1
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Tan WH, Rücklin M, Larionova D, Ngoc TB, Joan van Heuven B, Marone F, Matsudaira P, Winkler C. A Collagen10a1 mutation disrupts cell polarity in a medaka model for metaphyseal chondrodysplasia type Schmid. iScience 2024; 27:109405. [PMID: 38510140 PMCID: PMC10952040 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations in COL10A1 lead to metaphyseal chondrodysplasia type Schmid (MCDS), a skeletal disorder characterized by epiphyseal abnormalities. Prior analysis revealed impaired trimerization and intracellular retention of mutant collagen type X alpha 1 chains as cause for elevated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. However, how ER stress translates into structural defects remained unclear. We generated a medaka (Oryzias latipes) MCDS model harboring a 5 base pair deletion in col10a1, which led to a frameshift and disruption of 11 amino acids in the conserved trimerization domain. col10a1Δ633a heterozygotes recapitulated key features of MCDS and revealed early cell polarity defects as cause for dysregulated matrix secretion and deformed skeletal structures. Carbamazepine, an ER stress-reducing drug, rescued this polarity impairment and alleviated skeletal defects in col10a1Δ633a heterozygotes. Our data imply cell polarity dysregulation as a potential contributor to MCDS and suggest the col10a1Δ633a medaka mutant as an attractive MCDS animal model for drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Hui Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Martin Rücklin
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Daria Larionova
- Department of Biology, Research Group Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tran Bich Ngoc
- Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | | | - Federica Marone
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Paul Matsudaira
- Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Christoph Winkler
- Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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2
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Yi W, Reichard M, Rücklin M, Richardson MK. Parasitic fish embryos do a "front-flip" on the yolk to resist expulsion from the host. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2310082121. [PMID: 38377205 PMCID: PMC10907307 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310082121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Embryonic development is often considered shielded from the effects of natural selection, being selected primarily for reliable development. However, embryos sometimes represent virulent parasites, triggering a coevolutionary "arms race" with their host. We have examined embryonic adaptations to a parasitic lifestyle in the bitterling fish. Bitterlings are brood parasites that lay their eggs in the gill chamber of host mussels. Bitterling eggs and embryos have adaptations to resist being flushed out by the mussel. These include a pair of projections from the yolk sac that act as an anchor. Furthermore, bitterling eggs all adopt a head-down position in the mussel gills which further increases their chances of survival. To examine these adaptations in detail, we have studied development in the rosy bitterling (Rhodeus ocellatus) using molecular markers, X-ray tomography, and time-lapse imaging. We describe a suite of developmental adaptations to brood parasitism in this species. We show that the mechanism underlying these adaptions is a modified pattern of blastokinesis-a process unique, among fish, to bitterlings. Tissue movements during blastokinesis cause the embryo to do an extraordinary "front-flip" on the yolk. We suggest that this movement determines the spatial orientation of the other developmental adaptations to parasitism, ensuring that they are optimally positioned to help resist the ejection of the embryo from the mussel. Our study supports the notion that natural selection can drive the evolution of a suite of adaptations, both embryonic and extra-embryonic, via modifications in early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Yi
- Institute of Biology, University of Leiden, Sylvius Laboratory, Leiden2333BE, The Netherlands
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno603 65, Czech Republic
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Martin Reichard
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno603 65, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology, University of Lodz, Lodz90-237, Poland
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Rücklin
- Vertebrate Evolution, Development and Ecology group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden2333 CR, The Netherlands
| | - Michael K. Richardson
- Institute of Biology, University of Leiden, Sylvius Laboratory, Leiden2333BE, The Netherlands
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3
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Jobbins M, Rücklin M, Sánchez Villagra MR, Lelièvre H, Grogan E, Szrek P, Klug C. Extreme lower jaw elongation in a placoderm reflects high disparity and modularity in early vertebrate evolution. R Soc Open Sci 2024; 11:231747. [PMID: 38298398 PMCID: PMC10827443 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Jaws are a key vertebrate feature that arose early in our evolution. Placoderms are among the first jawed vertebrates; their fossils yield essential knowledge about the early diversification of gnathostome feeding strategies, diets and modularity. Modularity can be expressed through disproportional lengths of lower and upper jaws as in swordfish or halfbeaks. Alienacanthus malkowskii is an arthrodire from the Famennian of Morocco and Poland, whose most remarkable feature is its lower jaw, which is twice as long as the skull. This is the oldest record of such extreme jaw elongation and modularity in vertebrates. The gnathal plates of Alienacanthus possess sharp, posteriorly recurved teeth that continue anterior of the occlusion in the inferognathals. The dentition suggests a catching and trapping live prey function, and the jaw occlusion is unique among placoderms. This armoured 'fish' expands the morphological and ecological diversity during one of the first radiations of jawed vertebrates with a combination of features so far unrecorded for arthrodires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Jobbins
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8004 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Rücklin
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 Leiden, The Netherlands
- University of Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hervé Lelièvre
- 101 Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Eileen Grogan
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, 5600 City Avenue, 19131 Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Piotr Szrek
- Polish Geological Institute–National Research Institute, Rakowiecka 4, 00-975 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Christian Klug
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8004 Zurich, Switzerland
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4
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Martini A, Sahd L, Rücklin M, Huysseune A, Hall BK, Boglione C, Witten PE. Deformity or variation? Phenotypic diversity in the zebrafish vertebral column. J Anat 2023; 243:960-981. [PMID: 37424444 PMCID: PMC10641053 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Vertebral bodies are composed of two types of metameric elements, centra and arches, each of which is considered as a developmental module. Most parts of the teleost vertebral column have a one-to-one relationship between centra and arches, although, in all teleosts, this one-to-one relationship is lost in the caudal fin endoskeleton. Deviation from the one-to-one relationship occurs in most vertebrates, related to changes in the number of vertebral centra or to a change in the number of arches. In zebrafish, deviations also occur predominantly in the caudal region of the vertebral column. In-depth phenotypic analysis of wild-type zebrafish was performed using whole-mount stained samples, histological analyses and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy 3D reconstructions. Three deviant centra phenotypes were observed: (i) fusion of two vertebral centra, (ii) wedge-shaped hemivertebrae and (iii) centra with reduced length. Neural and haemal arches and their spines displayed bilateral and unilateral variations that resemble vertebral column phenotypes of stem-ward actinopterygians or other gnathostomes as well as pathological conditions in extant species. Whether it is possible to distinguish variations from pathological alterations and whether alterations resemble ancestral conditions is discussed in the context of centra and arch variations in other vertebrate groups and basal actinopterygian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Martini
- Laboratory of Experimental Ecology and Aquaculture, Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Research Group Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Biology Department, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- PhD Program in Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Lauren Sahd
- Research Group Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Biology Department, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Martin Rücklin
- Department of Vertebrate Evolution, Development and Ecology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ann Huysseune
- Research Group Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Biology Department, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Brian K Hall
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Clara Boglione
- Laboratory of Experimental Ecology and Aquaculture, Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - P Eckhard Witten
- Research Group Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Biology Department, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Wang M, Rücklin M, Poelmann RE, de Mooij CL, Fokkema M, Lamers GEM, de Bakker MAG, Chin E, Bakos LJ, Marone F, Wisse BJ, de Ruiter MC, Cheng S, Nurhidayat L, Vijver MG, Richardson MK. Nanoplastics causes extensive congenital malformations during embryonic development by passively targeting neural crest cells. Environ Int 2023; 173:107865. [PMID: 36907039 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are widespread in the human environment as pollutants, and are being actively developed for use in human medicine. We have investigated how the size and dose of polystyrene nanoparticles affects malformations in chicken embryos, and have characterized the mechanisms by which they interfere with normal development. We find that nanoplastics can cross the embryonic gut wall. When injected into the vitelline vein, nanoplastics become distributed in the circulation to multiple organs. We find that the exposure of embryos to polystyrene nanoparticles produces malformations that are far more serious and extensive than has been previously reported. These malformations include major congenital heart defects that impair cardiac function. We show that the mechanism of toxicity is the selective binding of polystyrene nanoplastics nanoparticles to neural crest cells, leading to the death and impaired migration of those cells. Consistent with our new model, most of the malformations seen in this study are in organs that depend for their normal development on neural crest cells. These results are a matter of concern given the large and growing burden of nanoplastics in the environment. Our findings suggest that nanoplastics may pose a health risk to the developing embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiru Wang
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Rücklin
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert E Poelmann
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Carmen L de Mooij
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Fokkema
- Institute of Psychology, Methodology and Statistics, Pieter de la Court Building, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerda E M Lamers
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Merijn A G de Bakker
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ernest Chin
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lilla J Bakos
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Federica Marone
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Photon Science Department, Forschungsstrasse 111, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Bert J Wisse
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Marco C de Ruiter
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Shixiong Cheng
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Luthfi Nurhidayat
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands; Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Martina G Vijver
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University (CML), Van Steenis Building, Einsteinweg 2, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michael K Richardson
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands.
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6
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van Gammeren S, Lang M, Rücklin M, Schilthuizen M. No evidence for asymmetric sperm deposition in a species with asymmetric male genitalia. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14225. [PMID: 36447515 PMCID: PMC9701498 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Asymmetric genitalia have repeatedly evolved in animals, yet the underlying causes for their evolution are mostly unknown. The fruit fly Drosophila pachea has asymmetric external genitalia and an asymmetric phallus with a right-sided phallotrema (opening for sperm release). The complex of female and male genitalia is asymmetrically twisted during copulation and males adopt a right-sided copulation posture on top of the female. We wished to investigate if asymmetric male genital morphology and a twisted gentitalia complex may be associated with differential allocation of sperm into female sperm storage organs. Methods We examined the internal complex of female and male reproductive organs by micro-computed tomography and synchrotron X-ray tomography before, during and after copulation. In addition, we monitored sperm aggregation states and timing of sperm transfer during copulation by premature interruption of copulation at different time-points. Results The asymmetric phallus is located at the most caudal end of the female abdomen during copulation. The female reproductive tract, in particular the oviduct, re-arranges during copulation. It is narrow in virgin females and forms a broad vesicle at 20 min after the start of copulation. Sperm transfer into female sperm storage organs (spermathecae) was only in a minority of examined copulation trials (13/64). Also, we found that sperm was mainly transferred early, at 2-4 min after the start of copulation. We did not detect a particular pattern of sperm allocation in the left or right spermathecae. Sperm adopted a granular or filamentous aggregation state in the female uterus and spermathecae, respectively. Discussion No evidence for asymmetric sperm deposition was identified that could be associated with asymmetric genital morphology or twisted complexing of genitalia. Male genital asymmetry may potentially have evolved as a consequence of a complex internal alignment of reproductive organs during copulation in order to optimize low sperm transfer rates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Lang
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS - Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France,Institut Diversité, Ecologie et Evolution du Vivant (IDEEV), Laboratoire Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, CNRS, IRD, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Menno Schilthuizen
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands,Institute for Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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Jobbins M, Rücklin M, Ferrón HG, Klug C. A new selenosteid placoderm from the Late Devonian of the eastern Anti-Atlas (Morocco) with preserved body outline and its ecomorphology. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.969158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Placoderms are an extinct group of early jawed vertebrates that play a key role in understanding the evolution of the gnathostome body plan, including the origin of novelties such as jaws, teeth, and pelvic fins. As placoderms have a poorly ossified axial skeleton, preservation of the mainly cartilaginous axial and fin elements is extremely rare, contrary to the heavily mineralized bones of the skull and thoracic armor. Therefore, the gross anatomy of the animals and body shape is only known from a few taxa, and reconstructions of the swimming function and ecology are speculative. Here, we describe articulated specimens preserving skull roofs, shoulder girdles, most fins, and body outlines of a newly derived arthrodire. Specimens of the selenosteid Amazichthys trinajsticae gen. et sp. nov. display a skull roof with reticular ornamentation and raised sensory lines like Driscollaspis, a median dorsal plate with a unique sharp posterior depression, the pelvic girdle, the proportions and shape of the pectoral, dorsal, and caudal fins as well as a laterally enlarged region resembling the lateral keel of a few modern sharks and bony fishes. Our new phylogenetic analyses support the monophyly of the selenosteid family and place the new genus in a clade with Melanosteus, Enseosteus, Walterosteus, and Draconichthys. The shape of its body and heterocercal caudal fin in combination with the pronounced “lateral keel” suggest Amazichthys trinajsticae was an active macropelagic swimmer capable of reaching high swimming speeds.
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8
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Cotti S, Huysseune A, Koppe W, Rücklin M, Marone F, Wölfel EM, Fiedler IA, Busse B, Forlino A, Witten PE. More Bone with Less Minerals: The Effects of Dietary Phosphorus on the Zebrafish Skeleton. Bone Rep 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2022.101446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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9
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Yi W, Mueller T, Rücklin M, Richardson MK. Developmental neuroanatomy of the rosy bitterling Rhodeus ocellatus (Teleostei: Cypriniformes)-A microCT study. J Comp Neurol 2022; 530:2132-2153. [PMID: 35470436 PMCID: PMC9245027 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bitterlings are carp-like teleost fish (Cypriniformes: Acheilanathidae) known for their specialized brood parasitic lifestyle. Bitterling embryos, in fact, develop inside the gill chamber of their freshwater mussel hosts. However, little is known about how their parasitic lifestyle affects brain development in comparison to nonparasitic species. Here, we document the development of the brain of the rosy bitterling, Rhodeus ocellatus, at four embryonic stages of 165, 185, 210, 235 hours postfertilization (hpf) using micro-computed tomography (microCT). Focusing on developmental regionalization and brain ventricular organization, we relate the development of the brain divisions to those described for zebrafish using the prosomeric model as a reference paradigm. Segmentation and three-dimensional visualization of the ventricular system allowed us to identify changes in the longitudinal brain axis as a result of cephalic flexure during development. The results show that during early embryonic and larval development, histological differentiation, tissue boundaries, periventricular proliferation zones, and ventricular spaces are all detectable by microCT. The results of this study visualized with differential CT profiles are broadly consistent with comparable histological studies, and with the genoarchitecture of teleosts like the zebrafish. Compared to the zebrafish, our study identifies distinct developmental heterochronies in the rosy bitterling, such as a precocious development of the inferior lobe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Yi
- Institute of Biology, University of Leiden, Sylvius Laboratory, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Vertebrate Evolution, Development and Ecology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Mueller
- Vertebrate Evolution, Development and Ecology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Martin Rücklin
- Institute of Biology, University of Leiden, Sylvius Laboratory, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Vertebrate Evolution, Development and Ecology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Michael K Richardson
- Institute of Biology, University of Leiden, Sylvius Laboratory, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Vertebrate Evolution, Development and Ecology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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10
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Deakin WJ, Anderson PSL, den Boer W, Smith TJ, Hill JJ, Rücklin M, Donoghue PCJ, Rayfield EJ. Increasing morphological disparity and decreasing optimality for jaw speed and strength during the radiation of jawed vertebrates. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabl3644. [PMID: 35302857 PMCID: PMC8932669 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl3644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The Siluro-Devonian adaptive radiation of jawed vertebrates, which underpins almost all living vertebrate biodiversity, is characterized by the evolutionary innovation of the lower jaw. Multiple lines of evidence have suggested that the jaw evolved from a rostral gill arch, but when the jaw took on a feeding function remains unclear. We quantified the variety of form in the earliest jaws in the fossil record from which we generated a theoretical morphospace that we then tested for functional optimality. By drawing comparisons with the real jaw data and reconstructed jaw morphologies from phylogenetically inferred ancestors, our results show that the earliest jaw shapes were optimized for fast closure and stress resistance, inferring a predatory feeding function. Jaw shapes became less optimal for these functions during the later radiation of jawed vertebrates. Thus, the evolution of jaw morphology has continually explored previously unoccupied morphospace and accumulated disparity through time, laying the foundation for diverse feeding strategies and the success of jawed vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Deakin
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Philip S. L. Anderson
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Wendy den Boer
- Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Palaeobiology, Frescativägen 40, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas J. Smith
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Jennifer J. Hill
- Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
| | - Martin Rücklin
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Philip C. J. Donoghue
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Emily J. Rayfield
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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11
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Rücklin M, King B, Cunningham JA, Johanson Z, Marone F, Donoghue PCJ. Acanthodian dental development and the origin of gnathostome dentitions. Nat Ecol Evol 2021; 5:919-926. [PMID: 33958756 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01458-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chondrichthyan dentitions are conventionally interpreted to reflect the ancestral gnathostome condition but interpretations of osteichthyan dental evolution in this light have proved unsuccessful, perhaps because chondrichthyan dentitions are equally specialized, or else evolved independently. Ischnacanthid acanthodians are stem-Chondrichthyes; as phylogenetic intermediates of osteichthyans and crown-chondrichthyans, the nature of their enigmatic dentition may inform homology and the ancestral gnathostome condition. Here we show that ischnacanthid marginal dentitions were statodont, composed of multicuspidate teeth added in distally diverging rows and through proximal superpositional replacement, while their symphyseal tooth whorls are comparable to chondrichthyan and osteichthyan counterparts. Ancestral state estimation indicates the presence of oral tubercles on the jaws of the gnathostome crown-ancestor; tooth whorls or tooth rows evolved independently in placoderms, osteichthyans, ischnacanthids, other acanthodians and crown-chondrichthyans. Crown-chondrichthyan dentitions are derived relative to the gnathostome crown-ancestor, which possessed a simple dentition and lacked a permanent dental lamina, which evolved independently in Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rücklin
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Bristol, UK.
| | - Benedict King
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - John A Cunningham
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Bristol, UK
| | - Zerina Johanson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Federica Marone
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Philip C J Donoghue
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Bristol, UK.
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12
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Yi W, Rücklin M, Poelmann RE, Aldridge DC, Richardson MK. Normal stages of embryonic development of a brood parasite, the rosy bitterling Rhodeus ocellatus (Teleostei: Cypriniformes). J Morphol 2021; 282:783-819. [PMID: 33583089 PMCID: PMC8252481 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bitterlings, a group of freshwater teleosts, provide a fascinating example among vertebrates of the evolution of brood parasitism. Their eggs are laid inside the gill chamber of their freshwater mussel hosts where they develop as brood parasites. Studies of the embryonic development of bitterlings are crucial in deciphering the evolution of their distinct early life-history. Here, we have studied 255 embryos and larvae of the rosy bitterling (Rhodeus ocellatus) using in vitro fertilization and X-ray microtomography (microCT). We describe 11 pre-hatching and 13 post-hatching developmental stages spanning the first 14 days of development, from fertilization to the free-swimming stage. In contrast to previous developmental studies of various bitterling species, the staging system we describe is character-based and therefore more compatible with the widely-used stages described for zebrafish. Our bitterling data provide new insights into to the polarity of the chorion, and into notochord vacuolization and yolk sac extension in relation to body straightening. This study represents the first application of microCT scanning to bitterling development and provides one of the most detailed systematic descriptions of development in any teleost. Our staging series will be an important tool for heterochrony analysis and other comparative studies of teleost development, and may provide insight into the co-evolution of brood parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Yi
- Institute of BiologyUniversity of Leiden, Sylvius LaboratoryLeidenthe Netherlands
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of HydrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesHubeiChina
| | - Martin Rücklin
- Vertebrate Evolution, Development and EcologyNaturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Robert E. Poelmann
- Institute of BiologyUniversity of Leiden, Sylvius LaboratoryLeidenthe Netherlands
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13
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Jobbins M, Rücklin M, Argyriou T, Klug C. A large Middle Devonian eubrachythoracid 'placoderm' (Arthrodira) jaw from northern Gondwana. Swiss J Palaeontol 2021; 140:2. [PMID: 33488510 PMCID: PMC7809001 DOI: 10.1186/s13358-020-00212-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
For the understanding of the evolution of jawed vertebrates and jaws and teeth, 'placoderms' are crucial as they exhibit an impressive morphological disparity associated with the early stages of this process. The Devonian of Morocco is famous for its rich occurrences of arthrodire 'placoderms'. While Late Devonian strata are rich in arthrodire remains, they are less common in older strata. Here, we describe a large tooth-bearing jaw element of Leptodontichthys ziregensis gen. et sp. nov., an eubrachythoracid arthrodire from the Middle Devonian of Morocco. This species is based on a large posterior superognathal with a strong dentition. The jawbone displays features considered synapomorphies of Late Devonian eubrachythoracid arthrodires, with one posterior and one lateral row of conical teeth oriented postero-lingually. μCT-images reveal internal structures including pulp cavities and dentinous tissues. The posterior orientation of the teeth and the traces of a putative occlusal contact on the lingual side of the bone imply that these teeth were hardly used for feeding. Similar to Compagopiscis and Plourdosteus, functional teeth were possibly present during an earlier developmental stage and have been worn entirely. The morphological features of the jaw element suggest a close relationship with plourdosteids. Its size implies that the animal was rather large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Jobbins
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Thodoris Argyriou
- UMR 7207 (MNHN – Sorbonne Université – CNRS) Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie, Muséum National D’Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Christian Klug
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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King B, Rücklin M. A Bayesian approach to dynamic homology of morphological characters and the ancestral phenotype of jawed vertebrates. eLife 2020; 9:e62374. [PMID: 33274719 PMCID: PMC7793628 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis of morphological data proceeds from a fixed set of primary homology statements, the character-by-taxon matrix. However, there are cases where multiple conflicting homology statements can be justified from comparative anatomy. The upper jaw bones of placoderms have traditionally been considered homologous to the palatal vomer-dermopalatine series of osteichthyans. The discovery of 'maxillate' placoderms led to the alternative hypothesis that 'core' placoderm jaw bones are premaxillae and maxillae lacking external (facial) laminae. We introduce a BEAST2 package for simultaneous inference of homology and phylogeny, and find strong evidence for the latter hypothesis. Phenetic analysis of reconstructed ancestors suggests that maxillate placoderms are the most plesiomorphic known gnathostomes, and the shared cranial architecture of arthrodire placoderms, maxillate placoderms and osteichthyans is inherited. We suggest that the gnathostome ancestor possessed maxillae and premaxillae with facial and palatal laminae, and that these bones underwent divergent evolutionary trajectories in placoderms and osteichthyans.
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15
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Frey L, Coates MI, Tietjen K, Rücklin M, Klug C. A symmoriiform from the Late Devonian of Morocco demonstrates a derived jaw function in ancient chondrichthyans. Commun Biol 2020; 3:681. [PMID: 33203942 PMCID: PMC7672094 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01394-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Palaeozoic record of chondrichthyans (sharks, rays, chimaeras, extinct relatives) and thus our knowledge of their anatomy and functional morphology is poor because of their predominantly cartilaginous skeletons. Here, we report a previously undescribed symmoriiform shark, Ferromirum oukherbouchi, from the Late Devonian of the Anti-Atlas. Computed tomography scanning reveals the undeformed shape of the jaws and hyoid arch, which are of a kind often used to represent primitive conditions for jawed vertebrates. Of critical importance, these closely fitting cartilages preclude the repeatedly hypothesized presence of a complete gill between mandibular and hyoid arches. We show that the jaw articulation is specialized and drives mandibular rotation outward when the mouth opens, and inward upon closure. The resultant eversion and inversion of the lower dentition presents a greater number of teeth to prey through the bite-cycle. This suggests an increased functional and ecomorphological disparity among chondrichthyans preceding and surviving the end-Devonian extinctions. Frey and colleagues describe a new fossil shark from the Late Devonian of Morocco in which the specialized jaw articulation is unusually well preserved. Biomechanical modelling reveals that the mandible rolled throughout its movement arc, engaging more of its tooth battery in a clutching bite action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Frey
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, CH-8006, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Michael I Coates
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 E. 57th St., Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Kristen Tietjen
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, 1345 Jayhawk Blvd, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Martin Rücklin
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Vertebrate Evolution Development and Ecology, Postbus 9517, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Klug
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, CH-8006, Zürich, Switzerland.
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16
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Cotti S, Huysseune A, Koppe W, Rücklin M, Marone F, Wölfel EM, Fiedler IAK, Busse B, Forlino A, Witten PE. More Bone with Less Minerals? The Effects of Dietary Phosphorus on the Post-Cranial Skeleton in Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155429. [PMID: 32751494 PMCID: PMC7432380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary phosphorus (P) is essential for bone mineralisation in vertebrates. P deficiency can cause growth retardation, osteomalacia and bone deformities, both in teleosts and in mammals. Conversely, excess P supply can trigger soft tissue calcification and bone hypermineralisation. This study uses a wide range of complementary techniques (X-rays, histology, TEM, synchrotron X-ray tomographic microscopy, nanoindentation) to describe in detail the effects of dietary P on the zebrafish skeleton, after two months of administering three different diets: 0.5% (low P, LP), 1.0% (regular P, RP), and 1.5% (high P, HP) total P content. LP zebrafish display growth retardation and hypomineralised bones, albeit without deformities. LP zebrafish increase production of non-mineralised bone matrix, and osteoblasts have enlarged endoplasmic reticulum cisternae, indicative for increased collagen synthesis. The HP diet promotes growth, high mineralisation, and stiffness but causes vertebral centra fusions. Structure and arrangement of bone matrix collagen fibres are not influenced by dietary P in all three groups. In conclusion, low dietary P content stimulates the formation of non-mineralised bone without inducing malformations. This indicates that bone formation and mineralisation are uncoupled. In contrast, high dietary P content promotes mineralisation and vertebral body fusions. This new zebrafish model is a useful tool to understand the mechanisms underlying osteomalacia and abnormal mineralisation, due to underlying variations in dietary P levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cotti
- Evolutionary Developmental Biology Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.C.); (A.H.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Ann Huysseune
- Evolutionary Developmental Biology Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.C.); (A.H.)
| | | | - Martin Rücklin
- Department of Vertebrate Evolution, Development and Ecology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2333 Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Federica Marone
- X-ray Tomography Group, Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland;
| | - Eva M. Wölfel
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22529 Hamburg, Germany; (E.M.W.); (I.A.K.F.); (B.B.)
| | - Imke A. K. Fiedler
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22529 Hamburg, Germany; (E.M.W.); (I.A.K.F.); (B.B.)
| | - Björn Busse
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22529 Hamburg, Germany; (E.M.W.); (I.A.K.F.); (B.B.)
| | - Antonella Forlino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - P. Eckhard Witten
- Evolutionary Developmental Biology Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.C.); (A.H.)
- Correspondence:
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17
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Rajabizadeh M, Van Wassenbergh S, Mallet C, Rücklin M, Herrel A. Tooth-shape adaptations in aglyphous colubrid snakes inferred from three-dimensional geometric morphometrics and finite element analysis. Zool J Linn Soc 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
To date there are few quantitative studies investigating the evolution of tooth shape and function in aglyphous snakes in relation to diet. A considerable evolutionary decrease in body size is observed in whip snakes of the genus Dolichophis and their sister-group Eirenis. This was coupled with a considerable shift in diet from a regime consisting mainly of prey with endoskeleton to prey bearing a hard exoskeleton. Three-dimensional (3D) geometric morphometrics revealed that the maxillary and palatine teeth of E. persicus are blunt and conical in shape, while the same teeth are sharp and elongated in E. punctatolineatus and D. schmidti. Blunt and conically shaped teeth, as observed in E. persicus, seem to be more adapted for biting hard-bodied, arthropod prey. In contrast, the sharp and elongated teeth in Dolichophis and E. punctatolineatus, are likely specialized for puncturing prey with an endoskeleton. The results of a finite element analysis confirms that during the biting of a hard-bodied prey, the generated stresses in E. persicus teeth are well below the von Mises yield criterion, while in D. schmidti the value is roughly two to three times higher, indicating that E. persicus teeth are better suited for biting hard-bodied prey such as arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Rajabizadeh
- UMR7179 CNRS/MNHN, Département Adaptations du vivant, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France
- Department of Computer Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sam Van Wassenbergh
- UMR7179 CNRS/MNHN, Département Adaptations du vivant, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, Functional Morphology, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christophe Mallet
- UMR7179 CNRS/MNHN, Département Adaptations du vivant, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Martin Rücklin
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Postbus, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony Herrel
- UMR7179 CNRS/MNHN, Département Adaptations du vivant, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, Functional Morphology, Antwerp, Belgium
- Ghent University, Department of Biology, Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent, Belgium
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18
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Abstract
Tip dating, a method of phylogenetic analysis in which fossils are included as terminals and assigned an age, is becoming increasingly widely used in evolutionary studies. Current implementations of tip dating allow fossil ages to be assigned as a point estimate, or incorporate uncertainty through the use of uniform tip age priors. However, the use of tip age priors has the unwanted effect of decoupling the ages of fossils from the same fossil site. Here we introduce a new Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) proposal, which allows fossils from the same site to have linked ages, while still incorporating uncertainty in the age of the fossil site itself. We also include an extension, allowing fossil sites to be ordered in a stratigraphic column with age bounds applied only to the top and bottom of the sequence. These MCMC proposals are implemented in a new open-source BEAST2 package, palaeo. We test these new proposals on a dataset of early vertebrate fossils, concentrating on the effects on two sites with multiple acanthodian fossil taxa but wide age uncertainty, the Man On The Hill (MOTH) site from northern Canada, and the Turin Hill site from Scotland, both of Lochkovian (Early Devonian) age. The results show an increased precision of age estimates when fossils have linked tip ages compared to when ages are unlinked, and in this example leads to support for a younger age for the MOTH site compared with the Turin Hill site. There is also a minor effect on the tree topology of acanthodians. These new MCMC proposals should be widely applicable to studies that employ tip dating, particularly when the terminals are coded as individual specimens.
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19
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Doeland M, Couzens AMC, Donoghue PCJ, Rücklin M. Tooth replacement in early sarcopterygians. R Soc Open Sci 2019; 6:191173. [PMID: 31827852 PMCID: PMC6894600 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Teeth were an important innovation in vertebrate evolution but basic aspects of early dental evolution remain poorly understood. Teeth differ from other odontode organs, like scales, in their organized, sequential pattern of replacement. However, tooth replacement patterns also vary between the major groups of jawed vertebrates. Although tooth replacement in stem-osteichthyans and extant species has been intensively studied it has been difficult to resolve scenarios for the evolution of osteichthyan tooth replacement because of a dearth of evidence from living and fossil sarcopterygian fishes. Here we provide new anatomical data informing patterns of tooth replacement in the Devonian sarcopterygian fishes Onychodus, Eusthenopteron and Tiktaalik and the living coelacanth Latimeria based on microfocus- and synchrotron radiation-based X-ray microtomography. Early sarcopterygians generated replacement teeth on the jaw surface in a pattern similar to stem-osteichthyans, with damaged teeth resorbed and replacement teeth developed on the surface of the bone. However, resorption grades and development of replacement teeth vary spatially and temporally within the jaw. Particularly in Onychodus, where teeth were also shed through anterior rotation and resorption of bone at the base of the parasymphyseal tooth whorl, with new teeth added posteriorly. As tooth whorls are also present in more stem-osteichthyans, and statodont tooth whorls are present among acanthodians (putative stem-chondrichthyans), rotational replacement of the anterior dentition may be a stem-osteichthyan character. Our results suggest a more complex evolutionary history of tooth replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Doeland
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology, Universiteit Leiden, Silviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Aidan M. C. Couzens
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Philip C. J. Donoghue
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Martin Rücklin
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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20
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Frey L, Coates M, Ginter M, Hairapetian V, Rücklin M, Jerjen I, Klug C. The early elasmobranch Phoebodus: phylogenetic relationships, ecomorphology and a new time-scale for shark evolution. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191336. [PMID: 31575362 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anatomical knowledge of early chondrichthyans and estimates of their phylogeny are improving, but many taxa are still known only from microremains. The nearly cosmopolitan and regionally abundant Devonian genus Phoebodus has long been known solely from isolated teeth and fin spines. Here, we report the first skeletal remains of Phoebodus from the Famennian (Late Devonian) of the Maïder region of Morocco, revealing an anguilliform body, specialized braincase, hyoid arch, elongate jaws and rostrum, complementing its characteristic dentition and ctenacanth fin spines preceding both dorsal fins. Several of these features corroborate a likely close relationship with the Carboniferous species Thrinacodus gracia, and phylogenetic analysis places both taxa securely as members of the elasmobranch stem lineage. Identified as such, phoebodont teeth provide a plausible marker for range extension of the elasmobranchs into the Middle Devonian, thus providing a new minimum date for the origin of the chondrichthyan crown-group. Among pre-Carboniferous jawed vertebrates, the anguilliform body shape of Phoebodus is unprecedented, and its specialized anatomy is, in several respects, most easily compared with the modern frilled shark Chlamydoselachus. These results add greatly to the morphological, and by implication ecological, disparity of the earliest elasmobranchs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Frey
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Coates
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 E. 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michał Ginter
- Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw, al. Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Vachik Hairapetian
- Department of Geology, Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, PO Box 81595-158, Esfahan, Iran
| | - Martin Rücklin
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Iwan Jerjen
- Gloor Instruments AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 121, 8302 Kloten, Switzerland
| | - Christian Klug
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
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21
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Davies TG, Rahman IA, Lautenschlager S, Cunningham JA, Asher RJ, Barrett PM, Bates KT, Bengtson S, Benson RBJ, Boyer DM, Braga J, Bright JA, Claessens LPAM, Cox PG, Dong XP, Evans AR, Falkingham PL, Friedman M, Garwood RJ, Goswami A, Hutchinson JR, Jeffery NS, Johanson Z, Lebrun R, Martínez-Pérez C, Marugán-Lobón J, O'Higgins PM, Metscher B, Orliac M, Rowe TB, Rücklin M, Sánchez-Villagra MR, Shubin NH, Smith SY, Starck JM, Stringer C, Summers AP, Sutton MD, Walsh SA, Weisbecker V, Witmer LM, Wroe S, Yin Z, Rayfield EJ, Donoghue PCJ. Open data and digital morphology. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:rspb.2017.0194. [PMID: 28404779 PMCID: PMC5394671 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the development of methods for visualizing and analysing specimens digitally, in three and even four dimensions, has transformed the study of living and fossil organisms. However, the initial promise that the widespread application of such methods would facilitate access to the underlying digital data has not been fully achieved. The underlying datasets for many published studies are not readily or freely available, introducing a barrier to verification and reproducibility, and the reuse of data. There is no current agreement or policy on the amount and type of data that should be made available alongside studies that use, and in some cases are wholly reliant on, digital morphology. Here, we propose a set of recommendations for minimum standards and additional best practice for three-dimensional digital data publication, and review the issues around data storage, management and accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Davies
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Imran A Rahman
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK.,Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK
| | - Stephan Lautenschlager
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK.,School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - John A Cunningham
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Robert J Asher
- Museum of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Paul M Barrett
- Dept. Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Karl T Bates
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Stefan Bengtson
- Dept. Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, PO Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roger B J Benson
- Dept. Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
| | - Doug M Boyer
- Dept. Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, PO Box 90383, Biological Sciences Building, 130 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - José Braga
- Computer-assisted Palaeoanthropology Team, UMR 5288 CNRS-Université de Toulouse (Paul Sabatier), Toulouse, France.,Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jen A Bright
- School of Geosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.,Center for Virtualization and Applied Spatial Technologies, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | | | - Philip G Cox
- Dept. Archaeology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Xi-Ping Dong
- School of Earth and Space Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Alistair R Evans
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Peter L Falkingham
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matt Friedman
- Dept. Earth and Environmental Sciences and Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Russell J Garwood
- Dept. Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK.,School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Anjali Goswami
- Dept. Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and Dept. Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London SW17 7PL, UK
| | - John R Hutchinson
- Structure and Motion Lab, Dept. Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Nathan S Jeffery
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Zerina Johanson
- Dept. Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Renaud Lebrun
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, CC64, Université de Montpellier, campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Carlos Martínez-Pérez
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK.,Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Jesús Marugán-Lobón
- Unidad de Paleontología, Dpto. Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Cantoblanco, Spain
| | - Paul M O'Higgins
- Dept. Archaeology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Brian Metscher
- Dept. Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Austria
| | - Maëva Orliac
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, CC64, Université de Montpellier, campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Timothy B Rowe
- Jackson School of Geosciences C1100, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Martin Rücklin
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK.,Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marcelo R Sánchez-Villagra
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum der Universität Zürich, Karl Schmid Strasse 4, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Neil H Shubin
- Dept. Organismal Biology & Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Selena Y Smith
- Dept. Earth and Environmental Sciences and Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - J Matthias Starck
- Dept. Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Großhadernerstr. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Chris Stringer
- Dept. Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Adam P Summers
- University of Washington, Friday Harbor Labs, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA
| | - Mark D Sutton
- Dept. Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Stig A Walsh
- National Museums Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh EH1 1JF, UK
| | - Vera Weisbecker
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Lawrence M Witmer
- Dept. Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Stephen Wroe
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | - Zongjun Yin
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK.,State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Emily J Rayfield
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Philip C J Donoghue
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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22
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Rücklin M, Donoghue PCJ. Reply to 'placoderms and the evolutionary origin of teeth': Burrow et al. (2016). Biol Lett 2016; 12:rsbl.2016.0526. [PMID: 27677821 PMCID: PMC5046931 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2016.0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rücklin
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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Abstract
Theories on the origin of vertebrate teeth have long focused on chondrichthyans as reflecting a primitive condition—but this is better informed by the extinct placoderms, which constitute a sister clade or grade to the living gnathostomes. Here, we show that ‘supragnathal’ toothplates from the acanthothoracid placoderm Romundina stellina comprise multi-cuspid teeth, each composed of an enameloid cap and core of dentine. These were added sequentially, approximately circumferentially, about a pioneer tooth. Teeth are bound to a bony plate that grew with the addition of marginal teeth. Homologous toothplates in arthrodire placoderms exhibit a more ordered arrangement of teeth that lack enameloid, but their organization into a gnathal, bound by layers of cellular bone associated with the addition of each successional tooth, is the same. The presence of enameloid in the teeth of Romundina suggests that it has been lost in other placoderms. Its covariation in the teeth and dermal skeleton of placoderms suggests a lack of independence early in the evolution of jawed vertebrates. It also appears that the dentition—manifest as discrete gnathal ossifications—was developmentally discrete from the jaws during this formative episode of vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rücklin
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Philip C J Donoghue
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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24
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Abstract
The role of teeth and jaws, as innovations that underpinned the evolutionary success of living jawed vertebrates, is well understood, but their evolutionary origins are less clear. The origin of teeth, in particular, is mired in controversy with competing hypotheses advocating their origin in external dermal denticles ("outside-in") versus a de novo independent origin ("inside-out"). No evidence has ever been presented demonstrating materially the traditional "outside-in" theory of teeth evolving from dermal denticles, besides circumstantial evidence of a commonality of structure and organogenesis, and phylogenetic evidence that dermal denticles appear earlier in vertebrate phylogeny that do teeth. Meanwhile, evidence has mounted in support of "inside-out" theory, through developmental studies that have indicated that endoderm is required for tooth development, and fossil studies that have shown that tooth-like structures evolved before dermal denticles (conodont dental elements), that tooth replacement evolving before teeth (thelodont pharyngeal denticles), and that teeth evolved many times independently through co-option of such structures. However, the foundations of "inside-out" theory have been undermined fatally by critical reanalysis of the evidence on which it was based. Specifically, it has been shown that teeth develop from dermal, endodermal or mixed epithelia and, therefore, developmental distinctions between teeth and dermal denticles are diminished. Furthermore the odontode-like structure of conodont elements has been shown to have evolved independently of dermal and internal odontodes. The tooth-like replacement encountered in thelodont pharyngeal odontodes has been shown to have evolved independently of teeth and tooth replacement and teeth have been shown to have evolved late within the gnathostome stem lineage indicating that it is probable, if not definitive, that teeth evolved just once in gnathostome evolution. Thus, the "inside-out" hypothesis must be rejected. The phylogenetic distribution of teeth and dermal denticles shows that these odontodes were expressed first in the dermal skeleton, but their topological distribution extended internally in association with oral, nasal and pharyngeal orifices, in a number of distinct evolutionary lineages. This suggests that teeth and oral and pharyngeal denticles emerged phylogenetically through extension of odontogenic competence from the external dermis to internal epithelia. Ultimately, internal and external odontodes appear to be distinct developmental modules in living jawed vertebrates, however, the evidence suggests that this distinction was not established until the evolution of jawed vertebrates, not merely gnathostomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C J Donoghue
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Martin Rücklin
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK.,Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Postbus 9517, 2300, RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Rücklin M, Donoghue PCJ, Cunningham JA, Marone F, Stampanoni M. DEVELOPMENTAL PALEOBIOLOGY OF THE VERTEBRATE SKELETON. J Paleontol 2014; 88:676-683. [PMID: 26306050 PMCID: PMC4545513 DOI: 10.1666/13-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the development of organisms can reveal crucial information on homology of structures. Developmental data are not peculiar to living organisms, and they are routinely preserved in the mineralized tissues that comprise the vertebrate skeleton, allowing us to obtain direct insight into the developmental evolution of this most formative of vertebrate innovations. The pattern of developmental processes is recorded in fossils as successive stages inferred from the gross morphology of multiple specimens and, more reliably and routinely, through the ontogenetic stages of development seen in the skeletal histology of individuals. Traditional techniques are destructive and restricted to a 2-D plane with the third dimension inferred. Effective non-invasive methods of visualizing paleohistology to reconstruct developmental stages of the skeleton are necessary. In a brief survey of paleohistological techniques we discuss the pros and cons of these methods. The use of tomographic methods to reconstruct development of organs is exemplified by the study of the placoderm dentition. Testing evidence for the presence of teeth in placoderms, the first jawed vertebrates, we compare the methods that have been used. These include inferring the development from morphology, and using serial sectioning, microCT or synchrotron X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) to reconstruct growth stages and directions of growth. The ensuing developmental interpretations are biased by the methods and degree of inference. The most direct and reliable method is using SRXTM data to trace sclerochronology. The resulting developmental data can be used to resolve homology and test hypotheses on the origin of evolutionary novelties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rücklin
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queen's Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK ; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Philip C J Donoghue
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queen's Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK
| | - John A Cunningham
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queen's Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK
| | - Federica Marone
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Marco Stampanoni
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland ; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Giles S, Rücklin M, Donoghue PCJ. Histology of "placoderm" dermal skeletons: Implications for the nature of the ancestral gnathostome. J Morphol 2013; 274:627-44. [PMID: 23378262 PMCID: PMC5176033 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate dermal skeleton has long been interpreted to have evolved from a primitive condition exemplified by chondrichthyans. However, chondrichthyans and osteichthyans evolved from an ancestral gnathostome stem‐lineage in which the dermal skeleton was more extensively developed. To elucidate the histology and skeletal structure of the gnathostome crown‐ancestor we conducted a histological survey of the diversity of the dermal skeleton among the placoderms, a diverse clade or grade of early jawed vertebrates. The dermal skeleton of all placoderms is composed largely of a cancellar architecture of cellular dermal bone, surmounted by dermal tubercles in the most ancestral clades, including antiarchs. Acanthothoracids retain an ancestral condition for the dermal skeleton, and we record its secondary reduction in antiarchs. We also find that mechanisms for remodeling bone and facilitating different growth rates between adjoining plates are widespread throughout the placoderms. J. Morphol., 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Giles
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queen's Road, Bristol, UK
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Rücklin M, Donoghue PCJ, Johanson Z, Trinajstic K, Marone F, Stampanoni M. Development of teeth and jaws in the earliest jawed vertebrates. Nature 2012; 491:748-51. [DOI: 10.1038/nature11555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cunningham JA, Rücklin M, Blom H, Botella H, Donoghue PCJ. Testing models of dental development in the earliest bony vertebrates, Andreolepis and Lophosteus. Biol Lett 2012; 8:833-7. [PMID: 22628098 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2012.0357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Theories on the development and evolution of teeth have long been biased by the fallacy that chondrichthyans reflect the ancestral condition for jawed vertebrates. However, correctly resolving the nature of the primitive vertebrate dentition is challenged by a dearth of evidence on dental development in primitive osteichthyans. Jaw elements from the Silurian-Devonian stem-osteichthyans Lophosteus and Andreolepis have been described to bear a dentition arranged in longitudinal rows and vertical files, reminiscent of a pattern of successional development. We tested this inference, using synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) to reveal the pattern of skeletal development preserved in the sclerochronology of the mineralized tissues. The tooth-like tubercles represent focal elaborations of dentine within otherwise continuous sheets of the dermal skeleton, present in at least three stacked generations. Thus, the tubercles are not discrete modular teeth and their arrangement into rows and files is a feature of the dermal ornamentation that does not reflect a polarity of development or linear succession. These fossil remains have no bearing on the nature of the dentition in osteichthyans and, indeed, our results raise questions concerning the homologies of these bones and the phylogenetic classification of Andreolepis and Lophosteus.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Cunningham
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queen's Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK
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Rücklin M, Giles S, Janvier P, Donoghue PCJ. Teeth before jaws? Comparative analysis of the structure and development of the external and internal scales in the extinct jawless vertebrate Loganellia scotica. Evol Dev 2011; 13:523-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2011.00508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rücklin
- School of Earth Sciences; University of Bristol; Wills Memorial Building; Queen's Road; Bristol; BS8 1RJ; UK
| | - Sam Giles
- School of Earth Sciences; University of Bristol; Wills Memorial Building; Queen's Road; Bristol; BS8 1RJ; UK
| | - Philippe Janvier
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; CNRS; UMR 7207; Paris; 75231; France
| | - Philip C. J. Donoghue
- School of Earth Sciences; University of Bristol; Wills Memorial Building; Queen's Road; Bristol; BS8 1RJ; UK
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