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Shahjahan M, Islam MJ, Hossain MT, Mishu MA, Hasan J, Brown C. Blood biomarkers as diagnostic tools: An overview of climate-driven stress responses in fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:156910. [PMID: 35753474 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change due to anthropogenic activities affects the dynamics of aquatic communities by altering the adaptive capacities of their inhabitants. Analysis of blood provides valuable insights in the form of a comprehensive representation of the physiological and functional status of fish under various environmental and treatment conditions. This review synthesizes currently available information about blood biomarkers used in climate change induced stress responses in fish. Alterations in informative blood-based indicators are used to monitor the physiological fitness of individual fishes or entire populations. Specific characteristics of fish blood, such as serum and plasma metabolites, cell composition, cellular abnormalities, cellular and antioxidant enzymes necessitate adapted protocols, as well as careful attention to experimental designs and meticulous interpretation of patterns of data. Moreover, the sampling technique, transportation, type of culture system, acclimation procedure, and water quality must all be considered for valid interpretation of hemato-biochemical parameters. Besides, blood collection, handling, and storage time of blood samples can all have significant impacts on the results of a hematological analysis, so it is optimal to perform hemato-biochemical evaluations immediately after blood collection because long-term storage can alter the results of the analyses, at least in part as a result of storage-related degenerative changes that may occur. However, the scarcity of high-throughput sophisticated approaches makes fish blood examination studies promising for climate-driven stress responses in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shahjahan
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Jakiul Islam
- Department of Fisheries Technology and Quality Control, Faculty of Fisheries, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Md Tahmeed Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Moshiul Alam Mishu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Jabed Hasan
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Christopher Brown
- FAO-World Fisheries University Pilot Programme, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, South Korea
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Islam MA, Amin SMN, Brown CL, Juraimi AS, Uddin MK, Arshad A. Determination of Median Lethal Concentration (LC 50) for Endosulfan, Heptachlor and Dieldrin Pesticides to African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus and Their Impact on Its Behavioral Patterns and Histopathological Responses. TOXICS 2021; 9:340. [PMID: 34941774 PMCID: PMC8703865 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9120340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides such as endosulfan, heptachlor and dieldrin persist in aquatic environments as a result of their resistance to biodegradation. However, there is no adequate information about the toxicity of endosulfan, heptachlor and dieldrin to the aquatic organism, African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)-a high valued widely distributed commercially interesting species. The current experiment was performed with the aim to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50) of endosulfan, heptachlor and dieldrin to African catfish (Clarias gariepinus); their behavioral abnormalities and histopathological alterations in several vital organs. A total of 324 juvenile fish were exposed for 96 h to six concentrations of endosulfan and dieldrin at 0, 0.001, 0.002, 0.004, 0.008 and 0.016 ppm, and to heptachlor at concentrations of 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.16 and 0.32 ppm for dose-response tests. The study demonstrated that the species is highly susceptible to those contaminants showing a number of behavioral abnormalities and histopathological changes in gill, liver and muscle. The 96-h LC50 value of endosulfan, dieldrin and heptachlor for the African catfish was found as 0.004 (0.001-0.01) mg/L, 0.006 mg/L and 0.056 (0.006-0.144) mg/L, respectively. Abnormal behaviors such as erratic jerky swimming, frequent surfacing movement with gulping of air, secretion of mucus on the body and gills were observed in response to the increasing exposure concentrations. Histopathological alterations of liver, gill and muscle tissues were demonstrated as vacuolization in hepatocytes, congestion of red blood cells (RBCs) in hepatic portal vein; deformed secondary lamellae and disintegrated myotomes with disintegrated epidermis, respectively. These findings are important to monitor and responsibly manage pesticide use in and around C. gariepinus aquacultural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Ariful Islam
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.A.I.); (S.M.N.A.)
- Shrimp Research Station, Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute (BFRI), Bagerhat 9300, Bangladesh
| | - S. M. Nurul Amin
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.A.I.); (S.M.N.A.)
- Department of Aquaculture, FAO World Fisheries University, Busan 48547, Korea;
| | | | - Abdul Shukor Juraimi
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Md. Kamal Uddin
- Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Aziz Arshad
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.A.I.); (S.M.N.A.)
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Bojarski B, Witeska M. Blood biomarkers of herbicide, insecticide, and fungicide toxicity to fish-a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:19236-19250. [PMID: 32248419 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are widely used in the world agriculture, and they may adversely affect non-target organisms, including fish. The present 2000-2019 literature review summarizes hematological and blood biochemical effects of various herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides in fish. The observed changes usually indicate anemia and inflammation, as well as hyperglycemia, hypoproteinemia, increase in cortisol concentration and activities of hepatic aminotransferases that are typical for intoxication and stress. Other changes that are also sometimes observed such as increase in red blood parameters indicate compensatory response. The often-noted symptoms of immunosuppression show an adverse effect of pesticides on immune system and possible immunosuppression. Pathophysiological changes in fish induced by pesticides depend on many factors, such as active compound and its concentration, exposure duration, fish species, environmental conditions, etc. Hematological and blood biochemical parameters appear to be useful biomarkers for evaluation of physiological state of fish exposed to pesticides; however, they are not specific markers of intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Bojarski
- Department of Zoology and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Animal Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Witeska
- Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Prusa 14, 08-110, Siedlce, Poland
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Ansoar-Rodríguez Y, Christofoletti CA, Correia JE, de Souza RB, Moreira-de-Sousa C, Marcato ACDC, Bueno OC, Malaspina O, Silva-Zacarin ECM, Fontanetti CS. Liver alterations in Oreochromis niloticus (Pisces) induced by insecticide imidacloprid: Histopathology and heat shock protein in situ localization. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2016; 51:881-887. [PMID: 27764581 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2016.1240559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver is very sensitive to environmental contaminants such as pesticides, it being the first target of toxicity of a substance. The objective of this study was to investigate the possible effects of the insecticide imidacloprid (IMI) on the liver of Oreochromis niloticus according concentrations used for growing sugarcane. A semi-quantitative analysis of histopathological alterations of IMI on liver was performed by light microscopy and cellular labeling of heat shock proteins (HSP70) by immunohistochemistry. The most common changes in liver at all concentrations of IMI were hydropic degeneration, pyknotic nuclei, and loss of cell limits. Steatosis and increased levels of HSP70 were detected in hepatocytes with the highest concentration of IMI. In conclusion, the tested concentrations of IMI induced histopathological changes in the liver of O. niloticus and active defence mechanisms to maintain the morphophysiological integrity of the liver. This insecticide has a toxicity potential for these fish, which is a non-target organism of its action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jorge E Correia
- a UNESP-São Paulo State University , Rio Claro, São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Odair C Bueno
- c UNESP/CEIS-Centre for the Study of Social Insects , Rio Claro, Bela Vista, Rio Claro, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Osmar Malaspina
- c UNESP/CEIS-Centre for the Study of Social Insects , Rio Claro, Bela Vista, Rio Claro, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Elaine C M Silva-Zacarin
- d Department of Biology , UFSCar-Federal University of São Carlos , Sorocaba, São Paulo , Brazil
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Kumar N, Ambasankar K, Krishnani KK, Gupta SK, Bhushan S, Minhas PS. Acute toxicity, biochemical and histopathological responses of endosulfan in Chanos chanos. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 131:79-88. [PMID: 27213563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated 96h median lethal concentration of endosulfan (99%, pure α: β ratio of 7:3) by conducting static non-renewable acute toxicity bio-assay in Chanos chanos juvenile with average weight (110±5.65g). Further, the effect of different definitive doses (18.5, 19.5, 20.5, 21.5 and 22.5µg/L) of endosulfan on metabolic, heamato-immunoligcal and histopathological response were probed. Anti-oxidative enzymes CAT, SOD and GST showed significant (p<0.01) increase of activity in the liver, gill and brain during exposure to endosulfan in a dose and time dependent manner. The brain AChE activity showed significant (p<0.01) inhibition from 18.5 to 22.5µg/L exposure of endosulfan than the control group. LDH and MDH activity gradually increased with consequent increasing dose of endosulfan exposure in the liver, gill and brain. Similarly, ALT, AST and G6PDH activities in both liver and gill increased with consequent increases in the dose of endosulfan exposure. Immunological profile such as blood glucose and serum cortisol level significantly enhanced while respiratory burst activity declined with consequent increasing doses of endosulfan exposure. Histopathological alteration in the gill demonstrated curling of secondary lamellae, thickening of primary epithelium, shorting of secondary lamellae, epithelial hyperplasia, fusion of secondary lamellae, aneurism, and collapsed secondary lamellae due to dose dependent exposure of endosulfan. Liver histology illustrated cloudy swelling and necrosis with pyknotic nuclei to the moderate dose of endosulfan, whereas higher dose of endosulfan (21.5µg/L) displayed severe necrosis of hepatic cells. Overall results clearly indicate that acute exposure of endosulfan led to pronounced deleterious alterations on biochemical, heamato-immunological, and histopathological responses of C. chanos juvenile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar
- ICAR, National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Baramati, Pune 413115, India.
| | - K Ambasankar
- ICAR-central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai 600028, India
| | - K K Krishnani
- ICAR, National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Baramati, Pune 413115, India
| | - S K Gupta
- ICAR, Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi 834010, India
| | - Shashi Bhushan
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai 400061, India
| | - P S Minhas
- ICAR, National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Baramati, Pune 413115, India
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Kumar N, Sharma R, Tripathi G, Kumar K, Dalvi RS, Krishna G. Cellular metabolic, stress, and histological response on exposure to acute toxicity of endosulfan in tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:106-115. [PMID: 25060992 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Endosulfan is one of the most hazardous organochlorines pesticides responsible for environmental pollution, as it is very persistent and shows bio-magnification. This study evaluated the impact of acute endosulfan toxicity on metabolic enzymes, lysozyme activities, heat shock protein (Hsp) 70 expression, and histopathology in Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Among the indicators that were induced in dose dependent manner were the enzymes of amino acid metabolism (serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase), carbohydrate metabolism (serum lactate dehydrogenase), pentose phosphate pathway (Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) as well as lysozyme and Hsp70 in liver and gill, while liver and gill Isocitrate dehydrogenase (TCA cycle enzyme) and marker of general energetics (Total adenosine triphosphatase) were inhibited. Histopathological alterations in gill were clubbing of secondary gill lamellae, marked hyperplasia, complete loss of secondary lamellae and atrophy of primary gill filaments. Whereas in liver, swollen hepatocyte, and degeneration with loss of cellular boundaries were distinctly noticed. Overall results clearly demonstrated the unbalanced metabolism and damage of the vital organs like liver and gill in Tilapia due to acute endosulfan exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, 400061, Maharashtra, India
- Edaphic Stress Management, National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Baramati, Pune, 413115, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rupam Sharma
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, 400061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gayatri Tripathi
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, 400061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kundan Kumar
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, 400061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rishikesh S Dalvi
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, 400061, Maharashtra, India
- Department of Zoology, Maharshi Dayanand College, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gopal Krishna
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, 400061, Maharashtra, India
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Marcon L, Bazzoli N, Honor Mounteer A, Anjos Benjamin LD. Histological and Histometric Evaluation of the Liver inAstyanax Bimaculatus(Teleostei: Characidae), Exposed to Different Concentrations of an Organochlorine Insecticide. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 298:1754-64. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Marcon
- Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Zoologia De Vertebrados Da PUC Minas. Av. Dom José Gaspar; 500, Coração Eucarístico Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brasil
| | - Nilo Bazzoli
- Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Zoologia De Vertebrados Da PUC Minas. Av. Dom José Gaspar; 500, Coração Eucarístico Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brasil
| | - Ann Honor Mounteer
- Departamento De Engenharia Civil; Universidade Federal De Viçosa. Av. Peter Henry Rolfs S/N, Campus Universitário; Viçosa Minas Gerais Brasil
| | - Laércio Dos Anjos Benjamin
- Departamento De Medicina Veterinária; Universidade Federal De Viçosa. Av. Peter Henry Rolfs S/N, Campus Universitário; Viçosa Minas Gerais Brasil
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Alva S, Damodar D, D’Souza A, D’Souza UJA. Endosulfan induced early pathological changes in vital organs of rat: a biochemical approach. Indian J Pharmacol 2012; 44:512-5. [PMID: 23087516 PMCID: PMC3469958 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.99335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 09/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the pathogenesis in heart and liver by the early induction of biochemical and antioxidant derangements in rats exposed to endosulfan. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar rats were gavaged with endosulfan (0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg/kg body weight in sunflower oil) for a period of 21 days (single dose at 24 h interval). Control and sunflower oil control groups were also maintained simultaneously. Rats were sacrificed on the 22(nd) day posttreatment. Blood samples, heart and liver were collected and different biochemical parameters such as total protein, cholesterol, triglycerides, amino acids and antioxidant and lipid peroxidation level were measured. Statistical analysis was carried out by one way ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni' post-hoc test. RESULTS Endosulfan induced a significant increase in the serum levels of total protein, amino acids, triglyceride, total cholesterol, free fatty acid and phospholipid levels in a dose-dependent manner. In the heart and liver, lipid peroxidation was increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner and the antioxidant levels such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase were significantly decreased in a dose-dependent pattern. CONCLUSION Exposure to endosulfan results in a significant derangement in the biochemical parameters with a decrease in antioxidant levels in the heart and liver. This is an early indication of pathogenesis in the vital organs of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathyavathi Alva
- Department of Pathology, KVG Medical College & Hospital, Sullia, Karnataka, India
| | - D. Damodar
- Department of Physiology, KVG Medical College & Hospital, Sullia, Karnataka, India
| | - Antony D’Souza
- Blood Bank, MVST Trust-Government Wenlock District zospital, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Urban J. A. D’Souza
- Department of Physiology, KVG Medical College & Hospital, Sullia, Karnataka, India
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