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Kim HS, Kim HT, Park JS, Im JH. Changes in the height of minute tubercles on the skin of Korean bitterling embryos (Acheilognathus signifer) and embryo movement in the host mussels. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 101:676-685. [PMID: 35730537 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bitterlings are freshwater fish that have developed morphological adaptations to improve the survival of their embryos in host mussels. The most well-known adaptation is the development of minute tubercles, which develop in the early embryonic stage when the embryos have poor swimming ability, and disappear when the embryos reach the free-swimming stage and leave the host mussels. In this study, the embryonic developmental stages of Acheilognathus signifer were analysed to elucidate the relationship between the changes in the height of the minute tubercles and their movement. The height changes in the minute tubercles in the embryos can be divided into five stages, i.e., formation, growth, peak, reduction and disappearance. The authors found that the embryos lived in the gill demibranch of the host mussel until day 6 after hatching. The movement of embryos to the suprabranchial cavity in the gill demibranch was firstly observed on day 7. At this point, the embryos showed a heartbeat and movement. From day 13, the minute tubercles had almost disappeared, and the hatchlings started swimming outside the host mussels from day 16. These observations highlight the different adaptations of minute tubercles among bitterling groups without wing-like projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Su Kim
- Advanced Aquaculture Research, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Tae Kim
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Seong Park
- Advanced Aquaculture Research, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Im
- Inland Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Geumsan, Republic of Korea
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Yi W, Mueller T, Rücklin M, Richardson MK. Developmental neuroanatomy of the rosy bitterling Rhodeus ocellatus (Teleostei: Cypriniformes)-A microCT study. J Comp Neurol 2022; 530:2132-2153. [PMID: 35470436 PMCID: PMC9245027 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bitterlings are carp-like teleost fish (Cypriniformes: Acheilanathidae) known for their specialized brood parasitic lifestyle. Bitterling embryos, in fact, develop inside the gill chamber of their freshwater mussel hosts. However, little is known about how their parasitic lifestyle affects brain development in comparison to nonparasitic species. Here, we document the development of the brain of the rosy bitterling, Rhodeus ocellatus, at four embryonic stages of 165, 185, 210, 235 hours postfertilization (hpf) using micro-computed tomography (microCT). Focusing on developmental regionalization and brain ventricular organization, we relate the development of the brain divisions to those described for zebrafish using the prosomeric model as a reference paradigm. Segmentation and three-dimensional visualization of the ventricular system allowed us to identify changes in the longitudinal brain axis as a result of cephalic flexure during development. The results show that during early embryonic and larval development, histological differentiation, tissue boundaries, periventricular proliferation zones, and ventricular spaces are all detectable by microCT. The results of this study visualized with differential CT profiles are broadly consistent with comparable histological studies, and with the genoarchitecture of teleosts like the zebrafish. Compared to the zebrafish, our study identifies distinct developmental heterochronies in the rosy bitterling, such as a precocious development of the inferior lobe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Yi
- Institute of Biology, University of Leiden, Sylvius Laboratory, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Vertebrate Evolution, Development and Ecology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Mueller
- Vertebrate Evolution, Development and Ecology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Martin Rücklin
- Institute of Biology, University of Leiden, Sylvius Laboratory, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Vertebrate Evolution, Development and Ecology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Michael K Richardson
- Institute of Biology, University of Leiden, Sylvius Laboratory, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Vertebrate Evolution, Development and Ecology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Yi W, Rücklin M, Poelmann RE, Aldridge DC, Richardson MK. Normal stages of embryonic development of a brood parasite, the rosy bitterling Rhodeus ocellatus (Teleostei: Cypriniformes). J Morphol 2021; 282:783-819. [PMID: 33583089 PMCID: PMC8252481 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bitterlings, a group of freshwater teleosts, provide a fascinating example among vertebrates of the evolution of brood parasitism. Their eggs are laid inside the gill chamber of their freshwater mussel hosts where they develop as brood parasites. Studies of the embryonic development of bitterlings are crucial in deciphering the evolution of their distinct early life-history. Here, we have studied 255 embryos and larvae of the rosy bitterling (Rhodeus ocellatus) using in vitro fertilization and X-ray microtomography (microCT). We describe 11 pre-hatching and 13 post-hatching developmental stages spanning the first 14 days of development, from fertilization to the free-swimming stage. In contrast to previous developmental studies of various bitterling species, the staging system we describe is character-based and therefore more compatible with the widely-used stages described for zebrafish. Our bitterling data provide new insights into to the polarity of the chorion, and into notochord vacuolization and yolk sac extension in relation to body straightening. This study represents the first application of microCT scanning to bitterling development and provides one of the most detailed systematic descriptions of development in any teleost. Our staging series will be an important tool for heterochrony analysis and other comparative studies of teleost development, and may provide insight into the co-evolution of brood parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Yi
- Institute of BiologyUniversity of Leiden, Sylvius LaboratoryLeidenthe Netherlands
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of HydrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesHubeiChina
| | - Martin Rücklin
- Vertebrate Evolution, Development and EcologyNaturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Robert E. Poelmann
- Institute of BiologyUniversity of Leiden, Sylvius LaboratoryLeidenthe Netherlands
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Variable host responses mediate host preference in marine flatworm-snail symbioses. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247551. [PMID: 33651807 PMCID: PMC7924752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Host preference of symbionts evolves from fitness trade-offs. However, it is often unclear how interspecific variations in host response traits influence this evolutionary process. Using the association between the polyclad flatworm Paraprostatum echinolittorinae and its intertidal snail hosts on the Pacific Coast of Panama, we assessed how a symbiont’s host preference is associated with varying host defenses and post-infestation performances. We first characterized the prevalence and intensity of worm infestation in five snail hosts (Tegula pellisserpentis, Nerita scabricosta, N. funiculata, Planaxis planicostatus, and Cerithium stercusmuscarum). We then used manipulative experiments to test flatworm’s host choice, hosts’ behavioral rejection of flatworms, and hosts’ growth and survival following the infestation. In the field, flatworms were orders of magnitude more prevalent and dense in T. pellisserpentis, N. scabricosta, N. funiculata than P. planicostatus and C. stercusmuscarum, although the three former hosts were not necessarily more abundant. The results from our laboratory host selection trials mirrored these patterns; flatworms were 3 to 14 times more likely to choose T. pellisserpentis, N. scabricosta, N. funiculata over P. planicostatus and C. stercusmuscarum. The less preferred hosts frequently rejected flatworms via mantle contractions and foot withdrawals, which reduced the infestation rate by 39%−67%. These behaviors were less frequent or absent in the preferred hosts. Flatworm infestation variably influenced host performances in the field, negligibly affecting the growth and survival of T. pellisserpentis and N. funiculata but reducing the growth of P. planicostatus. Flatworms thus preferred less defended hosts that can also support higher worm densities without being harmed. Stable isotope analysis further revealed that flatworms are unlikely to feed on snail tissues and may live as a commensal in their preferred hosts. Our study demonstrates that host response traits can modulate a symbiont’s host choice and calls for more explicit considerations of host response variability in host preference research.
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Kim HS. Minute tubercles in bitterling larvae: Developmental dynamic structures to prevent premature ejection by host mussels. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:5840-5851. [PMID: 32607194 PMCID: PMC7319156 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bitterlings are small freshwater fish that use long ovipositors to lay eggs in host mussels, and they have morphological adaptations to increase larval survival. The most well-known adaptation is the minute tubercles on the skin surface of larvae; they are developed in early-stage larvae with weak swimming ability and disappear in free-swimming larvae before they leave the host mussel.In the present study, I comprehensively analyzed the developmental stages of Rhodeus pseudosericeus larvae, their morphological and physiological characteristics, their migration inside mussels, and the development of minute tubercle in order to elucidate the morphological function of the minute tubercles. These tubercles began to develop 1 day after hatching (formation stage), grew for 2-5 days (growth stage), reached the peak height after 6-7 days (peak stage), abruptly reduced in height after 8-10 days (abrupt reduction stage), and gradually reduced in height (reduction stage) until completely disappearing 27 days after hatching (disappearance stage).The larvae remained in the mussels' interlamellar space of the gill demibranchs until 10 days after hatching and began to migrate to the suprabranchial cavity 11 days after hatching. At this time, the larvae had a heart rate and the caudal fin began to develop. At 24 days after hatching, the minute tubercles had almost disappeared, and some individuals were observed swimming out of the mussels.The results presented herein elucidate that the minute tubercles are the developmental dynamic structures that the bitterling larvae have morphologically adapted to prevent premature ejection from the mussel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Su Kim
- Inland Aquaculture ResearchNational Institute of Fisheries ScienceChangwonRepublic of Korea
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Methling C, Douda K, Reichard M. Intensity-dependent energetic costs in a reciprocal parasitic relationship. Oecologia 2019; 191:285-294. [PMID: 31494712 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04504-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic infections elicit host defences that pose energetic trade-offs with other fitness-related traits. Bitterling fishes and unionid mussels are involved in a two-way parasitic interaction. Bitterling exploit mussels by ovipositing into their gills. In turn, mussel larvae (glochidia) develop on the epidermis and gills of fish. Hosts have evolved behavioural responses to reduce parasite load, suggesting that glochidia and bitterling parasitism are costly. We examined the energetic cost of parasitism on both sides of this relationship. We used intermittent flow-through respirometry to measure (1) standard metabolic rate (SMR) of individual duck mussels Anodonta anatina (a common bitterling host) before and during infection by embryos of the European bitterling Rhodeus amarus, and (2) SMR and maximum oxygen uptake (MO2max) of individual R. amarus before and during infection with glochidia of the Chinese pond mussel Sinanodonta woodiana (a mussel species that successfully infects bitterling). As predicted, we observed an increase in mussel SMR when infected by bitterling embryos and an increased SMR in glochidia-infected bitterling, though this was significantly mediated by the time post-infection. Contrary to our predictions, glochidia infection did not impair MO2max and the number of glochidia attached to gills positively (rather than negatively) correlated with MO2max. The results suggest that tolerance is the prevailing coping mechanism for both fish and mussels when infected, while resistance mechanisms appear to be confined to the behavioural level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Methling
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Douda
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Reichard
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Methling C, Douda K, Liu H, Rouchet R, Bartáková V, Yu D, Smith C, Reichard M. Energetic costs in the relationship between bitterling and mussels in East Asia. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Methling
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Douda
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Huanzhang Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Romain Rouchet
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Bartáková
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dan Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Carl Smith
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
- Bell Pettigrew Museum of Natural History, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Martin Reichard
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Brno, Czech Republic
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