fitness. Although these costs are thought to be male specific, traits that have a negative effect due to exaggeration are often shared between the sexes as life-history traits. When there are genetic intersexual correlations for these shared characters, the evolution of the exaggerated traits can impose these costs on nonadorned females through the intersexual correlation. Thus, the exaggerated traits can constrain optimum development of female characters, even if the females lack these exaggerations completely. However, investigation of this pattern has been largely ignored, and thus, it is necessary to investigate genetic architectures of these traits within and across the sexes. Male flour beetles, Gnatocerus cornutus, have enlarged mandibles that are used in male-male competition, but females lack this character completely. Using a traditional full-sib/half-sib breeding design, we detected a negative intrasexual genetic correlation between male weapon size and locomotor activity, but not an intersexual genetic correlation for locomotor activity. After subjecting this weapon to 17 generations of bidirectional selection, we found a correlated response to locomotor activity in the male, whereas there was no correlated response in the female. Our results suggest that the costs of exaggerated traits to locomotion are not imposed on females and would be male specific. This is partly explained by genetic decoupling of locomotor activities across the sexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Fuchikawa
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bügler M, Rempoulakis P, Shacham R, Keasar T, Thuijsman F. Sex allocation in a polyembryonic parasitoid with female soldiers: an evolutionary simulation and an experimental test. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64780. [PMID: 23755142 PMCID: PMC3670893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitoid wasps are convenient subjects for testing sex allocation theory. However, their intricate life histories are often insufficiently captured in simple analytical models. In the polyembryonic wasp Copidosoma koehleri, a clone of genetically identical offspring develops from each egg. Male clones contain fewer individuals than female clones. Some female larvae develop into soldiers that kill within-host competitors, while males do not form soldiers. These features complicate the prediction of Copidosoma's sex allocation. We developed an individual-based simulation model, where numerous random starting strategies compete and recombine until a single stable sex allocation evolves. Life-history parameter values (e.g., fecundity, clone-sizes, larval survival) are estimated from experimental data. The model predicts a male-biased sex allocation, which becomes more extreme as the probability of superparasitism (hosts parasitized more than once) increases. To test this prediction, we reared adult parasitoids at either low or high density, mated them, and presented them with unlimited hosts. As predicted, wasps produced more sons than daughters in all treatments. Males reared at high density (a potential cue for superparasitism) produced a higher male bias in their offspring than low-density males. Unexpectedly, female density did not affect offspring sex ratios. We discuss possible mechanisms for paternal control over offspring sex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max Bügler
- Chair of Computational Modeling and Simulation, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Roei Shacham
- Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tamar Keasar
- Biology and Environment, University of Haifa, Tivon, Israel
| | - Frank Thuijsman
- Knowledge Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
House CM, Simmons LW. The genetics of primary and secondary sexual character trade-offs in a horned beetle. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:1711-7. [PMID: 22775558 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
When structures compete for shared resources, this may lead to acquisition and allocation trade-offs so that the enlargement of one structure occurs at the expense of another. Among the studies of morphological trade-offs, their importance has been demonstrated primarily through experimental manipulations and comparative analyses. Relatively, a few studies have investigated the underlying genetic basis of phenotypic patterns. Here, we use a half-sibling breeding design to determine the genetic underpinnings of the phenotypic trade-off between head horns and the male copulatory organ or aedeagus that has been found in the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus. Instead of the predicted negative genetic covariance among characters that trade-off, we find positive genetic covariance between absolute horn and aedeagus length and zero genetic covariance between relative horn and aedeagus length. Therefore, although the genetic covariance between absolute horn and aedeagus length would constrain the independent evolution of primary and secondary sexual characters in this population, there was no evidence of a trade-off. We discuss alternative hypotheses for the observed patterns of genetic correlation between traits that compete for resources and the implications that these have for selection and the evolution of such traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M House
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
OKADA K, KATSUKI M, OKADA Y, MIYATAKE T. Immature performance linked with exaggeration of a sexually selected trait in an armed beetle. J Evol Biol 2011; 24:1737-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|