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Sun XZ, Zhang QY, Jiang SL, Zhu RJ, Chai JH, Liang J, Kuang HX, Xia YG. Structural elucidation a complex galactosyl and glucosyl-rich pectin from the pericarp of immature fruits of Juglans mandshurica Maxim. Glycoconj J 2024:10.1007/s10719-024-10156-9. [PMID: 38954268 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-024-10156-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
A glucosyl-rich pectin, JMMP-3 (Mw, 2.572 × 104 g/mol, O-methyl % = 3.62%), was isolated and purified from the pericarp of the immature fruit of Juglans mandshurica Maxim. (QingLongYi). The structure of JMMP-3 was studied systematically by infrared spectroscopy, monosaccharide compositions, methylation analysis, partial acid hydrolysis, and 1/2D-NMR. The backbone of JMMP-3 possessed a smooth region (→ 4GalA1 →) and a hairy region (→ 4GalA1 → 2Rha1 →) with a molar ratio of 2: 5. The substitution of four characteristic side chains (R1-R4) occurs at C-4 of → 2,4)-α-Rhap-(1→, where R1 is composed of → 5)-α-Araf-(1→, R2 is composed of → 4)-β-Galp-(1 → and β-Galp-(1→, R3 is composed of α-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-Glcp-(1 → and → 4,6)-α-Glcp-(1→, and R4 is composed of → 5)-α-Araf-(1→, β-Galp-(1→, → 4)-β-Galp-(1→, → 3,4)-β-Galp-(1→, → 4,6)-β-Galp-(1 → and → 2,4)-β-Galp-(1 → . In addition, the antitumor activity of JMMP-3 on HepG2 cells was preliminarily investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Zhe Sun
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Liang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong-Jian Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Hong Chai
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Xue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Gang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China.
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Shuai M, Li Y, Guan F, Fu G, Sun C, Ren Q, Wang L, Zhang T. Breaking barriers: How modified citrus pectin inhibits galectin-8. Food Funct 2024; 15:4887-4893. [PMID: 38597504 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo00285g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Inhibition of galectin-3-mediated interactions by modified citrus pectin (MCP) could affect several rate-limiting steps in cancer metastasis, but the ability of MCP to antagonize galectin-8 function remains unknown. We hypothesized that MCP could bind to galectin-8 in addition to galectin-3. In this study, a combination of gradual ethanol precipitation and DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow chromatography was used to isolate several fractions from MCP. The ability of these fractions to antagonize galectin-8 function was studied as well as the primary structure and initial structure-function relationship of the major active component MCP-30-3. The results showed that MCP-30-3 (168 kDa) was composed of Gal (13.8%), GalA (63.1%), GlcA (13.0%), and Glc (10.1%). MCP-30-3 could specifically bind to galectin-8, with an MIC value of 0.04 mg mL-1. After MCP-30-3 was hydrolyzed by β-galactosidase or pectinase, its binding activity was significantly reduced. These results provide new insights into the interaction between MCP structure and galectin function, as well as the potential utility in the development of functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Shuai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563003, China.
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Yiqing Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563003, China.
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Fanqi Guan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563003, China.
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Guixia Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563003, China.
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Chengxin Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Qianqian Ren
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Li Wang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563003, China.
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
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3
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Zaborska B, Sikora-Frąc M, Smarż K, Pilichowska-Paszkiet E, Budaj A, Sitkiewicz D, Sygitowicz G. The Role of Galectin-3 in Heart Failure-The Diagnostic, Prognostic and Therapeutic Potential-Where Do We Stand? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13111. [PMID: 37685918 PMCID: PMC10488150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome with high morbidity and mortality, and its prevalence is rapidly increasing. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is an important factor in the pathophysiology of HF, mainly due to its role in cardiac fibrosis, inflammation, and ventricular remodeling. Fibrosis is a hallmark of cardiac remodeling, HF, and atrial fibrillation development. This review aims to explore the involvement of Gal-3 in HF and its role in the pathogenesis and clinical diagnostic and prognostic significance. We report data on Gal-3 structure and molecular mechanisms of biological function crucial for HF development. Over the last decade, numerous studies have shown an association between echocardiographic and CMR biomarkers in HF and Gal-3 serum concentration. We discuss facts and concerns about Gal-3's utility in acute and chronic HF with preserved and reduced ejection fraction for diagnosis, prognosis, and risk stratification. Finally, we present attempts to use Gal-3 as a therapeutic target in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Zaborska
- Department of Cardiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Grochowski Hospital, 04-073 Warsaw, Poland; (B.Z.); (M.S.-F.); (E.P.-P.); (A.B.)
| | - Małgorzata Sikora-Frąc
- Department of Cardiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Grochowski Hospital, 04-073 Warsaw, Poland; (B.Z.); (M.S.-F.); (E.P.-P.); (A.B.)
| | - Krzysztof Smarż
- Department of Cardiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Grochowski Hospital, 04-073 Warsaw, Poland; (B.Z.); (M.S.-F.); (E.P.-P.); (A.B.)
| | - Ewa Pilichowska-Paszkiet
- Department of Cardiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Grochowski Hospital, 04-073 Warsaw, Poland; (B.Z.); (M.S.-F.); (E.P.-P.); (A.B.)
| | - Andrzej Budaj
- Department of Cardiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Grochowski Hospital, 04-073 Warsaw, Poland; (B.Z.); (M.S.-F.); (E.P.-P.); (A.B.)
| | - Dariusz Sitkiewicz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (D.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Grażyna Sygitowicz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (D.S.); (G.S.)
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4
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Ahmed R, Anam K, Ahmed H. Development of Galectin-3 Targeting Drugs for Therapeutic Applications in Various Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8116. [PMID: 37175823 PMCID: PMC10179732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal3) is one of the most studied members of the galectin family that mediate various biological processes such as growth regulation, immune function, cancer metastasis, and apoptosis. Since Gal3 is pro-inflammatory, it is involved in many diseases that are associated with chronic inflammation such as cancer, organ fibrosis, and type 2 diabetes. As a multifunctional protein involved in multiple pathways of many diseases, Gal3 has generated significant interest in pharmaceutical industries. As a result, several Gal3-targeting therapeutic drugs are being developed to address unmet medical needs. Based on the PubMed search of Gal3 to date (1987-2023), here, we briefly describe its structure, carbohydrate-binding properties, endogenous ligands, and roles in various diseases. We also discuss its potential antagonists that are currently being investigated clinically or pre-clinically by the public and private companies. The updated knowledge on Gal3 function in various diseases could initiate new clinical or pre-clinical investigations to test therapeutic strategies, and some of these strategies could be successful and recognized as novel therapeutics for unmet medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hafiz Ahmed
- GlycoMantra Inc., Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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Niu H, Dou Z, Hou K, Wang W, Chen X, Chen X, Chen H, Fu X. A critical review of RG-I pectin: sources, extraction methods, structure, and applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-21. [PMID: 37114929 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2204509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, RG-I pectin isolated by low-temperature alkaline extraction methods has attracted the attention of a large number of researchers due to its huge health benefits. However, studies on other applications of RG-I pectin are still lacking. In this study, we summarized the sources (e.g. potato pulp, sugar beet pulp, okra, apple pomace, citrus peel, pumpkin, grapefruit, ginseng, etc.), extraction methods, fine structure and applications of RG-I pectin in physiological activities (e.g. anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-oxidation, immune regulation, prebiotics, etc.), emulsions, gels, etc. These neutral sugar side chains not only endow RG-I pectin with various physiological activities but the entanglement and cross-linking of these side chains also endow RG-I pectin with excellent emulsifying and gelling properties. We believe that this review can not only provide a comprehensive reading for new workers interested in RG-I pectin, but also provide a valuable reference for future research directions of RG-I pectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Niu
- SCUT-Zhuhai Institute of Modern Industrial Innovation, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zuman Dou
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Keke Hou
- Hainan University-HSF/LWL Collaborative Innovation Laboratory, School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, PR China
| | - Wenduo Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Yangjiang, PR China
| | - Xianxiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Xianwei Chen
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Haiming Chen
- Hainan University-HSF/LWL Collaborative Innovation Laboratory, School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, PR China
| | - Xiong Fu
- SCUT-Zhuhai Institute of Modern Industrial Innovation, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Guangzhou, PR China
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou, PR China
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6
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Laderach DJ, Compagno D. Inhibition of galectins in cancer: Biological challenges for their clinical application. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1104625. [PMID: 36703969 PMCID: PMC9872792 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1104625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins play relevant roles in tumor development, progression and metastasis. Accordingly, galectins are certainly enticing targets for medical intervention in cancer. To date, however, clinical trials based on galectin inhibitors reported inconclusive results. This review summarizes the galectin inhibitors currently being evaluated and discusses some of the biological challenges that need to be addressed to improve these strategies for the benefit of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego José Laderach
- Molecular and Functional Glyco-Oncology Laboratory, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facutad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina,Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Luján, Argentina,*Correspondence: Diego José Laderach,
| | - Daniel Compagno
- Molecular and Functional Glyco-Oncology Laboratory, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facutad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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7
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Mondal UK, Barchi JJ. Isolipoic acid-linked gold nanoparticles bearing the thomsen friedenreich tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen: Stability and in vitro studies. Front Chem 2022; 10:1002146. [PMID: 36300019 PMCID: PMC9588967 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1002146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously prepared gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) bearing the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen disaccharide (TFag), a pan-carcinoma, Tumor-Associated Carbohydrate Antigen (TACA), as tools for various assays and biological applications. Conjugation to AuNPs typically involves the use of thiols due to the affinity of sulfur for the gold surface of the nanoparticle. While a use of a single thiol-containing ligand bound to the gold surface is standard practice, several studies have shown that ligands bearing multiple thiols can enhance the strength of the conjugation in a nearly linear fashion. (R)-(+)-α-Lipoic acid (LA), a naturally occurring disulfide-containing organic acid that is used as a cofactor in many enzymatic reactions, has been used as a linker to conjugate various molecules to AuNPs through its branched di-thiol system to enhance nanoparticle stability. We sought to use a similar system to increase nanoparticle stability that was devoid of the chiral center in (R)-(+)-α-lipoic acid. Isolipoic acid, an isomer of LA, where the exocyclic pentanoic acid chain is shifted by one carbon on the dithiolane ring to produce an achiral acid, was thought to act similarly as LA without the risk of any contaminating (L)-(−) isomer. We synthesized AuNPs with ligands of both serine and threonine glycoamino acids bearing the TFag linked to isolipoic acid and examined their stability under various conditions. In addition, these particles were shown to bind to Galectin-3 and inhibit the interaction of Galectin-3 with a protein displaying copies of the TFag. These agents should prove useful in the design of potential antimetastatic therapeutics that would benefit from achiral linkers that are geometrically linear and achiral.
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8
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Zhang S, Lin Z, Wang D, Xu X, Song C, Sun L, Mayo KH, Zhao Z, Zhou Y. Galactofuranose side chains in galactomannans from Penicillium spp. modulate galectin-8-mediated bioactivity. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 292:119677. [PMID: 35725172 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides from fungi have many bioactivities. Previous studies showed that galactomannans from Penicillium oxalicum antagonize galectin-8-mediated activity. Here, two intracellular and two extracellular galactomannans were purified and their structures were comparatively characterized by NMR, partial acid hydrolysis and methylation. All four of them were identified to be galactomannans with similar mannan backbones having 1,2-/1,6-linkages (~3:1) and various amounts of galactofuranan side chains. The interaction of those polysaccharides with galectin-8 was assessed by hemagglutination and biolayer interferometry. These results show that side chains are important for the interaction, and the more the side chains, the stronger the interaction. But the side chains alone did not show act on galectin-8, which indicated that the cooperation between backbone and side chains is another necessary factor for this interaction. Our findings provide important information about structure-activity relationships and the galactofuranose-containing galactomannans might be as potential therapeutic of galectin-8 related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Zhiying Lin
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Xuejiao Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Chengcheng Song
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Lin Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 6-155 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Zihan Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Yifa Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
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Pedrosa LDF, Raz A, Fabi JP. The Complex Biological Effects of Pectin: Galectin-3 Targeting as Potential Human Health Improvement? Biomolecules 2022; 12:289. [PMID: 35204790 PMCID: PMC8961642 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is the only chimeric representative of the galectin family. Although galectin-3 has ubiquitous regulatory and physiological effects, there is a great number of pathological environments where galectin-3 cooperatively participates. Pectin is composed of different chemical structures, such as homogalacturonans, rhamnogalacturonans, and side chains. The study of pectin's major structural aspects is fundamental to predicting the impact of pectin on human health, especially regarding distinct molecular modulation. One of the explored pectin's biological activities is the possible galectin-3 protein regulation. The present review focuses on revealing the structure/function relationship of pectins, their fragments, and their biological effects. The discussion highlighted by this review shows different effects described within in vitro and in vivo experimental models, with interesting and sometimes contradictory results, especially regarding galectin-3 interaction. The review demonstrates that pectins are promissory food-derived molecules for different bioactive functions. However, galectin-3 inhibition by pectin had been stated in literature before, although it is not a fully understood, experimentally convincing, and commonly agreed issue. It is demonstrated that more studies focusing on structural analysis and its relation to the observed beneficial effects, as well as substantial propositions of cause and effect alongside robust data, are needed for different pectin molecules' interactions with galectin-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas de Freitas Pedrosa
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, SP, Brazil;
| | - Avraham Raz
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
| | - João Paulo Fabi
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, SP, Brazil;
- Food and Nutrition Research Center (NAPAN), University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508080, SP, Brazil
- Food Research Center (FoRC), CEPID-FAPESP (Research, Innovation and Dissemination Centers, São Paulo Research Foundation), São Paulo 05508080, SP, Brazil
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10
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Ornelas AC, Ferguson S, DePlaza M, Adekunle T, Basha R. Anti-Cancer Pectins and Their Role in Colorectal Cancer Treatment. ONCO THERAPEUTICS 2022; 9:43-55. [PMID: 37309487 PMCID: PMC10259824 DOI: 10.1615/oncotherap.v9.i2.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A class of plant polysaccharides, pectin is known to display several medicinal properties including in cancer. There is some evidence that pectin from some fruits can reduce the severity of colorectal cancer (CRC) due to its antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, antimetastatic and pro-apoptotic properties. Pectin fermentation in the colon induces antiproliferative activity via butyrate. Research also showed that pectin acts as a potent inducer of programmed cell death and cell-cycle arrest, thereby selectively targeting cancer cells. Pectin can limit oxidative stress to maintain cellular homeostasis while increasing reactive oxygen species damage to activate cancer cell death. Pectin regulates various signaling cascades, e.g., signal transduction and transcriptional activator and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, that contribute to its anticancer activity. By curbing inflammation-activated signaling and bolstering immune-protective mechanisms pectin can eradicate CRC. Due to its chemical structure, pectin can also inhibit galectin-3 and suppress tumor growth and metastasis. Prior reports also suggested that pectin is beneficial to use alongside the CRC standard care. Pectin can increase sensitivity to conventional CRC drugs, alleviate unwanted side effects and reduce drug resistance. Although some preclinical studies are promising, early clinical trials are showing some evidence for pectin's efficacy in tumor growth inhibition and preventing metastasis in some cancers; however, the clinical use of pectin in CRC therapy is not yet well established. Further studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of pectin treatment as a valid clinical therapy for CRC in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sam Ferguson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Maya DePlaza
- Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, The University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Tkai Adekunle
- Department of Biology, Savannah State University, Savannah, GA 31404, USA
| | - Riyaz Basha
- Department of Pediatrics and Women’s Health, Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, The University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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The Diagnostic and Therapeutic Potential of Galectin-3 in Cardiovascular Diseases. Biomolecules 2021; 12:biom12010046. [PMID: 35053194 PMCID: PMC8774137 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 plays a prominent role in chronic inflammation and has been implicated in the development of many disease conditions, including heart disease. Galectin-3, a regulatory protein, is elevated in both acute and chronic heart failure and is involved in the inflammatory pathway after injury leading to myocardial tissue remodelling. We discussed the potential utility of galectin-3 as a diagnostic and disease severity/prognostic biomarker in different cardio/cerebrovascular diseases, such as acute ischemic stroke, acute coronary syndromes, heart failure and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. Over the last decade there has been a marked increase in the understanding the role of galectin-3 in myocardial fibrosis and inflammation and as a therapeutic target for the treatment of heart failure and myocardial infarction.
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12
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Potential Roles of Modified Pectin Targeting Galectin-3 against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2. J 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/j4040056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Modified pectin (MP) is a bioactive complex polysaccharide that is broken down into smaller fragments of units and used as an oral dietary supplement for cell proliferation. MP is safe and non-toxic with promising therapeutic properties with regard to targeting galectin-3 (GAL-3) toward the prevention and inhibition of viral infections through the modulation of the immune response and anti-inflammatory cytokine effects. This effect of MP as a GAL-3 antagonism, which has shown benefits in preclinical and clinical models, may be of relevance to the progression of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in coronavirus disease 2019 patients. The outbreak of emerging infectious diseases continues to pose a threat to human health. Further to the circulation of multiple variants of SARS-CoV-2, an effective and alternative therapeutic approach to combat it has become pertinent. The use of MP as a GAL-3 inhibitor could serve as an antiviral agent blocking against the SARS-CoV-2-binding spike protein. This review highlights the potential effects of MP in viral infections, its proposed role as a GAL-3 inhibitor, and the associated function concerning a SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Pozder Geb Gehlken C, Rogier van der Velde A, Meijers WC, Silljé HHW, Muntendam P, Dokter MM, van Gilst WH, Schols HA, de Boer RA. Pectins from various sources inhibit galectin-3-related cardiac fibrosis. Curr Res Transl Med 2021; 70:103321. [PMID: 34826684 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2021.103321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY A major challenge in cardiology remains in finding a therapy for cardiac fibrosis. Inhibition of galectin-3 with pectins attenuates fibrosis in animal models of heart failure. The purpose of this study is to identify pectins with the strongest galectin-3 inhibitory capacity. We evaluated the in vitro inhibitory capacity, identified potent pectins, and tested if this potency could be validated in a mouse model of myocardial fibrosis. METHODS Various pectin fractions were screened in vitro. Modified rhubarb pectin (EMRP) was identified as the most potent inhibitor of galectin-3 and compared to the well-known modified citrus pectin (MCP). Our findings were validated in a mouse model of myocardial fibrosis, which was induced by angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion. RESULTS Ang II infusion was associated with a 4-5-fold increase in fibrosis signal in the tissue of the left ventricle, compared to the control group (0•22±0•10 to 1•08±0•53%; P < 0•001). After treatment with rhubarb pectin, fibrosis was reduced by 57% vs. Ang II alone while this reduction was 30% with the well-known MCP (P = NS, P < 0•05). Treatment was associated with a reduced cardiac inflammatory response and preserved cardiac function. CONCLUSION The galectin-3 inhibitor natural rhubarb pectin has a superior inhibitory capacity over established pectins, substantially attenuates cardiac fibrosis, and preserves cardiac function in vivo. Bioactive pectins are natural sources of galectin-3 inhibitors and may be helpful in the prevention of heart failure or other diseases characterized by fibrosis. FUNDING Dr. Meijers is supported by the Mandema-Stipendium of the Junior Scientific Masterclass 2020-10, University Medical Center Groningen and by the Netherlands Heart Foundation (Dekkerbeurs 2021)Dr. de Boer is supported by the Netherlands Heart Foundation (CVON SHE-PREDICTS-HF, grant 2017-21; CVON RED-CVD, grant 2017-11; CVON PREDICT2, grant 2018-30; and CVON DOUBLE DOSE, grant 2020B005), by a grant from the leDucq Foundation (Cure PhosphoLambaN induced Cardiomyopathy (Cure-PLaN), and by a grant from the European Research Council (ERC CoG 818715, SECRETE-HF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Pozder Geb Gehlken
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - A Rogier van der Velde
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter C Meijers
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Herman H W Silljé
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Martin M Dokter
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wiek H van Gilst
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Henk A Schols
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, 6708 WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rudolf A de Boer
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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14
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Sethi A, Sanam S, Alvala R, Alvala M. An updated patent review of galectin-1 and galectin-3 inhibitors and their potential therapeutic applications (2016-present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 31:709-721. [PMID: 33749494 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1903430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Galectins are ubiquitous in nature. They have established themselves as a protein family of high therapeutic potential and play a role in a wide variety of diseases like cancer, fibrosis, and Alzheimer's. Within the galectin family, galectin- 1 and galectin- 3 have been widely studied and their roles and functions have now been well established. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discuss the important advancements in the development of galectin-1 & 3 inhibitors. All patents filed detailing the divergent strategies to inhibit galectin-1 & 3 from 2016 to present have been covered and discussed. EXPERT OPINION Over the past couple of decades, distinct galectin inhibitors have been synthesized, reported and studied. Among all, the mono and disaccharide-based antagonists have been found to be considerably successful. However, the cumbersome synthetic route followed to develop this class of inhibitors, in addition to complexity involved in making selective modifications within these molecules has posed a significant challenge. Recently, there have been numerous reports on heterocyclic-based galectin inhibitors. If these are established as potent galectin inhibitors, their ease of synthesis and tunability could overcome the potential drawbacks of carbohydrate-based inhibitors and could thus be exploited to develop efficient and highly specific galectin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaftaab Sethi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hyderabad, Balanagar, India
| | - Swetha Sanam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hyderabad, Balanagar, India
| | - Ravi Alvala
- G Pulla Reddy College of Pharmacy, Mehdipatnam, Hyderabad, India
| | - Mallika Alvala
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hyderabad, Balanagar, India.,Assistant Professor, School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, NMIMS (Deemed to be University), Hyderabad, India
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15
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Pfeifer L, Baumann A, Petersen LM, Höger B, Beitz E, Classen B. Degraded Arabinogalactans and Their Binding Properties to Cancer-Associated Human Galectins. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084058. [PMID: 33920014 PMCID: PMC8071012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins represent β-galactoside-binding proteins with numerous functions. Due to their role in tumor progression, human galectins-1, -3 and -7 (Gal-1, -3 and -7) are potential targets for cancer therapy. As plant derived glycans might act as galectin inhibitors, we prepared galactans by partial degradation of plant arabinogalactan-proteins. Besides commercially purchased galectins, we produced Gal-1 and -7 in a cell free system and tested binding capacities of the galectins to the galactans by biolayer-interferometry. Results for commercial and cell-free expressed galectins were comparable confirming functionality of the cell-free produced galectins. Our results revealed that galactans from Echinacea purpurea bind to Gal-1 and -7 with KD values of 1–2 µM and to Gal-3 slightly stronger with KD values between 0.36 and 0.70 µM depending on the sensor type. Galactans from the seagrass Zostera marina with higher branching of the galactan and higher content of uronic acids showed stronger binding to Gal-3 (0.08–0.28 µM) compared to galactan from Echinacea. The results contribute to knowledge on interactions between plant polysaccharides and galectins. Arabinogalactan-proteins have been identified as a new source for production of galactans with possible capability to act as galectin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Pfeifer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (L.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Alexander Baumann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (L.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Lea Madlen Petersen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (L.M.P.); (B.H.); (E.B.)
| | - Bastian Höger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (L.M.P.); (B.H.); (E.B.)
| | - Eric Beitz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (L.M.P.); (B.H.); (E.B.)
| | - Birgit Classen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (L.P.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-431-8801130
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16
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Structural characterization and immunomodulatory activity of a heterogalactan from Panax ginseng flowers. Food Res Int 2021; 140:109859. [PMID: 33648177 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A neutral polysaccharide fraction (WGFPN) was isolated from Panax ginseng flowers. Monosaccharide composition and HPSEC-MALLS-RI (high-performance size exclusion chromatography coupled with multi-angle laser light scattering detector and refractive index detector) analyses showed WGFPN was a heterogalactan with a molecular weight of 11.0 kDa. Methylation, 1D/2D NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectra and enzymatic hydrolysis methods were used to characterize the structure of WGFPN. It possessed a less branched (1 → 4)-β-D-galactan and a significantly branched (1 → 6)-β-D-galactan. The side chains of (1 → 6)-β-D-galactan were branched with α-L-1,5-Araf and t-α-L-Araf residues at O-3. Trace amount of 1,4-linked Glcp, terminal Galp, terminal Glcp and terminal Manp residues might attached to the 1,6-linked galactan through O-3 or 1,4-linked galactan through O-6 as side chains. WGFPN could activate RAW264.7 macrophages through increasing macrophage phagocytosis, releasing NO and secreting TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-1β in vitro. Moreover, WGFPN could enhance the immunity of cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppressed mice in vivo. Hence, WGFPN might be a potential natural immunomodulatory agent.
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17
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Cheng J, Wei C, Li W, Wang Y, Wang S, Huang Q, Liu Y, He L. Structural characteristics and enhanced biological activities of partially degraded arabinogalactan from larch sawdust. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 171:550-559. [PMID: 33444654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Larch arabinogalactan (AG), extracted from Larix gmelinii sawdust, was depolymerized by H2O2 oxidation and purified by gel column to yield a novel degraded fraction (AGD2). The structural analysis indicated AGD2 had lower arabinose content and molecular weight compared with AG, in which the ratio of galactose and arabinose was changed from 7:3 to 16:1, the molecular weight was decreased from 50.2 kDa to 3.7 kDa, and the chain conformation spread from highly branched structure to flexible strand. It was one kind of β-D-(1 → 3)-galactan with fewer β-D-(1 → 6)-Galp side branches at O-6 position. Further, the results of the Gal-3 binding and immunomodulatory assay suggested that the unbinding force of AGD2 onto Gal-3 was as twice as AG to be 76 ± 11 pN at the loading rate of 0.15 μm/s. It could better promote the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) than AG in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwen Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Biochemical Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of State Forest Food Resources Utilization and Quality Control, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Chaoyang Wei
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Weiqi Li
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanbin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Biochemical Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of State Forest Food Resources Utilization and Quality Control, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Shihao Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qingrong Huang
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Liang He
- The Key Laboratory of Biochemical Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of State Forest Food Resources Utilization and Quality Control, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China.
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18
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Zhang M, Zu H, Zhuang X, Yu Y, Wang Y, Zhao Z, Zhou Y. Structural analyses of the HG-type pectin from notopterygium incisum and its effects on galectins. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:1035-1043. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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19
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Zaitseva O, Khudyakov A, Sergushkina M, Solomina O, Polezhaeva T. Pectins as a universal medicine. Fitoterapia 2020; 146:104676. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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Yin Q, Chen J, Ma S, Dong C, Zhang Y, Hou X, Li S, Liu B. Pharmacological Inhibition of Galectin-3 Ameliorates Diabetes-Associated Cognitive Impairment, Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in vivo and in vitro. J Inflamm Res 2020; 13:533-542. [PMID: 32982368 PMCID: PMC7508034 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s273858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In diabetes, cognitive impairment is linked with oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. As the only chimeric member of the galectin family, galectin-3 (Gal3) induces neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD); however, its role in diabetes-associated cognitive impairment is not established. Methodology Here, we investigated the effects of Gal3 inhibition on cognitive impairment and the possible underlying molecular events in diabetes. We investigated the effects of the Gal3 inhibitor modified citrus pectin (MCP; 100 mg/kg/day oral for 6 weeks) in vivo in high-fat diet (HFD)/streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Additionally, the effects of MCP on high glucose (HG)-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells were investigated in vitro. Results We found that MCP attenuated memory impairment in diabetic rats in the Morris water maze test and reduced insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. In HG-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells, MCP increased cell viability and decreased oxidative stress and the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that the inhibition of Gal3 by MCP ameliorates diabetes-associated cognitive impairment, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, suggesting that Gal3 could be a potential new target for therapeutic intervention to prevent cognitive impairment in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Yin
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, People's Republic of China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, People's Republic of China.,Department of Geriatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shizhan Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanfang Dong
- Department of Geriatrics, Jinan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, People's Republic of China.,Department of Geriatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xunyao Hou
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangbin Li
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, People's Republic of China.,Department of Geriatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
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21
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Analysis of the water-soluble polysaccharides from Camellia japonica pollen and their inhibitory effects on galectin-3 function. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 159:455-460. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Zheng Y, Su J, Miller MC, Geng J, Xu X, Zhang T, Mayzel M, Zhou Y, Mayo KH, Tai G. Topsy-turvy binding of negatively charged homogalacturonan oligosaccharides to galectin-3. Glycobiology 2020; 31:341-350. [PMID: 32909036 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is crucial to many physiological and pathological processes. The generally accepted dogma is that galectins function extracellularly by binding specifically to β(1→4)-galactoside epitopes on cell surface glycoconjugates. Here, we used crystallography and NMR spectroscopy to demonstrate that negatively charged homogalacturonans (HG, linear polysaccharides of α(1→4)-linked-D-galacturonate (GalA)) bind to the galectin-3 carbohydrate recognition domain. The HG carboxylates at the C6 positions in GalA rings mandate that this saccharide bind galectin-3 in an unconventional, "topsy-turvy" orientation that is flipped by about 180o relative to that of the canonical β-galactoside lactose. In this binding mode, the reducing end GalA β-anomer of HGs takes the position of the nonreducing end galactose residue in lactose. This novel orientation maintains interactions with the conserved tryptophan and seven of the most crucial lactose-binding residues, albeit with different H-bonding interactions. Nevertheless, the HG molecular orientation and new interactions have essentially the same thermodynamic binding parameters as lactose. Overall, our study provides structural details for a new type of galectin-sugar interaction that broadens glycospace for ligand binding to Gal-3 and suggests how the lectin may recognize other negatively charged polysaccharides like glycoaminoglycans (e.g. heparan sulfate) on the cell surface. This discovery impacts on our understanding of galectin-mediated biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jiyong Su
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Michelle C Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 6-155 Jackson Hall, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jie Geng
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xuejiao Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Maksim Mayzel
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Applications Department, Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Yifa Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 6-155 Jackson Hall, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Guihua Tai
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
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23
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Cao J, Yang J, Wang Z, Lu M, Yue K. Modified citrus pectins by UV/H 2O 2 oxidation at acidic and basic conditions: Structures and in vitro anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative activities. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 247:116742. [PMID: 32829861 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Two modified citrus pectins, MCP4 and MCP10, were prepared by UV/H2O2 treatment at pH 4 and pH 10, respectively, and their structures were characterized. MCP10 had a rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) enriched backbone with a high degree of branching (DB ∼61 %) and a low methoxylation degree (24 %). MCP4 had a homogalacturonan enriched backbone with a high degree (46 %) of methoxylation and a low DB (∼41 %) of RG-I branches. MCP10 exhibited a higher anti-inflammatory activity than MCP4 in suppressing the NF-κB expression and the production of pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-1β of THP-1 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. MCP10 also showed a stronger inhibitory effect on Caco-2 cell proliferation. The stronger bioactivities of MCP10 may be attributable to the abundant branches and the proper length of terminal galactan residues attached to the RG-I domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cao
- School of Food Science & Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, PR China
| | - Jian Yang
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Zhaomei Wang
- School of Food Science & Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, PR China.
| | - Muwen Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, PR China
| | - Kaiting Yue
- School of Food Science & Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, PR China
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24
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Wu D, Zheng J, Hu W, Zheng X, He Q, Linhardt RJ, Ye X, Chen S. Structure-activity relationship of Citrus segment membrane RG-I pectin against Galectin-3: The galactan is not the only important factor. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 245:116526. [PMID: 32718630 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) pectin are regarded as strong galectin-3 (Gal-3) antagonist because of galactan sidechains. The present study focused on discussing the effects of more structural regions in pectin on the anti-Gal-3 activity. The water-soluble pectin (WSP) recovered from citrus canning processing water was categorized as RG-I pectin. The controlled enzymatic hydrolysis was employed to sequentially remove the α-1,5-arabinan, homogalaturonan and β-1,4-galactan in WSP. The Gal-3-binding affinity KD (kd/ka) of WSP and debranched pectins were calculated to be 0.32 μM, 0.48 μM, 0.56 μM and 1.93 μM. Moreover, based on the more sensitive cell line (MCF-7) model, the IC30 value of WSP was lower than these of modified pectins, indicating decreased anti-Gal-3 activity. Our results suggested that the total amount of neutral sugar sidechains, the length of arabinan and cooperation between HG and RG-I played important roles in the anti-Gal-3 activity of WSP, not the Gal/Ara ratio or RG-I/HG ratio. These results provided a new insight into structure-activity relationship of citrus segment membrane RG-I as a galectin-3 antagonist and a new functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Wu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiaqi Zheng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weiwei Hu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoliang Zheng
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Qiaojun He
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Xingqian Ye
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Shiguo Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China.
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Sun J, Zhang L, Fang J, Yang S, Chen L. Galectin-3 mediates high-glucose-induced cardiomyocyte injury by the NADPH oxidase/reactive oxygen species pathway. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 98:826-833. [PMID: 32311288 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a member of the β-galactoside-binding lectin family taking part in the regulation of inflammation, angiogenesis, and fibrosis. This study was designed to study the improved effect of galectin-3 inhibition on diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into the control, DCM, and DCM + modified citrus pectin (MCP) (a galectin-3 pharmacological inhibitor) groups. After 8 weeks, streptozotocin-induced DCM led to high blood glucose level, oxidative stress, cardiac injury, and dysfunction accompanied by suppressed body mass. On the contrary, MCP (100 mg·kg-1·day-1) administration improved body mass and blood glucose level and attenuated cardiac injury and dysfunction in DCM rats. Additionally, MCP attenuated pathological changes in plasma and myocardial tissue markers of oxidative stress, such as hydrogen peroxide and malonyldialdehyde, although it did not change superoxide dismutase activities, which were decreased in the DCM group. The levels of oxidative stress associated proteins evaluated by Western blot, such as p67phox and NADPH oxidase 4, were obviously increased in the DCM group, while they were reversed by MCP treatment. Therefore, galectin-3-mediated high-glucose-induced cardiomyocyte injury and galectin-3 inhibition attenuated DCM by suppressing NADPH oxidase. These findings suggested that galectin-3 could be a potential target for treatment of patients with DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingang Sun
- Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, China, 276400
| | | | | | - Shuguo Yang
- Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, China, 276400
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Eliaz I, Raz A. Pleiotropic Effects of Modified Citrus Pectin. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112619. [PMID: 31683865 PMCID: PMC6893732 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified citrus pectin (MCP) has a low-molecular-weight degree of esterification to allow absorption from the small intestinal epithelium into the circulation. MCP produces pleiotropic effects, including but not limited to its antagonism of galectin-3, which have shown benefit in preclinical and clinical models. Regarding cancer, MCP modulates several rate-limiting steps of the metastatic cascade. MCP can also affect cancer cell resistance to chemotherapy. Regarding fibrotic diseases, MCP modulates many of the steps involved in the pathogenesis of aortic stenosis. MCP also reduces fibrosis to the kidney, liver, and adipose tissue. Other benefits of MCP include detoxification and improved immune function. This review summarizes the pleiotropic effects of MCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Eliaz
- Amitabha Medical Clinic and Healing Center, 398 Tesconi Ct, Santa Rosa, CA 95401, USA.
| | - Avraham Raz
- Departments of Oncology and Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University and Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 4100 John R St, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Amaral SDC, Barbieri SF, Ruthes AC, Bark JM, Brochado Winnischofer SM, Silveira JLM. Cytotoxic effect of crude and purified pectins from Campomanesia xanthocarpa Berg on human glioblastoma cells. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 224:115140. [PMID: 31472853 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A new source of pectin with a cytotoxic effect on glioblastoma cells is presented. A homogeneous GWP-FP-S fraction (Mw of 29,170 g mol-1) was obtained by fractionating the crude pectin extract (GW) from Campomanesia xanthocarpa pulp. According to the monosaccharide composition, the GWP-FP-S was composed of galacturonic acid (58.8%), arabinose (28.5%), galactose (11.3%) and rhamnose (1.1%), comprising 57.7% of homogalacturonans (HG) and 42.0% of type I rhamnogalacturonans (RG-I). These structures were characterized by chromatographic and spectroscopic methods; GW and GWP-FP-S fractions were evaluated by MTT and crystal violet assays for their cytotoxic effects. Both fractions induced cytotoxicity (15.55-37.65%) with concomitant increase in the cellular ROS levels in human glioblastoma cells at 25-400 μg mL-1, after 48 h of treatment, whereas no cytotoxicity was observed for normal NIH 3T3 cells. This is the first report of in vitro bioactivity and the first investigation of the antitumor potential of gabiroba pectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah da Costa Amaral
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry Sciences, Sector of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Shayla Fernanda Barbieri
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry Sciences, Sector of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Andrea Caroline Ruthes
- Division of Glycoscience, Royal Institute of Technology - KTH, Sweden; Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center (GCREC-UF), Wimauma, USA
| | - Juliana Müller Bark
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry Sciences, Sector of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Sheila Maria Brochado Winnischofer
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry Sciences, Sector of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 81531-990, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, CEP 81.531-980, Curitiba-PR, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, CEP 81.531-980, Curitiba-PR, Brazil
| | - Joana Léa Meira Silveira
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry Sciences, Sector of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 81531-990, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, CEP 81.531-980, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
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do Prado SBR, Shiga TM, Harazono Y, Hogan VA, Raz A, Carpita NC, Fabi JP. Migration and proliferation of cancer cells in culture are differentially affected by molecular size of modified citrus pectin. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 211:141-151. [PMID: 30824074 PMCID: PMC6886127 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While chemically and thermally modified citrus pectin (MCP) has already been studied for health benefits, it is unknown how size-fractionated oligo- and polysaccharides differentially affect cancer cell behavior. We produced thermally MCP and fractionated it by molecular size to evaluate the effect these polymers have on cancer cells. MCP30/10 (between 30 and 10 kDa) had more esterified homogalacturonans (HG) and fewer rhamnogalacturonans (RG-I) than MCP and MCP30 (higher than 30 kDa), while MCP10/3 (between 10 and 3 kDa) showed higher amounts of type I arabinogalactans (AGI) and lower amounts of RG-I. MCP3 (smaller than 3 kDa) presented less esterified HG and the lowest amount of AGI and RG-I. Our data indicate that the enrichment of de-esterified HG oligomers and the AGI and RG-I depletions in MCP3, or the increase of AGI and loss of RGI in MCP30/10, enhance the anticancer behaviors by inhibiting migration, aggregation, and proliferation of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Bernardino Ramos do Prado
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Tânia Misuzu Shiga
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Yosuke Harazono
- Departments of Oncology and Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Victor A Hogan
- Departments of Oncology and Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Avraham Raz
- Departments of Oncology and Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Nicholas C Carpita
- Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - João Paulo Fabi
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Food and Nutrition Research Center (NAPAN), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Food Research Center (FoRC), CEPID-FAPESP (Research, Innovation and Dissemination Centers, São Paulo Research Foundation), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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29
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Miller MC, Zheng Y, Zhou Y, Tai G, Mayo KH. Galectin-3 binds selectively to the terminal, non-reducing end of β(1→4)-galactans, with overall affinity increasing with chain length. Glycobiology 2019; 29:74-84. [PMID: 30204870 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Galactans are linear polysaccharides of β(1→4)-linked galactose residues. Although they can antagonize galectin function, the nature of their binding to galectins needs to be better defined to develop them as drugs. Here, we investigated interactions between galectin-3 (Gal-3) and a series of galactans ranging in weight average molecular weight from 670 to 7550 Da. 15N-1H HSQC NMR studies with 15N-labeled Gal-3 carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) indicate that each of these galactans interacts primarily with residues in β-strands 4, 5 and 6 on the canonical, β-galactoside sugar binding S-face. Although these galactans also bind to full length Gal-3 (CRD plus N-terminal tail) to the same extent, it appears that binding to the S-face attenuates interactions between the CRD F-face and N-terminal tail, making interpretation of site-specific binding unclear. Following assignment of galactan 13C and 1H resonances using HSQC, HMBC and TOCSY experiments, we used 13C-1H HSQC data to demonstrate that the Gal-3 CRD binds to the terminal, non-reducing end of these galactans, regardless of their size, but with binding affinity increasing as the galactan chain length increases. Overall, our findings increase understanding as to how galactans interact with Gal-3 at the non-reducing, terminal end of galactose-containing polysaccharides as found on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, 6-155 Jackson Hall, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Yifa Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Guihua Tai
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, 6-155 Jackson Hall, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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30
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Cui L, Wang J, Huang R, Tan Y, Zhang F, Zhou Y, Sun L. Analysis of pectin from Panax ginseng flower buds and their binding activities to galectin-3. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 128:459-467. [PMID: 30703424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble pectic polysaccharides isolated from Panax ginseng flower buds (WGFPA) were completely fractionated into six homogeneous fractions (WGFPA-1a, WGFPA-2a, WGFPA-3a, WGFPA-1b, WGFPA-2b and WGFPA-3b) by a combination of ion-exchange and size exclusion chromatographies. Monosaccharide composition, enzymatic hydrolysis and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra analysis were combined to characterize their structural features. Furthermore, the interactions between these polysaccharides and galectin-3 were evaluated by biolayer interferometry assay. The results showed that WGFPA-1a, WGFPA-2a and WGFPA-3a were rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) type pectin with abundant side chains, including α-L-1,5-arabinan, β-D-1,4-galactan, arabinogalactan I (AG-I) and arabinogalactan II (AG-II), exhibiting strong binding activities to galectin-3 with apparent KD values 4.9 μM, 0.71 μM and 0.24 μM, respectively. WGFPA-1b, WGFPA-2b and WGFPA-3b were homogalacturonan (HG) type pectin covalently linked with different ratios of rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) domains, showing weaker or no interactions with galectin-3. This study provides useful structural information for further investigation on the structure-activity relationship of ginseng flower buds pectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangnan Cui
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China.
| | - Jiayi Wang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China.
| | - Rui Huang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China.
| | - Ya Tan
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China.
| | - Fan Zhang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China.
| | - Yifa Zhou
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China.
| | - Lin Sun
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China.
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31
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Galectin 3 inhibition attenuates renal injury progression in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20181803. [PMID: 30455396 PMCID: PMC6435560 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephrotoxicity is a major toxic effect in chemotherapy, which constitutes up to 60% of hospitalized acute kidney injury (AKI). Very few treatment options exist to slow the transition from AKI to subsequent chronic kidney diseases (CKD). Here, we demonstrate that galectin-3 (Gal-3), a β-galactoside binding lectin that plays an important role in kidney fibrosis and renal failure, is one of the key factors for renal injury progression. Ectopic overexpression of Gal-3 significantly decreased the viability of HEK293, simultaneously inducing of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. However, inhibition of Gal-3, mediated by modified citrus pectin (MCP), predominantly antagonized the pro-apoptotic effects. Mice were pre-treated with normal or 1% MCP-supplemented drinking water 1 week before cisplatin injection. Analyses of serum creatinine and renal tissue damage indicated that MCP-treated mice demonstrated increased renal function and attenuated renal fibrosis after cisplatin-induced injury. MCP-treated mice also demonstrated decreased renal fibrosis and apoptosis, as revealed by masson trichrome staining and Western blot analysis of cleaved caspase-3. Additionally, the protective role of Gal-3 inhibition in the kidney injury was shown to be mediated by protein kinase C α (PKC-α), which promoted cell apoptosis and collagen I synthesis in HEK293 cells. These results demonstrated the potential Gal-3 and PKC-α as therapeutic targets for the treatment of AKI and CKD.
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Preparation of individual galactan oligomers, their prebiotic effects, and use in estimating galactan chain length in pectin-derived polysaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 199:526-533. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wang W, Chen W, Zou M, Lv R, Wang D, Hou F, Feng H, Ma X, Zhong J, Ding T, Ye X, Liu D. Applications of power ultrasound in oriented modification and degradation of pectin: A review. J FOOD ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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34
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Design of low molecular weight pectin and its nanoparticles through combination treatment of pectin by microwave and inorganic salts. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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35
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Suthahar N, Meijers WC, Silljé HH, Ho JE, Liu FT, de Boer RA. Galectin-3 Activation and Inhibition in Heart Failure and Cardiovascular Disease: An Update. Theranostics 2018; 8:593-609. [PMID: 29344292 PMCID: PMC5771079 DOI: 10.7150/thno.22196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a versatile protein orchestrating several physiological and pathophysiological processes in the human body. In the last decade, considerable interest in galectin-3 has emerged because of its potential role as a biotarget. Galectin-3 is differentially expressed depending on the tissue type, however its expression can be induced under conditions of tissue injury or stress. Galectin-3 overexpression and secretion is associated with several diseases and is extensively studied in the context of fibrosis, heart failure, atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus. Monomeric (extracellular) galectin-3 usually undergoes further "activation" which significantly broadens the spectrum of biological activity mainly by modifying its carbohydrate-binding properties. Self-interactions of this protein appear to play a crucial role in regulating the extracellular activities of this protein, however there is limited and controversial data on the mechanisms involved. We therefore summarize (recent) literature in this area and describe galectin-3 from a binding perspective providing novel insights into mechanisms by which galectin-3 is known to be "activated" and how such activation may be regulated in pathophysiological scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin Suthahar
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter C. Meijers
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Herman H.W. Silljé
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jennifer E. Ho
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Cardiovascular Research Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rudolf A. de Boer
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
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Macromolecular assemblies of complex polysaccharides with galectin-3 and their synergistic effects on function. Biochem J 2017; 474:3849-3868. [PMID: 28986508 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although pectin-derived polysaccharides can antagonize galectin function in various pathological disorders, the nature of their binding interactions needs to be better defined for developing them as drugs. Moreover, given their relatively large size and complexity, pectin-derived polysaccharides are also useful as model systems to assess inter-polysaccharide and protein-polysaccharide interactions. Here, we investigated interactions between galectin-3 (Gal-3) and pectin-derived polysaccharides: a rhamnogalacturonan (RG) and two homogalacturonans (HGs). BioLayer Interferometry and fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assays indicate that these polysaccharides bind Gal-3 with macroscopic or apparent KD values of 49 nM, 46 µM, and 138 µM, respectively. 15N-1H heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) NMR studies reveal that these polysaccharides interact primarily with the F-face of the Gal-3 carbohydrate recognition domain. Even though their binding to Gal-3 does not inhibit Gal-3-mediated T-cell apoptosis and only weakly attenuates hemagglutination, their combination in specific proportions increases activity synergistically along with avidity for Gal-3. This suggests that RG and HG polysaccharides act in concert, a proposal supported by polysaccharide particle size measurements and 13C-1H HSQC data. Our model has HG interacting with RG to promote increased avidity of RG for Gal-3, likely by exposing additional lectin-binding sites on the RG. Overall, the present study contributes to our understanding of how complex HG and RG polysaccharides interact with Gal-3.
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Lu Y, Zhang M, Zhao P, Jia M, Liu B, Jia Q, Guo J, Dou L, Li J. Modified citrus pectin inhibits galectin-3 function to reduce atherosclerotic lesions in apoE-deficient mice. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:647-653. [PMID: 28560429 PMCID: PMC5482107 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a carbohydrate-binding lectin, which has been implicated in the modulation of atherosclerotic pathophysiology, and is highly expressed in monocytes, macrophages and endothelial cells within atherosclerotic plaques. Modified citrus pectin (MCP) is produced from citrus pectin via pH and temperature modifications, which break it into shorter, non‑branched, galactose‑rich carbohydrate chains. MCP is able to tightly bind with galectin‑3, via recognition of its carbohydrate recognition domain, and facilitates the modulation of galectin‑3‑induced bioactivity. The present study explored the effects of MCP on the initiation of atherosclerosis. Eight‑week‑old apolipoprotein E‑deficient mice were treated with 1% MCP and fed an atherogenic diet for 4 weeks. The effects of MCP on atherosclerotic initiation were determined by pathological analysis and scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging. MCP treatment reduced the size of atherosclerotic lesion areas, which was accompanied by decreased numbers of macrophages and smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Furthermore, SEM examination of the surface of the atheroma‑prone vessel wall indicated that MCP treatment reduced endothelial injury. To analyze the effects of MCP on monocyte adhesion, firstly, oxidized‑low density lipoprotein and various concentrations of MCP (0.025, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.25%) were incubated with the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) for stimulation and following this, the U937 cells were plated onto the HUVECs. The results revealed that MCP reduced the adhesion of U937 monocytes to HUVECs, indicating the adhesion-inhibiting effects of MCP. In conclusion, the present study revealed that MCP, a galectin‑3 inhibitor, reduced the size of atherosclerotic lesions by inhibiting the adhesion of leucocytes to endothelial cells. Inhibition of galectin‑3 function may be a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Lu
- Clinical Laboratory, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Pei Zhao
- Clinical Laboratory, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Min Jia
- Clinical Laboratory, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Bing Liu
- Neurology Department 2, Handan Central Hospital, Handan, Hebei 056001, P.R. China
| | - Qian Jia
- Clinical Laboratory, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Lin Dou
- Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
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Emerging concepts in the nutraceutical and functional properties of pectin-A Review. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 168:227-239. [PMID: 28457445 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is a structural heteropolysaccharide found ubiquitously in terrestrial plants. It finds diverse food applications such as that of a gelling agent, stabilizer, and fat replacer. In the pharmaceutical arena, pectin exhibits a number of functions, from decreasing blood fat to combating various types of cancers. This review shows the shift of pectin from its conventional roles to its progressive applications. Insights into the advances in the production of pectin, the role it plays as a nutraceutical, possible prebiotic potential and a delivery vehicle for probiotics, and food applications are highlighted. Bioactive and functional properties of pectin are discussed and how the structural built up defines them, is emphasized. As a biopolymer, the applications of pectin in active packaging are also mentioned.
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Si Y, Feng S, Gao J, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Meng Y, Zhou Y, Tai G, Su J. Human galectin-2 interacts with carbohydrates and peptides non-classically: new insight from X-ray crystallography and hemagglutination. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:939-947. [PMID: 27563008 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmw089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-2 (Gal-2) plays a role in cancer, myocardial infarction, immune response, and gastrointestinal tract diseases. The only reported crystal structure of Gal-2 shows that it is a dimer in which the monomer subunits have almost identical structures, each binding with one molecule of lactose. In this study, we crystallized Gal-2 under new conditions that produced three crystal structures. In each Gal-2 dimer structure, lactose was shown to be bound to only one of the carbohydrate recognition domain subunits. In solution studies, the thermal shift assay demonstrated that inequivalent monomer subunits in the Gal-2 dimer become equivalent upon ligand binding. In addition, galectin-mediated erythrocyte agglutination assays using lactose and larger complex polysaccharides as inhibitors showed the structural differences between Gal-1 and Gal-2. Overall, our results reveal some novel aspects to the structural differentiation in Gal-2 and expand the potential for different types of molecular interactions that may be specific to this lectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Si
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Shiqiong Feng
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jin Gao
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Zhongyu Zhang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yue Meng
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yifa Zhou
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Guihua Tai
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jiyong Su
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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Zhang T, Lan Y, Zheng Y, Liu F, Zhao D, Mayo KH, Zhou Y, Tai G. Identification of the bioactive components from pH-modified citrus pectin and their inhibitory effects on galectin-3 function. Food Hydrocoll 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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41
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Zhang T, Zheng Y, Zhao D, Yan J, Sun C, Zhou Y, Tai G. Multiple approaches to assess pectin binding to galectin-3. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 91:994-1001. [PMID: 27328612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although several approaches have been used to evaluate binding of carbohydrates to lectins, results are not always comparable, especially with larger polysaccharides. Here, we quantitatively assessed and compared binding of pectin-derived polysaccharides to galectin-3 (Gal-3) using five methods: surface plasmon resonance (SPR), bio-layer interferometry (BLI), fluorescence polarization (FP), competitive fluorescence-linked immunosorbance (cFLISA), and the well-known cell-based hemagglutination assay (G3H). Our studies revealed that whereas Gal-3-pectin binding parameters determined by SPR and BLI were comparable and correlated with inhibitory potencies from the G3H assay, results using FP and cFLISA assays were highly variable and depended greatly on the probe and mass of the polysaccharide. In the cFLISA assay, for example, pectins showed no inhibition when using the DTAF-labeled asialofetuin probe, but did when using a DTAF-labeled pectin probe. And the FP approach with the DTAF-lactose probe did not work on polysaccharides and large galactan chains, although it did work well with smaller galactans. Nevertheless, even though results derived from all of these methods are in general agreement, derived KD, IC50, and MIC values do differ. Our results reflect the variability using various techniques and therefore will be useful to investigators who are developing pectin-derived Gal-3 antagonists as anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China
| | - Dongyang Zhao
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China
| | - Jingmin Yan
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China
| | - Chongliang Sun
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China
| | - Yifa Zhou
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China.
| | - Guihua Tai
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China.
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Cagnoni AJ, Pérez Sáez JM, Rabinovich GA, Mariño KV. Turning-Off Signaling by Siglecs, Selectins, and Galectins: Chemical Inhibition of Glycan-Dependent Interactions in Cancer. Front Oncol 2016; 6:109. [PMID: 27242953 PMCID: PMC4865499 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation, a common feature associated with malignancy, has been implicated in important events during cancer progression. Our understanding of the role of glycans in cancer has grown exponentially in the last few years, concurrent with important advances in glycomics and glycoproteomic technologies, paving the way for the validation of a number of glycan structures as potential glycobiomarkers. However, the molecular bases underlying cancer-associated glycan modifications are still far from understood. Glycans exhibit a natural heterogeneity, crucial for their diverse functional roles as specific carriers of biologically relevant information. This information is decoded by families of proteins named lectins, including sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin (Ig)-like lectins (siglecs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), and galectins. Siglecs are primarily expressed on the surface of immune cells and differentially control innate and adaptive immune responses. Among CLRs, selectins are a family of cell adhesion molecules that mediate interactions between cancer cells and platelets, leukocytes, and endothelial cells, thus facilitating tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Galectins, a family of soluble proteins that bind β-galactoside-containing glycans, have been implicated in diverse events associated with cancer biology such as apoptosis, homotypic cell aggregation, angiogenesis, cell migration, and tumor-immune escape. Consequently, individual members of these lectin families have become promising targets for the design of novel anticancer therapies. During the past decade, a number of inhibitors of lectin–glycan interactions have been developed including small-molecule inhibitors, multivalent saccharide ligands, and more recently peptides and peptidomimetics have offered alternatives for tackling tumor progression. In this article, we review the current status of the discovery and development of chemical lectin inhibitors and discuss novel strategies to limit cancer progression by targeting lectin–glycan interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro J Cagnoni
- Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan M Pérez Sáez
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karina V Mariño
- Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
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Wang S, Li P, Lu SM, Ling ZQ. Chemoprevention of Low-Molecular-Weight Citrus Pectin (LCP) in Gastrointestinal Cancer Cells. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:746-56. [PMID: 27194951 PMCID: PMC4870717 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.13988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims: Low-molecular-weight citrus pectin (LCP) is a complex polysaccharide that displays abundant galactosyl (i.e., sugar carbohydrate) residues. In this study, we evaluated the anti-tumor properties of LCP that lead to Bcl-xL -mediated dampening of apoptosis in gastrointestinal cancer cells. Methods: We used AGS gastric cancer and SW-480 colorectal cancer cells to elucidate the effects of LCP on cell viability, cell cycle and apoptosis in cultured cells and tumor xenografts. Results: Significantly decreased cell viabilities were observed in LCP treated AGS and SW-480 cells (P<0.05). Cell cycle-related protein expression, such as Cyclin B1, was also decreased in LCP treated groups as compared to the untreated group. The AGS or SW-480 cell-line tumor xenografts were significantly smaller in the LCP treated group as compared the untreated group (P<0.05). LCP treatment decreased Galectin-3 (GAL-3) expression levels, which is an important gene in cancer metastasis that results in reversion of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and increased suppression of Bcl-xL and Survivin to promote apoptosis. Moreover, results demonstrated synergistic tumor suppressor activity of LCP and 5-FU against gastrointestinal cancer cells both in vivo and in vitro. Conclusions: LCP effectively inhibits the growth and metastasis of gastrointestinal cancer cells, and does so in part by down-regulating Bcl-xL and Cyclin B to promote apoptosis, and suppress EMT. Thus, LCP alone or in combination with other treatments has a high potential as a novel therapeutic strategy to improve the clinical therapy of gastrointestinal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Wang
- 1. Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, No.38 Guangji Rd., Banshanqiao District, Hangzhou 310022, P.R.China.; 2. Department of Digestive Endoscopy, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, No.38 Guangji Rd., Banshanqiao District, Hangzhou 310022, P.R.China
| | - Pei Li
- 3. Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Sheng-Min Lu
- 4. Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Science, No. 298 Desheng Rd., Hangzhou 310021, P.R.China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Ling
- 1. Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, No.38 Guangji Rd., Banshanqiao District, Hangzhou 310022, P.R.China
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Stegmayr J, Lepur A, Kahl-Knutson B, Aguilar-Moncayo M, Klyosov AA, Field RA, Oredsson S, Nilsson UJ, Leffler H. Low or No Inhibitory Potency of the Canonical Galectin Carbohydrate-binding Site by Pectins and Galactomannans. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:13318-34. [PMID: 27129206 PMCID: PMC4933242 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.721464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Some complex plant-derived polysaccharides, such as modified citrus pectins and galactomannans, have been shown to have promising anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. Most reports propose or claim that these effects are due to interaction of the polysaccharides with galectins because the polysaccharides contain galactose-containing side chains that might bind this class of lectin. However, their direct binding to and/or inhibition of the evolutionarily conserved galactoside-binding site of galectins has not been demonstrated. Using a well established fluorescence anisotropy assay, we tested the direct interaction of several such polysaccharides with physiological concentrations of a panel of galectins. The bioactive pectic samples tested were very poor inhibitors of the canonical galactoside-binding site for the tested galectins, with IC50 values >10 mg/ml for a few or in most cases no inhibitory activity at all. The galactomannan Davanat® was more active, albeit not a strong inhibitor (IC50 values ranging from 3 to 20 mg/ml depending on the galectin). Pure synthetic oligosaccharide fragments found in the side chains and backbone of pectins and galactomannans were additionally tested. The most commonly found galactan configuration in pectins had no inhibition of the galectins tested. Galactosylated tri- and pentamannosides, representing the structure of Davanat®, had an inhibitory effect of galectins comparable with that of free galactose. Further evaluation using cell-based assays, indirectly linked to galectin-3 inhibition, showed no inhibition of galectin-3 by the polysaccharides. These data suggest that the physiological effects of these plant polysaccharides are not due to inhibition of the canonical galectin carbohydrate-binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Stegmayr
- From the Section MIG (Microbiology, Immunology, Glycobiology), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden, the Department of Biology and
| | - Adriana Lepur
- From the Section MIG (Microbiology, Immunology, Glycobiology), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Barbro Kahl-Knutson
- From the Section MIG (Microbiology, Immunology, Glycobiology), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Matilde Aguilar-Moncayo
- the Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH Norwich, United Kingdom, and
| | | | - Robert A Field
- the Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH Norwich, United Kingdom, and
| | | | - Ulf J Nilsson
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hakon Leffler
- From the Section MIG (Microbiology, Immunology, Glycobiology), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden,
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Leclere L, Fransolet M, Cambier P, El Bkassiny S, Tikad A, Dieu M, Vincent SP, Van Cutsem P, Michiels C. Identification of a cytotoxic molecule in heat-modified citrus pectin. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 137:39-51. [PMID: 26686103 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Modified forms of citrus pectin possess anticancer properties. However, their mechanism of action and the structural features involved remain unclear. Here, we showed that citrus pectin modified by heat treatment displayed cytotoxic effects in cancer cells. A fractionation approach was used aiming to identify active molecules. Dialysis and ethanol precipitation followed by HPLC analysis evidenced that most of the activity was related to molecules with molecular weight corresponding to low degree of polymerization oligogalacturonic acid. Heat-treatment of galacturonic acid also generated cytotoxic molecules. Furthermore, heat-modified galacturonic acid and heat-fragmented pectin contained the same molecule that induced cell death when isolated by HPLC separation. Mass spectrometry analyses revealed that 4,5-dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-one was one cytotoxic molecule present in heat-treated pectin. Finally, we synthesized the enantiopure (4R,5R)-4,5-dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-one and demonstrated that this molecule was cytotoxic and induced a similar pattern of apoptotic-like features than heat-modified pectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Leclere
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology-URBC, NARILIS, University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Maude Fransolet
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology-URBC, NARILIS, University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Pierre Cambier
- Laboratory of Plant Cellular Biology-URBV, University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Sandy El Bkassiny
- Organic Chemistry Research Unit (UCO), University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Abdellatif Tikad
- Organic Chemistry Research Unit (UCO), University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Marc Dieu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology-URBC, NARILIS, University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Stéphane P Vincent
- Organic Chemistry Research Unit (UCO), University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Pierre Van Cutsem
- Laboratory of Plant Cellular Biology-URBV, University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Carine Michiels
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology-URBC, NARILIS, University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
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Wikiera A, Mika M, Starzyńska-Janiszewska A, Stodolak B. Application of Celluclast 1.5L in apple pectin extraction. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 134:251-7. [PMID: 26428122 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pectins were extracted from apple pomace with Celluclast 1.5L at a dose of 25, 50 and 75 μl per 1g of material. In obtained pectin, the galacturonic acid (GalA) content, the neutral sugars (NS) profile, the degree of methylation (DM) and acetylation (DAc), the molecular mass, protein, ash and polyphenol levels as well as antioxidant and antitumor activity were determined. The lowest dose of enzymatic preparation resulted in the yield of pectin isolation comparable with acidic treatment (15.3%). Application of higher dose caused further, almost 4% increase in polymer recovery. Enzymatically isolated pectin was characterised by larger molecular mass and contained more GalA of higher DM and DAc than polymer extracted with acid. It was also richer in protein and polyphenols, and had different NS profile, which resulted in higher antiradical activity as well as the ability to inhibit the proliferation and invasion of Caco-2 adenocarcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wikiera
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, Agricultural University of Cracow, 31-149 Kraków, ul. Balicka 122, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Mika
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, Agricultural University of Cracow, 31-149 Kraków, ul. Balicka 122, Poland
| | - Anna Starzyńska-Janiszewska
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, Agricultural University of Cracow, 31-149 Kraków, ul. Balicka 122, Poland
| | - Bożena Stodolak
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, Agricultural University of Cracow, 31-149 Kraków, ul. Balicka 122, Poland
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Cobs-Rosas M, Concha-Olmos J, Weinstein-Oppenheimer C, Zúñiga-Hansen M. Assessment of antiproliferative activity of pectic substances obtained by different extraction methods from rapeseed cake on cancer cell lines. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 117:923-932. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Rachel H, Chang-Chun L. Recent advances toward the development of inhibitors to attenuate tumor metastasis via the interruption of lectin-ligand interactions. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2014; 69:125-207. [PMID: 24274369 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-408093-5.00005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation is a well-recognized phenomenon that occurs on the surface of tumor cells, and the overexpression of a number of ligands (such as TF, sialyl Tn, and sialyl Lewis X) has been correlated to a worse prognosis for the patient. These unique carbohydrate structures play an integral role in cell-cell communication and have also been associated with more metastatic cancer phenotypes, which can result from binding to lectins present on cell surfaces. The most well studied metastasis-associated lectins are the galectins and selectins, which have been correlated to adhesion, neoangiogenesis, and immune-cell evasion processes. In order to slow the rate of metastatic lesion formation, a number of approaches have been successfully developed which involve interfering with the tumor lectin-substrate binding event. Through the generation of inhibitors, or by attenuating lectin and/or carbohydrate expression, promising results have been observed both in vitro and in vivo. This article briefly summarizes the involvement of lectins in the metastatic process and also describes different approaches used to prevent these undesirable carbohydrate-lectin binding events, which should ultimately lead to improvement in current cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hevey Rachel
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Blanchard H, Bum-Erdene K, Hugo MW. Inhibitors of Galectins and Implications for Structure-Based Design of Galectin-Specific Therapeutics. Aust J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/ch14362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Galectins are a family of galactoside-specific lectins that are involved in a myriad of metabolic and disease processes. Due to roles in cancer and inflammatory and heart diseases, galectins are attractive targets for drug development. Over the last two decades, various strategies have been used to inhibit galectins, including polysaccharide-based therapeutics, multivalent display of saccharides, peptides, peptidomimetics, and saccharide-modifications. Primarily due to galectin carbohydrate binding sites having high sequence identities, the design and development of selective inhibitors targeting particular galectins, thereby addressing specific disease states, is challenging. Furthermore, the use of different inhibition assays by research groups has hindered systematic assessment of the relative selectivity and affinity of inhibitors. This review summarises the status of current inhibitors, strategies, and novel scaffolds that exploit subtle differences in galectin structures that, in conjunction with increasing available data on multiple galectins, is enabling the feasible design of effective and specific inhibitors of galectins.
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