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Zarini D, Pasbakhsh P, Mojaverrostami S, Amirizadeh S, Hashemi M, Shabani M, Noshadian M, Kashani IR. Microglia/macrophage polarization regulates spontaneous remyelination in intermittent cuprizone model of demyelination. Biochem Biophys Rep 2024; 37:101630. [PMID: 38234370 PMCID: PMC10793082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2023.101630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) lesions can repeatedly be de-and remyelinated during demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we designed an intermittent demyelination model by 0.3 % Cuprizone feeding in C57/BL6 mice followed by two weeks recovery. Histochemical staining of luxol fast blue (LFB) was used for study of remyelination, detection of glial and endothelial cells was performed by immunohistochemistry staining for the following antibodies: anti Olig2 for oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, anti APC for mature oligodendrocytes, anti GFAP for astrocytes, and anti Iba-1 for microglia/macrophages, anti iNOS for M1 microglia/macrophage phenotype, anti TREM-2 for M2 microglia/macrophage phenotype and anti CD31 for endothelial cells. Also, real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed for assessment of the expression of the targeted genes. LFB staining results showed enhanced remyelination in the intermittent cuprizone (INTRCPZ) group, which was accompanied by improved motor function, increased mature oligodendrocyte cells, and reduction of astrogliosis and microgliosis. Moreover, switching from M1 to M2 polarity increased in the INTRCPZ group that was in association with downregulation of pro-inflammatory and upregulation of anti-inflammatory genes. Finally, evaluation of microvascular changes revealed a remarkable decrease in the endothelial cells in the cuprizone (CPZ) group which recovered in the INTERCPZ group. The outcomes demonstrate enhanced myelin content during recovery in the intermittent demyelination model which is in association with reshaping macrophage polarity and modification of glial and endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davood Zarini
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parichehr Pasbakhsh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Mojaverrostami
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Amirizadeh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maedeh Hashemi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Shabani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrazin Noshadian
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iraj Ragerdi Kashani
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ibrahim Fouad G, Ahmed KA. Remyelinating activities of Carvedilol or alpha lipoic acid in the Cuprizone-Induced rat model of demyelination. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:110125. [PMID: 37028277 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex and multifactorial neurodegenerative disease with unknown etiology, MS is featured by multifocal demyelinated lesions distributed throughout the brain. It is assumed to result from an interaction between genetic and environmental factors, including nutrition. Therefore, different therapeutic approaches are aiming to stimulate remyelination which could be defined as an endogenous regeneration and repair of myelin in the central nervous system. Carvedilol is an adrenergic receptor antagonist. Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) is a well-known antioxidant. Herein, we investigated the remyelination potential of Carvedilol or ALA post-Cuprizone (CPZ) intoxication. Carvedilol or ALA (20 mg/kg/d) was administrated orally for two weeks at the end of the five weeks of CPZ (0.6%) administration. CPZ provoked demyelination, enhanced oxidative stress, and stimulated neuroinflammation. Histological investigation of CPZ-induced brains showed obvious demyelination in the corpus callosum (CC). Both Carvedilol and ALA demonstrated remyelinating activities, with corresponding upregulation of the expression of MBP and PLP, the major myelin proteins, downregulation of the expression of TNF-α and MMP-9, and decrement of serum IFN-γ levels. Moreover, both Carvedilol and ALA alleviated oxidative stress, and ameliorated muscle fatigue. This study highlights the neurotherapeutic potential of Carvedilol or ALA in CPZ-induced demyelination, and offers a better model for the exploring of neuroregenerative strategies. The current study is the first to demonstrate a pro-remyelinating activity for Carvedilol, as compared to ALA, which might represent a potential additive benefit in halting demyelination and alleviating neurotoxicity. However, we could declare that Carvedilol showed a lower neuroprotective potential than ALA.
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Kapoor T, Mehan S, Suri M, Sharma N, Kumar N, Narula AS, Alshammari A, Alasmari AF, Alharbi M, Assiri MA, Kalfin R. Forskolin, an Adenylcyclase/cAMP/CREB Signaling Activator Restoring Myelin-Associated Oligodendrocyte Destruction in Experimental Ethidium Bromide Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182771. [PMID: 36139346 PMCID: PMC9497421 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease marked by oligodendrocyte loss, which results in central neuronal demyelination. AC/cAMP/CREB signaling dysregulation is involved in the progression of MS, including mitochondrial dysfunctions, reduction in nerve growth factors, neuronal inflammation, apoptosis, and white matter degeneration. Our previous research has shown that Forskolin (FSK), a naturally occurring direct adenylyl cyclase (AC)/cAMP/CREB activator, has neuroprotective potential to alleviate pathogenic factors linked with numerous neurological abnormalities. The current study intends to explore the neuroprotective potential of FSK at doses of 40 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg alone, as well as in combination with conventional medicines, such as Fingolimod (FNG), Donepezil (DON), Memantine (MEM), and Simvastatin (SIM) in EB-induced demyelinated experimental MS rats. Adult Wistar rats were divided into nine groups, and EB was infused stereotaxically in the rat brain’s intracerebropeduncle (ICP) area. Chronic gliotoxin EB treatment results in demyelination as well as motor and cognitive dysfunctions. FSK, combined with standard medications, improves behavioral dysfunctions, such as neuromuscular and motor deficits and memory and cognitive abnormalities. Following pharmacological treatments improved remyelination by enhancing myelin basic protein and increasing AC, cAMP, and CREB levels in brain homogenates. Furthermore, FSK therapy restored brain mitochondrial-ETC complex enzymes and neurotransmitter levels while decreasing inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers. The Luxol fast blue (LFB) stain results further indicate FSK’s neuroprotective potential in preventing oligodendrocyte death. Therefore, the results of these studies contribute to a better understanding of the possible role that natural phytochemicals FSK could have in preventing motor neuron diseases, such as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Kapoor
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy (An Autonomous College), Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy (An Autonomous College), Moga 142001, Punjab, India
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +1-91-8059889909
| | - Manisha Suri
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy (An Autonomous College), Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Nidhi Sharma
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy (An Autonomous College), Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Nitish Kumar
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy (An Autonomous College), Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | | | - Abdulrahman Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah F. Alasmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Metab Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. Assiri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reni Kalfin
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St., Block 23, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department of Healthcare, South-West University “NeofitRilski”, Ivan Mihailov St. 66, 2700 Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria
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Cuprizone Affects Hypothermia-Induced Neuroprotection and Enhanced Neuroblast Differentiation in the Gerbil Hippocampus after Ischemia. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061438. [PMID: 32531881 PMCID: PMC7349804 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the effects of cuprizone on cell death, glial activation, and neuronal plasticity induced by hypothermia after ischemia in gerbils. Food was supplemented with cuprizone at 0.2% ad libitum for eight weeks. At six weeks after diet feeing, gerbils received transient forebrain ischemia with or without hypothermic preconditioning. Cuprizone treatment for 8 weeks increased the number of astrocytes, microglia, and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the hippocampus. In addition, cuprizone treatment significantly decreased the number of proliferating cells and neuroblasts in the dentate gyrus. Brain ischemia caused cell death, disruption of myelin basic proteins, and reactive gliosis in CA1. In addition, ischemia significantly increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and the number of proliferating cells and differentiating neuroblasts in the dentate gyrus. In contrast, hypothermic conditioning attenuated these changes in CA1 and the dentate gyrus. However, cuprizone treatment decreased cell survival induced by hypothermic preconditioning after ischemia and increased the number of reactive microglia and astrocytes in CA1 as well as that of macrophages in the subcallosal zone. These changes occurred because the protective effect of hypothermia in ischemic damage was disrupted by cuprizone administration. Furthermore, cuprizone decreased ischemia-induced proliferating cells and neuroblasts in the dentate gyrus.
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Insights into the Therapeutic Potential of Glucocorticoid Receptor Modulators for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062137. [PMID: 32244957 PMCID: PMC7139912 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are crucial for stress-coping, resilience, and adaptation. However, if the stress hormones become dysregulated, the vulnerability to stress-related diseases is enhanced. In this brief review, we discuss the role of glucocorticoids in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders in both human and animal models, and focus in particular on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). For this purpose, we used the Wobbler animal model, which mimics much of the pathology of ALS including a dysfunctional hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. We discuss recent studies that demonstrated that the pathological cascade characteristic for motoneuron degeneration of ALS is mimicked in the genetically selected Wobbler mouse and can be attenuated by treatment with the selective glucocorticoid receptor antagonist (GRA) CORT113176. In long-term treatment (3 weeks) GRA attenuated progression of the behavioral, inflammatory, excitatory, and cell-death-signaling pathways while increasing the survival signal of serine–threonine kinase (pAkt). The action mechanism of the GRA may be either by interfering with GR deactivation or by restoring the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory signaling pathways driven by the complementary mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)- and GR-mediated actions of corticosterone. Accordingly, GR antagonism may have clinical relevance for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Meyer M, Kruse MS, Garay L, Lima A, Roig P, Hunt H, Belanoff J, de Kloet ER, Deniselle MCG, De Nicola AF. Long-term effects of the glucocorticoid receptor modulator CORT113176 in murine motoneuron degeneration. Brain Res 2019; 1727:146551. [PMID: 31726042 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Wobbler mouse spinal cord shows vacuolated motoneurons, glial reaction, inflammation and abnormal glutamatergic parameters. Wobblers also show deficits of motor performance. These conditions resemble amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Wobbler mice also show high levels of corticosterone in blood, adrenals and brain plus adrenal hypertrophy, suggesting that chronically elevated glucocorticoids prime spinal cord neuroinflammation. Therefore, we analyzed if treatment of Wobbler mice with the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist CORT113176 mitigated the mentioned abnormalities. 30 mg/kg CORT113176 given daily for 3 weeks reduced motoneuron vacuolation, decreased astro and microgliosis, lowered the inflammatory mediators high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), toll-like receptor 4, myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), p50 subunit of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor, and interleukin 18 (IL18) compared to untreated Wobblers. CORT113176 increased the survival signal pAKT (serine-threonine kinase) and decreased the death signal phosphorylated Junk-N-terminal kinase (pJNK), symptomatic of antiapoptosis. There was a moderate positive effect on glutamine synthase and astrocyte glutamate transporters, suggesting decreased glutamate excitotoxicity. In this pre-clinical study, Wobblers receiving CORT113176 showed enhanced resistance to fatigue in the rota rod test and lower forelimb atrophy at weeks 2-3. Therefore, long-term treatment with CORT113176 attenuated degeneration and inflammation, increased motor performance and decreased paw deformity. Antagonism of the GR may be of potential therapeutic value for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Meyer
- Laboratories of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Sol Kruse
- Laboratories of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Garay
- Laboratories of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dept. of Human Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analia Lima
- Laboratories of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paulina Roig
- Laboratories of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hazel Hunt
- CORCEPT Therapeutics, 149 Commonwealth Dr, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Joseph Belanoff
- CORCEPT Therapeutics, 149 Commonwealth Dr, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - E Ronald de Kloet
- Division of Endocrinology, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Claudia Gonzalez Deniselle
- Laboratories of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dept. of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro F De Nicola
- Laboratories of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dept. of Human Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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The therapeutic effect of platelet-rich plasma on the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 333:476958. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Oligoprotective effect of metformin through the AMPK-dependent on restoration of mitochondrial hemostasis in the cuprizone-induced multiple sclerosis model. J Mol Histol 2019; 50:263-271. [DOI: 10.1007/s10735-019-09824-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Borhani-Haghighi M, Mohamadi Y, Kashani IR. In utero transplantation of neural stem cells ameliorates maternal inflammation-induced prenatal white matter injury. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:12785-12795. [PMID: 30861185 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal white matter injury is a serious problem due to maternal inflammation leading to postnatal disabilities. In this study, we used the periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) model as a common prenatal white matter injury by maternal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Neural stem cells (NSCs) have shown therapeutic ability in neurological disorders through a different mechanism such as immunomodulation. Here, we studied the preventive potential of NSCs following in utero transplantation into the embryonic lateral ventricle in an LPS-induced white matter injury model. Pregnant animals were divided into three groups and received phosphate buffered saline, LPS, or LPS + NSCs. The brains of offspring were obtained and evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunohistochemy, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated-dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL), and caspase-3 activity assay. The LPS-induced maternal inflammation degenerated the myelin sheath in the offspring periventricular region which was associated with an increased microglial number, oligodendrocytes degeneration, proinflammatory cytokine secretion, and cell apoptosis. The transplanted NSCs homed into the brain and ameliorated the evaluated parameters. The expression of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), cell apoptosis and caspase-3 activity were inhibited by NSCs. In addition, Olig2 and myelin basic protein immunohistochemy staining showed that prenatal NSCs transplantation augmented the myelination in the periventricular white matter of offspring. In conclusion, we think that prenatal therapeutic strategies, such as in utero NSCs transplantation, may prevent prenatal white matter injury after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Borhani-Haghighi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Mohamadi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Iraj Ragerdi Kashani
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Wang J, Sui RX, Miao Q, Wang Q, Song LJ, Yu JZ, Li YH, Xiao BG, Ma CG. Hydroxyfasudil alleviates demyelination through the inhibition of MOG antibody and microglia activation in cuprizone mouse model. Clin Immunol 2019; 201:35-47. [PMID: 30660624 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the central nervous system characterized by oligodendrocyte loss and progressive neurodegeneration. The cuprizone (CPZ)-induced demyelination is widely used to investigate the demyelination/remyelination. Here, we explored the therapeutic effects of Hydroxyfasudil (HF), an active metabolite of Fasudil, in CPZ model. HF improved behavioral abnormality and reduced myelin damage in the corpus callosum. Splenic atrophy and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody were observed in CPZ model, which were partially restored and obviously inhibited by HF, therefore reducing pathogenic binding of MOG antibody to oligodendrocytes. HF inhibited the percentages of CD4+IL-17+ T cells from splenocytes and infiltration of CD4+ T cells and CD68+ macrophages in the brain. HF also declined microglia-mediated neuroinflammation, and promoted the production of astrocyte-derived brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and regeneration of NG2+ oligodendrocyte precursor cells. These results provide potent evidence for the therapeutic effects of HF in CPZ-induced demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan030001, China
| | - Ruo-Xuan Sui
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan030024, China
| | - Qiang Miao
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan030024, China
| | - Qing Wang
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan030024, China
| | - Li-Juan Song
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan030024, China
| | - Jie-Zhong Yu
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong037009, China
| | - Yan-Hua Li
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong037009, China
| | - Bao-Guo Xiao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Cun-Gen Ma
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan030001, China; The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan030024, China; Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong037009, China.
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