1
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Lin G, Mu Q, Revia R, Stephen Z, Jeon M, Zhang M. A highly selective iron oxide-based imaging nanoparticle for long-term monitoring of drug-induced tumor cell apoptosis. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:471-481. [PMID: 32662460 PMCID: PMC7855362 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00518e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability to visualize and quantify apoptosis in vivo is critical to monitoring the disease response to treatment and providing prognostic information. However, the application of current apoptosis labeling probes faces significant challenges including nonspecific tissue uptake, inefficient apoptotic cell labeling and short monitoring windows. Here we report a highly specific apoptosis labeling nanoparticle (NP) probe with Pisum sativum agglutinin (PSA) as a tumor targeting ligand for prolonged in vivo apoptosis imaging. The NP (namely, IONP-Neu-PSA) consists of a magnetic iron oxide core (IONP) conjugated with PSA, and a reporter fluorophore. IONP-Neu-PSA demonstrated minimal cytotoxicity and high labeling specificity towards apoptotic cells in vitro. When applied in vivo, IONP-Neu-PSA tracks apoptotic tumors for a prolonged period of two weeks under near-IR imaging with low background noise. Moreover, IONP-Neu-PSA possesses T2 contrast enhancing properties that can potentially enable apoptosis detection by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The high specificity for apoptotic cells, sustained fluorescence signals, and non-invasive imaging capability exhibited by IONP-Neu-PSA make it a versatile tool for cancer treatment monitoring and pathological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyou Lin
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
| | - Qingxin Mu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Richard Revia
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
| | - Zachary Stephen
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
| | - Mike Jeon
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
| | - Miqin Zhang
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. and Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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2
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Seco-Rovira V, Beltrán-Frutos E, Martínez-Hernández J, Ferrer C, Pastor LM. The Use of Lectin Histochemistry for Detecting Apoptotic Cells in the Seminiferous Epithelium. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1560:133-144. [PMID: 28155150 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6788-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Lectin histochemistry is commonly used to characterize the pattern of glycoconjugates in cells and tissues. Recent studies show that alterations in these glycoconjugates are associated with the entry of cells into apoptosis. A widely used technique for the detection of apoptotic cell death is TUNEL. In this chapter, we study the sensitivity of both techniques to identify apoptotic cells in the testis of photo-inhibited Syrian hamster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Seco-Rovira
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Ester Beltrán-Frutos
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Jesús Martínez-Hernández
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Concepción Ferrer
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Pastor
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain.
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3
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Wang D, Nie H, Ozhegov E, Wang L, Zhou A, Li Y, Sun XL. Globally profiling sialylation status of macrophages upon statin treatment. Glycobiology 2015; 25:1007-15. [PMID: 26033937 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids (SAs) are widely expressed on immune cells and their levels and linkages named as sialylation status vary upon cellular environment changes related to both physiological and pathological processes. In this study, we performed a global profiling of the sialylation status of macrophages and their release of SAs in the cell culture medium by using flow cytometry, confocal microscopy and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Both flow cytometry and confocal microscopy results showed that cell surface α-2,3-linked SAs were predominant in the normal culture condition and changed slightly upon treatment with atorvastatin for 24 h, whereas α-2,6-linked SAs were negligible in the normal culture condition but significantly increased after treatment. Meanwhile, the amount of total cellular SAs increased about three times (from 369 ± 29 to 1080 ± 50 ng/mL) upon treatment as determined by the LC-MS/MS method. On the other hand, there was no significant change for secreted free SAs and conjugated SAs in the medium. These results indicated that the cell surface α-2,6 sialylation status of macrophages changes distinctly upon atorvastatin stimulation, which may reflect on the biological functions of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and Center for Gene Regulation of Health and Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Huan Nie
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, People's Republic of China
| | - Evgeny Ozhegov
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences (BGES), Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and Center for Gene Regulation of Health and Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Aimin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and Center for Gene Regulation of Health and Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Yu Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Long Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and Center for Gene Regulation of Health and Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
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4
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Antonyuk V, Grama S, Plichta Z, Magorivska I, Horak D, Stoika R. Use of specific polysaccharide-immobilized monodisperse poly(glycidyl methacrylate) core-silica shell microspheres for affinity purification of lectins. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 29:783-7. [PMID: 25339319 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Immobilization of polysaccharides (yeast mannan and gum arabic) on the macroporous poly(glycidyl methacrylate) monodisperse microspheres coated with silica (SiO2 )-containing amino groups on the surface was used to prepare affinity sorbents for lectin purification. The efficiency of isolating mannose specific Pisum sativum lectin was demonstrated on sorbent with immobilized yeast mannan and that of galactose specific Glycine hispida lectin on sorbent with immobilized gum arabic. The microspheres with immobilized polysaccharides can be used for selecting an affinity sorbent for purification of other mannose- and galactose-specific lectins. In contrast to yeast mannan, the gum arabic immobilized on the microspheres possesses much narrower specificity and is suitable for purification of only those galactose specific lectins which interact well with l-rhamnose or l-arabinose. The synthesized macroporous particles are capable of immobilizing 50 mg of polysaccharide per 1 g of the matrix, which is 10 times higher than the capacity of epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B. That makes it possible to obtain the same lectin quantity using a column of 10 times smaller volume. Another advantage of novel affinity sorbents comparing corresponding Sepharose gels is the possibility of sorbent drying after use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Antonyuk
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Drahomanov St, 14/16, 79005, Lviv, Ukraine
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5
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Dumych T, Lutsyk M, Banski M, Yashchenko A, Sojka B, Horbay R, Lutsyk A, Stoika R, Misiewicz J, Podhorodecki A, Bilyy R. Visualization of melanoma tumor with lectin-conjugated rare-earth doped fluoride nanocrystals. Croat Med J 2014; 55:186-94. [PMID: 24891277 PMCID: PMC4049210 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2014.55.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To develop specific fluorescent markers for melanoma tumor visualization, which would provide high selectivity and reversible binding pattern, by the use of carbohydrate-recognizing proteins, lectins, combined with the physical ability for imaging deep in the living tissues by utilizing red and near infrared fluorescent properties of specific rare-earth doped nanocrystals (NC). METHODS B10F16 melanoma cells were inoculated to C57BL/6 mice for inducing experimental melanoma tumor. Tumors were removed and analyzed by lectin-histochemistry using LABA, PFA, PNA, HPA, SNA, GNA, and NPL lectins and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. NPL lectin was conjugated to fluorescent NaGdF4:Eu(3+)-COOH nanoparticles (5 nm) via zero length cross-linking reaction, and the conjugates were purified from unbound substances and then used for further visualization of histological samples. Fluorescent microscopy was used to visualize NPL-NaGdF4:Eu(3+) with the fluorescent emission at 600-720 nm range. RESULTS NPL lectin selectively recognized regions of undifferentiated melanoblasts surrounding neoangiogenic foci inside melanoma tumor, PNA lectin recognized differentiated melanoblasts, and LCA and WGA were bound to tumor stroma regions. NPL-NaGdF4:Eu(3+) conjugated NC were efficiently detecting newly formed regions of melanoma tumor, confirmed by fluorescent microscopy in visible and near infrared mode. These conjugates possessed high photostability and were compatible with convenient xylene-based mounting systems and preserved intensive fluorescent signal at samples storage for at least 6 months. CONCLUSION NPL lectin-NaGdF4:Eu(3+) conjugated NC permitted distinct identification of contours of the melanoma tissue on histological sections using red excitation at 590-610 nm and near infrared emission of 700-720 nm. These data are of potential practical significance for development of glycans-conjugated nanoparticles to be used for in vivo visualization of melanoma tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Dumych
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Maxym Lutsyk
- Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Mateusz Banski
- Wroclaw University of Technology, Institute of Physics, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Bartlomiej Sojka
- Wroclaw University of Technology, Institute of Physics, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rostyslav Horbay
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
| | | | - Rostyslav Stoika
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Jan Misiewicz
- Wroclaw University of Technology, Institute of Physics, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Artur Podhorodecki
- Wroclaw University of Technology, Institute of Physics, Wroclaw, Poland
- Equally contributed as senior authors
| | - Rostyslav Bilyy
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
- Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
- Equally contributed as senior authors
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6
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Sweet taste of cell death: role of carbohydrate recognition systems. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2013. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj85.06.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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7
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Antoniuk VO, Panchak LV, Starykovych MO, Stoĭka RS. [A new mannose-specific lectin from daylily (Hemerocallis fulva L.) rhizome: purification and properties]. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2013; 85:27-32. [PMID: 23808307 DOI: 10.15407/ubj85.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new lectin was purified from the daylily (Hemerocallis fulva L.) with the yield of approximately 10 mg per kg of fresh plant rhizome. The purification procedure was based on application of the affinity chromathography on the column with yeast mannan and the ion-exchange chromatography on the column with DEAE-Toyopearl. The lectin possessed low affinity for alpha-methyl-D-mannopyranoside, D-fructose, D-turanose and 2-acetamido-D-galactopyranose and hight affinity for the yeast mannan. The lectin bound with greatly less affinity for the mannose-containig glycoproteins, such as ovoalbumin, ovomucoid and horseradish peroxidase. According to the results of electrophoresis in 20% DSNa-PAGE, the lectin consists of subunits of 12 kDa molecular weight. According to the results of gel-chromatography on the Toyopearl HW-55, the lectin's molecular weight is 48 kDa. It agglutinated rabbit erythrocytes very well, while rat and guinea-pig erythrocytes were agglutinated worse, and human erythrocytes were not agglutinated at all. Lectin's dialysis against 1% EDTA or heating to 60 degrees C for 60 min did not stop its hemagglutinating activity.
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8
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Seco-Rovira V, Beltrán-Frutos E, Ferrer C, Sánchez-Huertas MM, Madrid JF, Saez FJ, Pastor LM. Lectin Histochemistry as a Tool to Identify Apoptotic Cells in the Seminiferous Epithelium of Syrian Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) Subjected to Short Photoperiod. Reprod Domest Anim 2013; 48:974-83. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V Seco-Rovira
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Medical School, IMIB, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - E Beltrán-Frutos
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Medical School, IMIB, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - C Ferrer
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Medical School, IMIB, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - MM Sánchez-Huertas
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Medical School, IMIB, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - JF Madrid
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Medical School, IMIB, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - FJ Saez
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology UFI11/44, School of Medicine and Dentistry; University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU; Leioa Spain
| | - LM Pastor
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Medical School, IMIB, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
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9
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Shkandina T, Herrmann M, Bilyy R. Sweet kiss of dying cell: sialidase activity on apoptotic cell is able to act toward its neighbors. Autoimmunity 2012; 45:574-8. [PMID: 22928616 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2012.719951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Apoptotic cells and subcellular microparticles expose increased sialidase activity on their surfaces, which results from caspase-3 dependent activation of plasma membrane associated Neuraminidase-1 (Neu1). Desialylation of dying cells is also known to promote efferocytosis. The intriguing question remained whether sialidase on the surface of dying cell merely acts on self targets (cis-action), or whether it can also cleave glycoepitopes of neighboring cells (trans-action). Here, we co-incubated human viable and apoptotic Jurkat lymphocytes or neutrophils with human erythrocytes and evaluated their glycoprofile for terminal sialic acids by agglutination assay, flow cytometry, ELISA and dot-blot analyses. Data suggest that erythrocytes were desialylated as soon as 3 hours after co-incubation with apoptotic cells, but not with viable ones. After co-incubation of L929 murine fibroblasts with viable or apoptotic murine L1210 cells the L929 cells gained a desialylated glycoprofile, only after co-incubation with apoptotic cells. Our data suggests that activated sialidase(s) on the surfaces of apoptotic cells are capable to desialylate neighboring cells in trans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Shkandina
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
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10
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Panchak LV, Antonyuk VO. Purification of a lectin from fruit bodies of Lactarius pergamenus (Fr.) Fr. and studies of its properties. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 76:438-49. [PMID: 21585319 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297911040067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A lectin was purified from fruit bodies of the milk mushroom Lactarius pergamenus (Fr.) Fr. by a combination of ethanol precipitation, affinity chromatography on copolymer of polyvinyl alcohol and human blood B-group-specific substance, and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Toyopearl. The lectin yield was 3 mg/kg of fresh mushrooms. Considerable loss of primary activity was observed during its purification, which, presumably, could be explained by disintegration of the lectin molecule, which consisted of six subunits, first to two molecules of three subunits, and then to individual subunits. There was a reverse tendency to aggregation during concentration of lectin solutions. Similar processes can take place in nature because of considerable individual variations of the lectin activity during growth of mushroom fruit bodies. The lectin weakly interacts with DGalNAc, while DGalβ1-3DGalNAc and DGalβ1-3DGlcNAc are the most probable candidates for ligands, with which the L. pergamenus lectin interacts at disaccharides level. The purified lectin may find application in histochemical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Panchak
- Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine.
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11
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Sarter K, Mierke C, Beer A, Frey B, Führnrohr BG, Schulze C, Franz S. Sweet clearance: Involvement of cell surface glycans in the recognition of apoptotic cells. Autoimmunity 2009; 40:345-8. [PMID: 17516226 DOI: 10.1080/08916930701356804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycans cover the surfaces of all mammalian cells. Their structural variety provides enormous potential for information storage and transfer. According to the concept of the sugar code, they act as biochemical signals decoded by a large number of lectins which are defined as sugar binding proteins. The importance of glycan-lectin interaction in diverse immune system functions becomes increasingly apparent. Here, we review apoptotic cell clearance and especially focus on modifications of glycans on apoptotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Sarter
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Institute of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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12
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Sahin M, Balcan E. Regressing amphibian tail as a model for the cadherin/beta-catenin complex disruption and glycosylation alteration during epithelial apoptosis. Acta Histochem 2009; 111:5-14. [PMID: 18420260 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2007.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Revised: 12/15/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Epidermis is one of the many tissues that are resorbed during metamorphosis in the regressing tail of amphibian tadpoles. Apoptotic mechanisms play an important role in this process. In this study, loss of intercellular contacts and alterations in plasma membrane glycosylation were observed during apoptosis. The cadherin/beta-catenin complex represents one of the major adhesive systems in multiple epithelial tissues. Here, we analysed the fate of cadherin/beta-catenin complex and alterations of plasma membrane glycoconjugate compositions in apoptotic epithelial cells. Our results showed that the cadherin molecules were cleaved into extracellular and beta-catenin associated cytosolic domains by an intracellular mechanism. However, the extracellular domains were probably removed completely by matrix metalloproteinases. Lectin histochemistry studies suggested that mannose and alpha(2-->6) linked (but not alpha(2-->3) linked) sialic acids were major sugar motifs in plasma membranes of apoptotic tadpole epithelial cells. Although previous studies indicated reduced levels of sialic acid residues during apoptosis, elevated Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA) reactivity might be due to the degradation of high molecular weight glycoproteins (probably including cadherin) that masked the SNA-binding residues of the plasma membrane prior to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesut Sahin
- Molecular Biology Section, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Celal Bayar University, 45047 Muradiye Campus, Manisa, Turkey
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13
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McGreal EP. Structural basis of pattern recognition by innate immune molecules. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 653:139-61. [PMID: 19799117 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0901-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the innate immune system as a first line defence against pathogenic challenge has long been recognised. Over the last decade the identity of many of the key molecules mediating innate host defence have been clarified and a model of self/ nonself discrimination by families of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) has emerged. Although a large amount of information is now available concerning the action of these innate immune molecules at the level of the cell and organism, little is known about the molecular interface between pathogens and innate immune recognition molecules. In this chapter the molecular basis for innate immune discrimination of a wide variety of pathogen derived molecules is discussed in the context of the emerging literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamon P McGreal
- Department of Child Health, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.
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14
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Frey B, Munoz LE, Pausch F, Sieber R, Franz S, Brachvogel B, Poschl E, Schneider H, Rödel F, Sauer R, Fietkau R, Herrmann M, Gaipl US. The immune reaction against allogeneic necrotic cells is reduced in Annexin A5 knock out mice whose macrophages display an anti-inflammatory phenotype. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 13:1391-9. [PMID: 18624762 PMCID: PMC4496152 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins of the annexin family bind to phospholipids in a Ca2+
dependent manner. The exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) by apoptotic as well as
necrotic cells is one major eat-me-signal for macrophages. Annexin A5 (Anx A5)
preferentially binds to PS. The availability of Anx A5 knock out (KO) mice allowed us
to investigate for the first time if endogenous Anx A5 modulates the immune response
towards allogeneic cells. Furthermore, the effect of Anx A5 gene deletion on the
phagocytic process as well as on the inflammatory reaction of macrophages was
explored. We found that Anx A5 KO mice have a strongly reduced allogeneic cellular
immune reaction against primary as well as secondary necrotic cells. In
vivo phagocytosis experiments revealed that macrophages of Anx A5 KO mice
displayed an increased uptake of necrotic cells. Additionally, an increased secretion
of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 of isolated macrophages of Anx A5 KO mice
after contact with necrotic cells was observed. Furthermore, the promoter activity of
the Anx A5 gene was enhanced after stimulation of macrophages. The tumour size of an
allogeneic tumour regressed faster when endogenous Anx A5 was present. These data
demonstrate that endogenous Anx A5 influences the phagocytosis of necrotic cells,
modulates the immune response towards allogeneic cells and acts as an inflammatory
protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Frey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
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15
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Taatjes DJ, Sobel BE, Budd RC. Morphological and cytochemical determination of cell death by apoptosis. Histochem Cell Biol 2007; 129:33-43. [PMID: 18000678 PMCID: PMC2137940 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-007-0356-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Several modes of cell death are now recognized, including necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagy. Oftentimes the distinctions between these various modes may not be apparent, although the precise mode may be physiologically important. Accordingly, it is often desirable to be able to classify the mode of cell death. Apoptosis was originally defined by structural alterations in cells observable by transmitted light and electron microscopy. Today, a wide variety of imaging and cytochemical techniques are available for the investigation of apoptosis. This review will highlight many of these methods, and provide a critique on the advantages and disadvantages associated with them for the specific identification of apoptotic cells in culture and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Taatjes
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
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16
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Abstract
Surface markers of apoptotic cells are of great interest as potential targets for non-destructive detection and study of these cells. They are also important for apoptotic cell recognition and subsequent clearance by cells of the immune system. Recently, it was found that apoptosis is accompanied by not only the loss of plasma membrane asymmetry detected by Annexin V, but also by changes in cell surface glycoconjugates. These novel markers of apoptosis are alpha-D-mannose and beta-D-galactose-specific plasma membrane glycoproteins whose expression is substantially increased after induction of apoptosis. The glyconeoepitopes described in this article are proposed to be useful for both, the detection of apoptotic cells and the isolation of the latter, from mixed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rostyslav Bilyy
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
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17
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Garlatti V, Belloy N, Martin L, Lacroix M, Matsushita M, Endo Y, Fujita T, Fontecilla-Camps JC, Arlaud GJ, Thielens NM, Gaboriaud C. Structural insights into the innate immune recognition specificities of L- and H-ficolins. EMBO J 2007; 26:623-33. [PMID: 17215869 PMCID: PMC1783469 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2006] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity relies critically upon the ability of a few pattern recognition molecules to sense molecular markers on pathogens, but little is known about these interactions at the atomic level. Human L- and H-ficolins are soluble oligomeric defence proteins with lectin-like activity, assembled from collagen fibers prolonged by fibrinogen-like recognition domains. The X-ray structures of their trimeric recognition domains, alone and in complex with various ligands, have been solved to resolutions up to 1.95 and 1.7 A, respectively. Both domains have three-lobed structures with clefts separating the distal parts of the protomers. Ca(2+) ions are found at sites homologous to those described for tachylectin 5A (TL5A), an invertebrate lectin. Outer binding sites (S1) homologous to the GlcNAc-binding pocket of TL5A are present in the ficolins but show different structures and specificities. In L-ficolin, three additional binding sites (S2-S4) surround the cleft. Together, they define an unpredicted continuous recognition surface able to sense various acetylated and neutral carbohydrate markers in the context of extended polysaccharides such as 1,3-beta-D-glucan, as found on microbial or apoptotic surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Garlatti
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie et Cristallogénèse des Protéines, Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas Belloy
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie et Cristallogénèse des Protéines, Grenoble, France
| | - Lydie Martin
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie et Cristallogénèse des Protéines, Grenoble, France
| | - Monique Lacroix
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, CEA; CNRS; Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Misao Matsushita
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Glycotechnology, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuichi Endo
- Department of Biochemistry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Teizo Fujita
- Department of Biochemistry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | | | - Gérard J Arlaud
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, CEA; CNRS; Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Nicole M Thielens
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, CEA; CNRS; Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Christine Gaboriaud
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie et Cristallogénèse des Protéines, Grenoble, France
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Franz S, Herrmann K, Fürnrohr BG, Führnrohr B, Sheriff A, Frey B, Gaipl US, Voll RE, Kalden JR, Jäck HM, Herrmann M. After shrinkage apoptotic cells expose internal membrane-derived epitopes on their plasma membranes. Cell Death Differ 2006; 14:733-42. [PMID: 17170754 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells are crucial processes. At best the phagocytic machinery detects and swallows all apoptotic cells in a way that progression to secondary necrosis is avoided. Otherwise, inflammation and autoimmune diseases may occur. Most apoptotic cells are phagocytosed instantaneously in a silent fashion; however, some dying cells escape their clearance. If the cells are not cleared early, they lose membranes due to extensive shedding of membrane surrounded vesicles (blebbing) and shrink. It is unclear how apoptotic cells compensate their massive loss of plasma membrane. Here, we demonstrate that endoplasmic reticulum- (ER) resident proteins (calnexin, the KDEL receptor and a dysfunctional immunoglobulin heavy chain) were exposed at the surfaces of shrunken late apoptotic cells. Additionally, these cells showed an increased binding of lectins, which recognize sugar structures predominantly found as moieties of incompletely processed proteins in ER and Golgi. In addition the ER resident lipophilic ER-Tracker Blue-White DPX, and internal GM1 were observed to translocate to the cell surfaces during late apoptosis. We conclude that during blebbing of apoptotic cells the surface membrane loss is substituted by immature membranes from internal stores. This mechanism explains the simultaneous appearance of preformed recognition structures for several adaptor proteins known to be involved in clearance of dead cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Franz
- Institute of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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