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Szczepanek J, Skorupa M, Jarkiewicz-Tretyn J, Cybulski C, Tretyn A. Harnessing Epigenetics for Breast Cancer Therapy: The Role of DNA Methylation, Histone Modifications, and MicroRNA. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087235. [PMID: 37108398 PMCID: PMC10138995 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer exhibits various epigenetic abnormalities that regulate gene expression and contribute to tumor characteristics. Epigenetic alterations play a significant role in cancer development and progression, and epigenetic-targeting drugs such as DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, histone-modifying enzymes, and mRNA regulators (such as miRNA mimics and antagomiRs) can reverse these alterations. Therefore, these epigenetic-targeting drugs are promising candidates for cancer treatment. However, there is currently no effective epi-drug monotherapy for breast cancer. Combining epigenetic drugs with conventional therapies has yielded positive outcomes and may be a promising strategy for breast cancer therapy. DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, such as azacitidine, and histone deacetylase inhibitors, such as vorinostat, have been used in combination with chemotherapy to treat breast cancer. miRNA regulators, such as miRNA mimics and antagomiRs, can alter the expression of specific genes involved in cancer development. miRNA mimics, such as miR-34, have been used to inhibit tumor growth, while antagomiRs, such as anti-miR-10b, have been used to inhibit metastasis. The development of epi-drugs that target specific epigenetic changes may lead to more effective monotherapy options in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Szczepanek
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Monika Skorupa
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | | | - Cezary Cybulski
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Tretyn
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland
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2
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Wu Y, Ouyang T, Li J, Wang T, Fan Z, Fan T, Lin B, Xu Y, Xie Y. Spectrum and clinical relevance of PALB2 germline mutations in 7657 Chinese BRCA1/2-negative breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 179:605-614. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05483-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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3
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Lee JEA, Li N, Rowley SM, Cheasley D, Zethoven M, McInerny S, Gorringe KL, James PA, Campbell IG. Molecular analysis of PALB2-associated breast cancers. J Pathol 2018; 245:53-60. [PMID: 29431189 DOI: 10.1002/path.5055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PALB2 is established as the most clinically important moderate to high penetrance breast cancer predisposition gene after BRCA1 and BRCA2. Mutations in classical familial cancer predisposition genes are presumed to be recessive at the cellular level and therefore a second inactivating somatic mutation is required in the tumour tissue. However, from the limited data that exist, PALB2 may be an example of a cancer predisposition gene that does not conform to Knudson's 'two hit' paradigm. We conducted genome-wide copy number analysis and targeted sequencing of PALB2 and other breast cancer driver genes in 15 invasive breast cancers from individuals carrying pathogenic germline mutations in PALB2. The majority of cancers showed clear evidence of bi-allelic inactivation of PALB2 (10/15) either as loss of heterozygosity involving the wild-type allele (six tumours) or as somatic point mutations (four tumours). All PALB2-null cancers had high homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) scores consistent with a homologous recombination repair deficiency. Interestingly, all but one of the PALB2 heterozygous cancers also had high HRD scores, suggesting that alternative mechanisms of PALB2 functional loss might be operating in these cancers. Our findings demonstrate that PALB2 does undergo bi-allelic inactivation in the majority of breast cancers from PALB2 germline mutation carriers. This feature has implications for the discovery of new moderate to high penetrance breast cancer predisposition genes as it supports using the existence of a 'second hit' and mutation signatures as important search criteria. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Er Amanda Lee
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Na Li
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Cancer Biology Medical Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simone M Rowley
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dane Cheasley
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Magnus Zethoven
- Bioinformatics Consulting Core, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simone McInerny
- Parkville Familial Cancer Centre, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kylie L Gorringe
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Cancer Genomics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul A James
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Parkville Familial Cancer Centre, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian G Campbell
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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4
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Association of PALB2 sequence variants with the risk of early-onset breast cancer in patients from Turkey. Mol Biol Rep 2016; 43:1273-1284. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-016-4061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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5
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Vietri MT, Caliendo G, Schiano C, Casamassimi A, Molinari AM, Napoli C, Cioffi M. Analysis of PALB2 in a cohort of Italian breast cancer patients: identification of a novel PALB2 truncating mutation. Fam Cancer 2016; 14:341-8. [PMID: 25666743 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-015-9786-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PALB2 gene is mutated in about 1-2% of familial breast cancer as well as in 3-4% of familial pancreatic cancer cases. Few studies have reported mutations in Italian patients with breast or pancreatic cancer. We evaluate the occurrence of PALB2 mutations in Italian patients affected with hereditary breast and ovarian cancers and define the pathological significance of the putative allelic variants. We recruited 98 patients (F = 93, M = 5) affected with breast and/or ovarian cancer, negative for mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCAX). Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood lymphocytes, PALB2 coding regions and adjacent intronic were sequenced; in silico predictions were carried out using prediction programs. Mutational analysis of PALB2 gene revealed the novel mutation c.1919C>A (p.S640X) in a 29 years old woman with breast cancer. The c.1919C>A (p.S640X) mutation causes the lack of C-terminus region inducing alteration of MORF4L1-PALB2 association and the lack of interaction of PALB2 with RAD51 and BRCA2. In addition, we identified two novel PALB2 variants, c.3047T>C (p.F1016S) and c.*146A>G. In silico analysis conducted for c.*146A>G indicates that this variant does not affect the splicing while c.3047T>C (p.F1016S) was predicted as damaging in three classifier algorithms. The proband carrier of c.3047T>C (p.F1016S) showed two breast cancer cases, two ovarian cancer cases and one pancreatic cancer in mother's family. c.3047T>C (p.F1016S) and c.*146A>G should be considered PALB2 UVs even though the genotype-phenotype correlation for these variants remains still unclear. Our findings indicate that the presence of PALB2 mutation should be routinely investigated in hereditary breast and ovarian cancers families since it could be of clinical relevance for clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Vietri
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Via Luigi De Crecchio, 7, 80138, Naples, Italy,
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6
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Investigation on the formation, conversion and bioactivity of a G-quadruplex structure in the PALB2 gene. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 83:242-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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7
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Mutation analysis of PALB2 gene in French breast cancer families. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 154:463-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3625-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Thompson ER, Gorringe KL, Rowley SM, Wong-Brown MW, McInerny S, Li N, Trainer AH, Devereux L, Doyle MA, Li J, Lupat R, Delatycki MB, Mitchell G, James PA, Scott RJ, Campbell IG. Prevalence of PALB2 mutations in Australian familial breast cancer cases and controls. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:111. [PMID: 26283626 PMCID: PMC4539664 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0627-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction PALB2 is emerging as a high-penetrance breast cancer predisposition gene in the order of BRCA1 and BRCA2. However, large studies that have evaluated the full gene rather than just the most common variants in both cases and controls are required before all truncating variants can be included in familial breast cancer variant testing. Methods In this study we analyse almost 2000 breast cancer cases sourced from individuals referred to familial cancer clinics, thus representing typical cases presenting in clinical practice. These cases were compared to a similar number of population-based cancer-free controls. Results We identified a significant excess of truncating variants in cases (1.3 %) versus controls (0.2 %), including six novel variants (p = 0.0001; odds ratio (OR) 6.58, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 2.3–18.9). Three of the four control individuals carrying truncating variants had at least one relative with breast cancer. There was no excess of missense variants in cases overall, but the common c.1676A > G variant (rs152451) was significantly enriched in cases and may represent a low-penetrance polymorphism (p = 0.002; OR 1.24 (95 % CI 1.09–1.47). Conclusions Our findings support truncating variants in PALB2 as high-penetrance breast cancer susceptibility alleles, and suggest that a common missense variant may also lead to a low level of increased breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella R Thompson
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett St, East Melbourne, VIC, 8006, Australia. .,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia.
| | - Kylie L Gorringe
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett St, East Melbourne, VIC, 8006, Australia. .,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia. .,Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Corner GrattonStree and Royal Parade, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Simone M Rowley
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett St, East Melbourne, VIC, 8006, Australia.
| | - Michelle W Wong-Brown
- Discipline of Medical Genetics and Centre for Information-Based Medicine, The University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, Newcastle, NSW, 2305, Australia.
| | - Simone McInerny
- Familial Cancer Centre, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia.
| | - Na Li
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett St, East Melbourne, VIC, 8006, Australia. .,Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Alison H Trainer
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett St, East Melbourne, VIC, 8006, Australia. .,Familial Cancer Centre, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia.
| | - Lisa Devereux
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett St, East Melbourne, VIC, 8006, Australia. .,LifePool, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia.
| | - Maria A Doyle
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia.
| | - Jason Li
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia.
| | - Richard Lupat
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia.
| | | | | | - Gillian Mitchell
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia. .,Familial Cancer Centre, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia. .,Hereditary Cancer Program, BC Cancer Agency, 600 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E6, Canada.
| | - Paul A James
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia. .,Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Corner GrattonStree and Royal Parade, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Familial Cancer Centre, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia.
| | - Rodney J Scott
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China. .,Division of Genetics, Hunter Area Pathology Service, Lookout Road, Newcastle, NSW, 2305, Australia.
| | - Ian G Campbell
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett St, East Melbourne, VIC, 8006, Australia. .,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia. .,Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Corner GrattonStree and Royal Parade, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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9
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Leyton Y, Gonzalez-Hormazabal P, Blanco R, Bravo T, Fernandez-Ramires R, Morales S, Landeros N, Reyes JM, Peralta O, Tapia JC, Gomez F, Waugh E, Ibañez G, Pakomio J, Grau G, Jara L. Association of PALB2 sequence variants with the risk of familial and early-onset breast cancer in a South-American population. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:30. [PMID: 25636233 PMCID: PMC4323211 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Germline mutations in PALB2 have been identified in approximately 1% of familial breast cancer (BC) in several populations. Nevertheless its contribution in the South-American population is unknown. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of PALB2 mutations in the Chilean population. Methods 100 Chilean BRCA1/2-negatives familial BC cases were included for the PALB2 mutation analysis. We use conformational sensitive gel electrophoresis and direct sequencing. Using a case-control design, we studied the identified variants in 436 BC cases and 809 controls to evaluate their possible association with BC risk. Results No pathogenic mutations were detected. We identified three variants, the variant c.1861C > A not previously described was found in one of the 436 cases and none of the 809 controls. The bioinformatic analyses indicate that this variant probably is not pathogenic. PALB2 c.1676A > G (rs152451A/G) and c.2993C > T (rs45551636C/T) variants were significantly associated with increased BC risk only in cases with a strong family history of BC (OR = 1.9 [CI 95% 1.3-2.8] p < 0.01 and OR = 3.3 [CI 95% 1.4-7.3] p < 0.01, respectively). The rs152451A/G-rs45551636C/T composite genotype produce increase of the BC risk in cases with a strong family history of BC (OR = 3.6 [CI 95% 1.7-8.0] p = 0.003). The rs152451-G/rs45551636-C and rs152451-G/rs45551636-T haplotypes were associated with an increased BC risk only in cases with a strong family history of BC (OR = 1.6 [CI 95% 1.0-2.5] p = 0.05 and OR = 3.7 [CI 95% 1.8-7.5] p < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion Our results suggest that PALB2 c.1676A > G and c.2993C > T play roles in BC risk in women with a strong family history of BC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1033-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yessica Leyton
- Human Genetics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), School of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Patricio Gonzalez-Hormazabal
- Human Genetics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), School of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Rafael Blanco
- Human Genetics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), School of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Teresa Bravo
- National Cancer Society (Corporación Nacional del Cáncer -CONAC-), Santiago, Chile.
| | - Ricardo Fernandez-Ramires
- Research Institute in Dental Sciences, School of Odontology, University of Chile, Sergio Livingstone Pohlhammer 943, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Sebastian Morales
- Human Genetics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), School of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Natalia Landeros
- Human Genetics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), School of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.
| | | | - Octavio Peralta
- Clínca Las Condes, Santiago, Chile. .,Department of Gyneacology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Av Santa Rosa 1234, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Julio C Tapia
- Cell Transformation Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), School of Medicine, Unversity of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.
| | | | | | - Gladys Ibañez
- Clínica Dávila, Av. Recoleta 464, Santiago, Chile. .,Hospital San José, San José 1196, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Janara Pakomio
- Human Genetics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), School of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Gilberto Grau
- Human Genetics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), School of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Lilian Jara
- Human Genetics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), School of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.
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Sokolenko AP, Preobrazhenskaya EV, Aleksakhina SN, Iyevleva AG, Mitiushkina NV, Zaitseva OA, Yatsuk OS, Tiurin VI, Strelkova TN, Togo AV, Imyanitov EN. Candidate gene analysis of BRCA1/2 mutation-negative high-risk Russian breast cancer patients. Cancer Lett 2015; 359:259-61. [PMID: 25619955 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Twenty one DNA repair genes were analyzed in a group of 95 BC patients, who displayed clinical features of hereditary disease predisposition but turned out to be negative for mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 entire coding region as well as for founder disease-predisposing alleles in CHEK2, NBN/NBS1 and ATM genes. Full-length sequencing of CHEK2 and NBN/NBS1 failed to identify non-founder mutations. The analysis of TP53 revealed a woman carrying the R282W allele; further testing of additional 108 BC patients characterized by a very young age at onset (35 years or earlier) detected one more carrier of the TP53 germ-line defect. In addition, this study confirmed non-random occurrence of PALB2 truncating mutations in Russian hereditary BC patients. None of the studied cases carried germ-line defects in recently discovered hereditary BC genes, BRIP1, FANCC, MRE11A and RAD51C. The analysis of genes with yet unproven BC-predisposing significance (BARD1, BRD7, CHEK1, DDB2, ERCC1, EXO1, FANCG, PARP1, PARP2, RAD51, RNF8, WRN) identified single women carrying a protein-truncating allele, WRN R1406X. DNA sequencing of another set of 95 hereditary BC cases failed to reveal additional WRN heterozygous genotypes. Since WRN is functionally similar to the known BC-predisposing gene, BLM, it deserves to be analyzed in future hereditary BC studies. Furthermore, this investigation revealed a number of rare missense germ-line variants, which are classified as probably protein-damaging by online in silico tools and therefore may require further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna P Sokolenko
- N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia; St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg 194100, Russia
| | - Elena V Preobrazhenskaya
- N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia; St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg 194100, Russia
| | | | - Aglaya G Iyevleva
- N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia; St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg 194100, Russia
| | | | - Olga A Zaitseva
- N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia
| | - Olga S Yatsuk
- N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia
| | - Vladislav I Tiurin
- N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia; St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg 194100, Russia
| | | | - Alexandr V Togo
- N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia; St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg 194100, Russia
| | - Evgeny N Imyanitov
- N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia; St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg 194100, Russia; I.I. Mechnikov North-Western Medical University, St-Petersburg 191015, Russia.
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11
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Vietri MT, Caliendo G, Casamassimi A, Cioffi M, De Paola ML, Napoli C, Molinari AM. A novel PALB2 truncating mutation in an Italian family with male breast cancer. Oncol Rep 2014; 33:1243-7. [PMID: 25529982 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare disease, accounting for ~1% of all breast cancer cases worldwide. Although other genes are also involved, predisposing genetic factors to MBC include germline mutations in the BRCA genes (BRCA2). Among the other genes, partner and localizer of BRCA2 (PALB2) is considered a moderate-penetrance breast cancer susceptibility gene that may also play a role in MBC predisposition. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the PALB2 gene status in 8 MBC cases selected from a cohort of 181 hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer probands. We performed PALB2 mutational analysis by direct sequencing of 13 exons and adjacent intronic regions. This study showed the presence of a PALB2 truncating mutation in 1/8 (12.5%) cases. This novel mutation was named c.1285_1286delAinsTC (p.I429SfsX12) and is localized in exon 4 of PALB2, in the region encoding for the ChAM motif which is important for the efficient association of PALB2 to chromatin and for recruitment of the BRCA complex to accumulate RAD51 at double-strand break sites. Our findings indicate that PALB2 could be added to the list of breast cancer susceptibility genes also in families with MBC cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Vietri
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, School of Medicine, Second University of Naples, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Gemma Caliendo
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, School of Medicine, Second University of Naples, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Amelia Casamassimi
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, School of Medicine, Second University of Naples, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Cioffi
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, School of Medicine, Second University of Naples, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Laura De Paola
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, School of Medicine, Second University of Naples, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Napoli
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, School of Medicine, Second University of Naples, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Molinari
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, School of Medicine, Second University of Naples, I-80138 Naples, Italy
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Hartley T, Cavallone L, Sabbaghian N, Silva-Smith R, Hamel N, Aleynikova O, Smith E, Hastings V, Pinto P, Tischkowitz M, Tomiak E, Foulkes WD. Mutation analysis of PALB2 in BRCA1 and BRCA2-negative breast and/or ovarian cancer families from Eastern Ontario, Canada. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2014; 12:19. [PMID: 25225577 PMCID: PMC4163678 DOI: 10.1186/1897-4287-12-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PALB2 has emerged as a breast cancer susceptibility gene. Mutations in PALB2 have been identified in almost all breast cancer populations studied to date, but the rarity of these mutations and lack of information regarding their penetrance makes genetic counseling for these families challenging. We studied BRCA1/2 -negative breast and/or ovarian cancer families to a) assess the contribution of PALB2 mutations in this series and b) identify clinical, pathological and family history characteristics that might make PALB2 screening more efficient. METHODS The coding region of the PALB2 gene was analyzed in 175 probands with family histories of breast and/or ovarian cancer ascertained from a single Canadian institution in Eastern Ontario. RESULTS We identified 2 probands with PALB2 mutations that are known or strongly considered to be pathogenic and 3 probands with missense mutations that are possibly pathogenic. One of the identified truncating mutations [c.3113G > A (p.Gly1000_Trp1038del - major product)], has been previously described while the other four mutations [c.3507_3508delTC (p.H1170Ffs*19), c.1846G > C (p.D616H), c.3418 T > G (p.W1140G), c.3287A > G (p.N1096S)] have not been previously reported. Loss of heterozygosity was detected in two breast tumors from one c.3507_3508delTC mutation carrier but not in other available tumors from that family or in tumors from carriers of other mutations. CONCLUSIONS PALB2 mutation screening identifies a small, but significant number of mutations in BRCA1/2 -negative breast and/or ovarian cancer families. We show that mutations are more likely to be found in families with three or more breast cancers as well as other BRCA2-related cancers. In our cohort, both clearly pathogenic mutations were identified in premenopausal breast cancer cases (2/77, 2.6%). Testing should be preferentially offered to affected women from such families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taila Hartley
- Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, 401 Smyth Rd, K1H 8 L1 Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Luca Cavallone
- Program in Cancer Genetics, Departments of Oncology and Human Genetics, Gerald Bronfman Centre for Clinical Research in Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada ; Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nelly Sabbaghian
- Program in Cancer Genetics, Departments of Oncology and Human Genetics, Gerald Bronfman Centre for Clinical Research in Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada ; Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rachel Silva-Smith
- Program in Cancer Genetics, Departments of Oncology and Human Genetics, Gerald Bronfman Centre for Clinical Research in Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada ; Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nancy Hamel
- Program in Cancer Genetics, Departments of Oncology and Human Genetics, Gerald Bronfman Centre for Clinical Research in Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada ; Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Olga Aleynikova
- Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada ; Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Erika Smith
- Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, 401 Smyth Rd, K1H 8 L1 Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Valerie Hastings
- Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, 401 Smyth Rd, K1H 8 L1 Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Pedro Pinto
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marc Tischkowitz
- Program in Cancer Genetics, Departments of Oncology and Human Genetics, Gerald Bronfman Centre for Clinical Research in Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada ; Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada ; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eva Tomiak
- Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, 401 Smyth Rd, K1H 8 L1 Ottawa, ON, Canada ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - William D Foulkes
- Program in Cancer Genetics, Departments of Oncology and Human Genetics, Gerald Bronfman Centre for Clinical Research in Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada ; Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada ; Department of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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13
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Abstract
PALB2 [partner and localizer of BRCA2 (breast cancer early-onset 2)] [corrected] has emerged as a key player in the maintenance of genome integrity. Biallelic mutations in PALB2 cause FA (Fanconi's anaemia) subtype FA-N, a devastating inherited disorder marked by developmental abnormalities, bone marrow failure and childhood cancer susceptibility, whereas monoallelic mutations predispose to breast, ovarian and pancreatic cancer. The tumour suppressor role of PALB2 has been intimately linked to its ability to promote HR (homologous recombination)-mediated repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Because PALB2 lies at the crossroads between FA, HR and cancer susceptibility, understanding its function has become the primary focus of several studies. The present review discusses a current synthesis of the contribution of PALB2 to these pathways. We also provide a molecular description of FA- or cancer-associated PALB2 mutations.
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14
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Park JY, Singh TR, Nassar N, Zhang F, Freund M, Hanenberg H, Meetei AR, Andreassen PR. Breast cancer-associated missense mutants of the PALB2 WD40 domain, which directly binds RAD51C, RAD51 and BRCA2, disrupt DNA repair. Oncogene 2013; 33:4803-12. [PMID: 24141787 PMCID: PMC3994186 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygous carriers of germ-line mutations in the BRCA2/FANCD1, PALB2/FANCN and RAD51C/FANCO DNA repair genes have an increased lifetime risk of developing breast, ovarian and other cancers; bi-allelic mutations in these genes clinically manifest as Fanconi anemia (FA). Here, we demonstrate that RAD51C is part of a novel protein complex that contains PALB2 and BRCA2. Further, the PALB2 WD40 domain can directly and independently bind RAD51C and BRCA2. To understand the role of these homologous recombination (HR) proteins in DNA repair, we functionally characterize effects of missense mutants of the PALB2 WD40 domain that have been reported in breast cancer patients. In contrast to large truncations of PALB2, which display a complete loss of interaction, the L939W, T1030I and L1143P missense mutants/variants of the PALB2 WD40 domain are associated with altered patterns of direct binding to the RAD51C, RAD51 and BRCA2 HR proteins in biochemical assays. Further, the T1030I missense mutant is unstable, whereas the L939W and L1143P proteins are stable but partially disrupt the PALB2-RAD51C-BRCA2 complex in cells. Functionally, the L939W and L1143P mutants display a decreased capacity for DNA double-strand break-induced HR and an increased cellular sensitivity to ionizing radiation. As further evidence for the functional importance of the HR complex, RAD51C mutants that are associated with cancer susceptibility and FA also display decreased complex formation with PALB2. Together, our results suggest that three different cancer susceptibility and FA proteins function in a DNA repair pathway based upon the PALB2 WD40 domain binding to RAD51C and BRCA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-Y Park
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - T R Singh
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - N Nassar
- 1] Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA [2] Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - F Zhang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - M Freund
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University School of Medicine, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - H Hanenberg
- 1] Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University School of Medicine, Duesseldorf, Germany [2] Unit of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Riley Hospital, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA [3] Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - A R Meetei
- 1] Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA [2] Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - P R Andreassen
- 1] Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA [2] Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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15
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Janatova M, Kleibl Z, Stribrna J, Panczak A, Vesela K, Zimovjanova M, Kleiblova P, Dundr P, Soukupova J, Pohlreich P. The PALB2 gene is a strong candidate for clinical testing in BRCA1- and BRCA2-negative hereditary breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:2323-32. [PMID: 24136930 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0745-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several reports indicate that inherited mutations in the PALB2 gene predispose to breast cancer. However, there is little agreement about the clinical relevance and usefulness of mutation screening in this gene. We analyzed the prevalence and spectrum of germline mutations in PALB2 to estimate their contribution to hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer in the Czech Republic. METHODS The entire PALB2 coding region was sequenced in 409 breast/ovarian cancer patients negative for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. Testing for large genomic rearrangements (LGR) was performed by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) analysis. RESULTS We have identified 13 different pathogenic alterations including 10 truncating mutations and three LGRs in 16 of 409 patients (3.9%), whereas one truncating mutation was found in a group of 1,226 controls (0.08%; P = 2.6 × 10(-9)). Three novel LGRs included deletions involving exons 7-8 and 9-10, respectively, and a duplication spanning exons 9-11. Five frameshift and two nonsense mutations were novel, whereas three truncating mutations were described previously. The only recurrent mutation was the c.172_175delTTGT detected in four unrelated breast cancer individuals. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses demonstrated the significant role of the PALB2 gene in breast cancer susceptibility. The highest frequency of PALB2 mutations (comparable with that previously reported for BRCA2) was found in a subgroup of patients with hereditary breast cancer (HBC) (13/235; 5.5%). IMPACT Our results show that mutation analysis of the PALB2 gene, including the analysis of LGRs, is primarily indicated in patients with HBC in case of their BRCA1 and BRCA2 negativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Janatova
- Authors' Affiliations: Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague; Institutes of Biology and Medical Genetics and Pathology, and Department of Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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16
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Prevalence of PALB2 mutation c.509_510delGA in unselected breast cancer patients from Central and Eastern Europe. Fam Cancer 2013; 13:137-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s10689-013-9684-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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17
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Analysis of PALB2 gene in BRCA1/BRCA2 negative Spanish hereditary breast/ovarian cancer families with pancreatic cancer cases. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67538. [PMID: 23935836 PMCID: PMC3720732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The PALB2 gene, also known as FANCN, forms a bond and co-localizes with BRCA2 in DNA repair. Germline mutations in PALB2 have been identified in approximately 1% of familial breast cancer and 3–4% of familial pancreatic cancer. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of PALB2 mutations in a population of BRCA1/BRCA2 negative breast cancer patients selected from either a personal or family history of pancreatic cancer. Methods 132 non-BRCA1/BRCA2 breast/ovarian cancer families with at least one pancreatic cancer case were included in the study. PALB2 mutational analysis was performed by direct sequencing of all coding exons and intron/exon boundaries, as well as multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Results Two PALB2 truncating mutations, the c.1653T>A (p.Tyr551Stop) previously reported, and c.3362del (p.Gly1121ValfsX3) which is a novel frameshift mutation, were identified. Moreover, several PALB2 variants were detected; some of them were predicted as pathological by bioinformatic analysis. Considering truncating mutations, the prevalence rate of our population of BRCA1/2-negative breast cancer patients with pancreatic cancer is 1.5%. Conclusions The prevalence rate of PALB2 mutations in non-BRCA1/BRCA2 breast/ovarian cancer families, selected from either a personal or family pancreatic cancer history, is similar to that previously described for unselected breast/ovarian cancer families. Future research directed towards identifying other gene(s) involved in the development of breast/pancreatic cancer families is required.
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18
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Southey MC, Teo ZL, Winship I. PALB2 and breast cancer: ready for clinical translation! APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2013; 6:43-52. [PMID: 23935381 PMCID: PMC3735037 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s34116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
For almost two decades, breast cancer clinical genetics has operated in an environment where a heritable cause of breast cancer susceptibility is identified in the vast minority of women seeking advice about their personal and/or family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer. A new wave of genetic information is upon us that promises to provide an explanation for the greater proportion of current missing heritability of breast cancer. Whilst researchers refine bioinformatic and analytic methodology necessary to interpret the new genetic data, attention needs to be paid to defining appropriate and coordinated pathways for the translation of this information so that it can be applied in clinical genetic services for the benefit of the majority of women who currently have no explanation for their breast cancer susceptibility. The search for additional breast cancer susceptibility genes remains a very active area of research. Exhausting the power of linkage studies that identified BRCA1 and BRCA2, the research community moved to candidate gene studies that led to the identification of ATM, BRIP1, CHEK2, and PALB2 as so-called "moderate-risk" breast cancer susceptibility genes. Mutations in these genes are rare and although early reports suggested that, on average, they are associated with moderate risks of breast cancer; population-based studies have demonstrated that at least some mutations in these genes are associated with breast cancer risks that are comparable to the average risk associated with BRCA2 mutations. The search for additional breast cancer susceptibility genes has now moved onto research platforms applying massively parallel sequencing capable of sequencing whole human exomes and genomes in single instrument runs. These programs are identifying a large number of additional putative breast cancer susceptibility genes, many of which are currently undergoing validation. It is highly anticipated that the remaining missing heritability of breast cancer will be due to mutations in many different genes, each explaining a small proportion of the currently unexplained heritable breast cancer susceptibility. The characterization of PALB2 as a breast cancer susceptibility gene and subsequent research that has refined our understanding of the prevalence and penetrance of heritable mutations in PALB2 offers a precious opportunity to use the data as a model and develop modes of translation that would be appropriate for the anticipated volume of imminent new information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C Southey
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Ku CS, Cooper DN, Wu M, Roukos DH, Pawitan Y, Soong R, Iacopetta B. Gene discovery in familial cancer syndromes by exome sequencing: prospects for the elucidation of familial colorectal cancer type X. Mod Pathol 2012; 25:1055-68. [PMID: 22522846 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2012.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in genotyping and sequencing technologies have provided powerful tools with which to explore the genetic basis of both Mendelian (monogenic) and sporadic (polygenic) diseases. Several hundred genome-wide association studies have so far been performed to explore the genetics of various polygenic or complex diseases including those cancers with a genetic predisposition. Exome sequencing has also proven very successful in elucidating the etiology of a range of hitherto poorly understood Mendelian disorders caused by high-penetrance mutations. Despite such progress, the genetic etiology of several familial cancers, such as familial colorectal cancer type X, has remained elusive. Familial colorectal cancer type X and Lynch syndrome are similar in terms of their fulfilling certain clinical criteria, but the former group is not characterized by germline mutations in DNA mismatch-repair genes. On the other hand, the genetics of sporadic colorectal cancer have been investigated by genome-wide association studies, leading to the identification of multiple new susceptibility loci. In addition, there is increasing evidence to suggest that familial and sporadic cancers exhibit similarities in terms of their genetic etiologies. In this review, we have summarized our current knowledge of familial colorectal cancer type X, discussed current approaches to probing its genetic etiology through the application of new sequencing technologies and the recruitment of the results of colorectal cancer genome-wide association studies, and explore the challenges that remain to be overcome given the uncertainty of the current genetic model (ie, monogenic vs polygenic) of familial colorectal cancer type X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee-Seng Ku
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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20
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21
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Catucci I, Colombo M, Verderio P, Bernard L, Ficarazzi F, Mariette F, Barile M, Peissel B, Cattaneo E, Manoukian S, Radice P, Peterlongo P. Sequencing analysis of SLX4/FANCP gene in Italian familial breast cancer cases. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31038. [PMID: 22383991 PMCID: PMC3285620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer can be caused by germline mutations in several genes that are responsible for different hereditary cancer syndromes. Some of the genes causing the Fanconi anemia (FA) syndrome, such as BRCA2, BRIP1, PALB2, and RAD51C, are associated with high or moderate risk of developing breast cancer. Very recently, SLX4 has been established as a new FA gene raising the question of its implication in breast cancer risk. This study aimed at answering this question sequencing the entire coding region of SLX4 in 526 familial breast cancer cases from Italy. We found 81 different germline variants and none of these were clearly pathogenic. The statistical power of our sample size allows concluding that in Italy the frequency of carriers of truncating mutations of SLX4 may not exceed 0.6%. Our results indicate that testing for SLX4 germline mutations is unlikely to be relevant for the identification of individuals at risk of breast cancer, at least in the Italian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Catucci
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Colombo
- Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Verderio
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Biometry, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Loris Bernard
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Monica Barile
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy
| | - Bernard Peissel
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Cattaneo
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
- Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Siranoush Manoukian
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Radice
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Peterlongo
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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Rizzolo P, Silvestri V, Falchetti M, Ottini L. Inherited and acquired alterations in development of breast cancer. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2011; 4:145-58. [PMID: 23776375 PMCID: PMC3681186 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s13226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women, accounting for about 30% of all cancers. In contrast, breast cancer is a rare disease in men, accounting for less than 1% of all cancers. Up to 10% of all breast cancers are hereditary forms, caused by inherited germ-line mutations in "high-penetrance," "moderate-penetrance," and "low-penetrance" breast cancer susceptibility genes. The remaining 90% of breast cancers are due to acquired somatic genetic and epigenetic alterations. A heterogeneous set of somatic alterations, including mutations and gene amplification, are reported to be involved in the etiology of breast cancer. Promoter hypermethylation of genes involved in DNA repair and hormone-mediated cell signaling, as well as altered expression of micro RNAs predicted to regulate key breast cancer genes, play an equally important role as genetic factors in development of breast cancer. Elucidation of the inherited and acquired genetic and epigenetic alterations involved in breast cancer may not only clarify molecular pathways involved in the development and progression of breast cancer itself, but may also have an important clinical and therapeutic impact on improving the management of patients with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piera Rizzolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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23
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Blanco A, de la Hoya M, Balmaña J, Ramón y Cajal T, Teulé A, Miramar MD, Esteban E, Infante M, Benítez J, Torres A, Tejada MI, Brunet J, Graña B, Balbín M, Pérez-Segura P, Osorio A, Velasco EA, Chirivella I, Calvo MT, Feliubadaló L, Lasa A, Díez O, Carracedo A, Caldés T, Vega A. Detection of a large rearrangement in PALB2 in Spanish breast cancer families with male breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 132:307-15. [PMID: 22052327 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1842-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that monoallelic PALB2 (Partner and Localizer of BRCA2) gene mutations predispose to familial breast cancer. Some of the families reported with germline PALB2 mutations presented male breast cancer as a characteristic clinical feature. Therefore, we wanted to investigate the contribution of germline PALB2 mutations in a set of 131 Spanish BRCA1/BRCA2-negative breast/ovarian cancer families with at least one male breast cancer case. The analysis included direct sequencing of all coding exons and intron/exon boundaries as well as a Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification-based analysis of genomic rearrangements. For the first time we have identified a genomic rearrangement of PALB2 gene involving a large deletion from exon 7 to 11 in a breast cancer family. We have also identified several PALB2 variants, but no other obvious deleterious PALB2 mutation has been found. Thus, our study does not support an enrichment of PALB2 germline mutations in the subset of breast cancer families with male breast cancer cases. The identification of intronic and exonic variants indicates the necessity of assessing the implications of variants that do not lead to PALB2 truncation in the pathoghenicity of the PALB2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Blanco
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica-SERGAS, Grupo de Medicina Xenómica-USC, CIBER-ER, IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Zheng Y, Zhang J, Niu Q, Huo D, Olopade OI. Novel germline PALB2 truncating mutations in African American breast cancer patients. Cancer 2011; 118:1362-70. [PMID: 21932393 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.26388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been demonstrated that the partner and localizer of breast cancer 2 (PALB2) acts as a bridging molecule between the breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) and BRCA2 proteins and is responsible for facilitating BRCA2-mediated DNA repair. Truncating mutations in the PALB2 gene reportedly are enriched in patients with Fanconi anemia and breast cancer in various populations. METHODS The authors evaluated the contribution of PALB2 germline mutations in 279 African American women with breast cancer, including 29 patients with a strong family history, 29 patients with a moderate family history, 75 patients with a weak family history, and 146 patients with nonfamilial or sporadic breast cancer. RESULTS After direct sequencing of all the coding exons, exon/intron boundaries, and 5' and 3' untranslated regions of PALB2, 3 novel, monoallelic, truncating mutations (1.08%; 3 in 279 patients) were identified (c.758dupT [exon 4], c.1479delC [exon 4], and c.3048delT [exon 10]) together with 50 sequence variants, 27 of which were novel. None of the truncating mutations were identified in a group of 262 controls from the same population. CONCLUSIONS PALB2 mutations were present in both familial and nonfamilial breast cancers among African Americans. Rare PALB2 mutations accounted for a small but substantial proportion of patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglan Zheng
- Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics and Global Health, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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25
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Ding YC, Steele L, Chu LH, Kelley K, Davis H, John EM, Tomlinson GE, Neuhausen SL. Germline mutations in PALB2 in African-American breast cancer cases. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 126:227-30. [PMID: 21113654 PMCID: PMC3457798 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1271-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer incidence is lower in African Americans than in Caucasian Americans. However, African-American women have higher breast cancer mortality rates and tend to be diagnosed with earlier-onset disease. Identifying factors correlated to the racial/ethnic variation in the epidemiology of breast cancer may provide better understanding of the more aggressive disease at diagnosis. Truncating germline mutations in PALB2 have been identified in approximately 1% of early-onset and/or familial breast cancer cases. To date, PALB2 mutation testing has not been performed in African-American breast cancer cases. We screened for germline mutations in PALB2 in 139 African-American breast cases by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography and direct sequencing. Twelve variants were identified in these cases and none caused truncation of the protein. Three missense variants, including two rare variants (P8L and T300I) and one common variant (P210L), were predicted to be pathogenic, and were located in a coiled-coil domain of PALB2 required for RAD51- and BRCA1-binding. We investigated and found no significant association between the P210L variant and breast cancer risk in a small case-control study of African-American women. This study adds to the literature that PALB2 mutations, although rare, appear to play a role in breast cancer in all populations investigated to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chun Ding
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Linda Steele
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Li-Hao Chu
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Karen Kelley
- Department of Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Helen Davis
- Department of General Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Esther M. John
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California (formerly the Northern California Cancer Center), Fremont, CA and Stanford University School of Medicine and Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gail E. Tomlinson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio TX and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Susan L. Neuhausen
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
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PALB2 germline mutations in familial breast cancer cases with personal and family history of pancreatic cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 126:825-8. [PMID: 21184274 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1305-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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27
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Bogdanova N, Sokolenko AP, Iyevleva AG, Abysheva SN, Blaut M, Bremer M, Christiansen H, Rave-Fränk M, Dörk T, Imyanitov EN. PALB2 mutations in German and Russian patients with bilateral breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 126:545-50. [PMID: 21165770 PMCID: PMC3291835 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1290-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since germline mutations in the PALB2 (Partner and Localizer of BRCA2) gene have been identified as breast cancer (BC) susceptibility alleles, the geographical spread and risks associated with PALB2 mutations are subject of intense investigation. Patients with bilateral breast cancer constitute a valuable group for genetic studies. We have thus scanned the whole coding region of PALB2 in a total of 203 German or Russian bilateral breast cancer patients using an approach based on high-resolution melting analysis and direct sequencing of genomic DNA samples. Truncating PALB2 mutations were identified in 4/203 (2%) breast cancer patients with bilateral disease. The two nonsense mutations, p.E545X and p.Q921X, have not been previously described whereas the two other mutations, p.R414X and c.509_510delGA, are recurrent. Our results indicate that PALB2 germline mutations account for a small, but not negligible, proportion of bilateral breast carcinomas in German and Russian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Bogdanova
- Gynecology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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