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Wang C, Cao M, Zhao J, Hu A, Liu X, Chen Z, Zhang C, Li H. Epidermal and dermal cells from adult rat eccrine sweat gland-containing skin can reconstruct the three-dimensional structure of eccrine sweat glands. Acta Histochem 2024; 126:152120. [PMID: 38041896 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2023.152120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we have demonstrated that eccrine sweat gland cells (ESGCs) can reconstruct the three-dimensional (3D) structure of eccrine sweat glands (ESGs). However, there is still a need to explore source cells capable of regenerating ESG to address the issue of ESG regeneration in ESGC-deficient conditions, such as severe burns. METHODS The epidermal cells and dermal cells in adult rat ventral foot skin (ESG-bearing) were isolated. The isolated single epidermal cells and dermal cells were mixed with Matrigel, and then the mixture was implanted into the axillary/inguinal fat pads of nude mice. Five weeks after implantation, the Matrigel plugs were harvested and the morphology and differentiation of the cells were examined by H&E staining and fluorescent immunohistochemical staining for ESG markers, such as Na+ -K+ -2Cl- cotransporter 1 (NKCC1), Na+ -K+ -ATPase (NKA), Foxa1 and K14. RESULTS The epidermal cells and dermal cells of adult rat ventral foot skin can reconstruct 3D structure and express specific markers of ESGs in skin, such as NKCC1, NKA and Foxa1, indicating the ESG-phenotypic differentiation of the 3D structures. Double immunofluorescence staining showed that some 3D structures expressed both the myoepithelial cell marker alpha-SMA and the common marker K14 of duct cells and myoepithelial cells, while some 3D structures expressed only K14, indicating that ESG-like 3D structures differentiated into duct-like and secretory coiled cells. CONCLUSION Epidermal and dermal cells from adult ESG-bearing skin can be used as a cell source for ESG regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cangyu Wang
- Laboratory of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Manxiu Cao
- Laboratory of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Junhong Zhao
- Laboratory of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Anqi Hu
- Laboratory of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Laboratory of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zihua Chen
- Laboratory of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department and Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Haihong Li
- Laboratory of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China; Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.
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Kang MS, Jang J, Jo HJ, Kim WH, Kim B, Chun HJ, Lim D, Han DW. Advances and Innovations of 3D Bioprinting Skin. Biomolecules 2022; 13:55. [PMID: 36671440 PMCID: PMC9856167 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinted skin equivalents are highlighted as the new gold standard for alternative models to animal testing, as well as full-thickness wound healing. In this review, we focus on the advances and innovations of 3D bioprinting skin for skin regeneration, within the last five years. After a brief introduction to skin anatomy, 3D bioprinting methods and the remarkable features of recent studies are classified as advances in materials, structures, and functions. We will discuss several ways to improve the clinical potential of 3D bioprinted skin, with state-of-the-art printing technology and novel biomaterials. After the breakthrough in the bottleneck of the current studies, highly developed skin can be fabricated, comprising stratified epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis with blood vessels, nerves, muscles, and skin appendages. We hope that this review will be priming water for future research and clinical applications, that will guide us to break new ground for the next generation of skin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Sung Kang
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinju Jang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Jo
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Hyeon Kim
- Dental Life Science Research Institute/Innovation Research & Support Center for Dental Science, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongju Kim
- Dental Life Science Research Institute/Innovation Research & Support Center for Dental Science, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Heoung-Jae Chun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyung Lim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Han
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- BIO-IT Fusion Technology Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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Cao M, Zhang L, Cheng J, Wang C, Zhao J, Liu X, Yan Y, Tang Y, Chen Z, Li H. Differential antigen expression between human apocrine sweat glands and eccrine sweat glands. Eur J Histochem 2022; 67:3559. [PMID: 36546419 PMCID: PMC9827426 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2023.3559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bromhidrosis has a great negative impact on personal occupation and social psychology. It is not yet clear whether bromhidrosis is caused by apocrine sweat glands or the co-action of apocrine sweat glands and eccrine sweat glands. To distinguish between apocrine sweat glands and eccrine sweat glands, specific antigen markers for apocrine sweat glands and eccrine sweat glands must be found first. In the study, we detected the expression of K7, K18, K19, Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter 1 (NKCC1), carbonic anhydrase II (CAII), Forkhead transcription factor a1 (Foxa1), homeobox transcription factor engrailed homeobox1 (En1), gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 (GCDFP-15), mucin-1 (MUC-1), cluster of differentiation 15 (CD15) and apolipoprotein (APOD) in eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands by immunofluorescence staining. The results showed that K7, K18, K19, Foxa1, GCDFP-15 and MUC-1 were expressed in both apocrine and eccrine sweat glands, CD15 and APOD were only expressed in apocrine sweat glands, and CAII, NKCC1 and En1 were only expressed in eccrine sweat glands. We conclude that CD15 and APOD can serve as specific markers for apocrine sweat glands, while CAII, NKCC1 and En1 can serve as specific markers for eccrine sweat glands to differentiate the two sweat glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manxiu Cao
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei,*These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Mental Health, Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong,*These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jiaqi Cheng
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei,*These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Cangyu Wang
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei
| | - Junhong Zhao
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei
| | - Yongjing Yan
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei
| | - Yue Tang
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei
| | - Zixiu Chen
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei
| | - Haihong Li
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei,Department of Wound Repair; Institute of Wound Repair and Regeneration Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China,Correspondence: Prof. Haihong Li, Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 32 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
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Chen Z, Zhao J, Yan Y, Zhang L, Du L, Liu X, Cao M, Wang C, Tang Y, Li H. Differential distribution and genetic determination of eccrine sweat glands and hair follicles in the volar skin of C57BL/6 mice and SD rats. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:316. [PMID: 35974330 PMCID: PMC9380334 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03416-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eccrine sweat glands (ESGs) and hair follicles (HFs) are the prominent skin appendages regulating human body temperature. C57BL/6 mice and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats are the most commonly used model animals for studying ESGs and HFs. Previous studies have shown the distribution of ESGs and HFs in volar hindfeet of C57BL/6 mice, but there are few or no reports on the distribution of ESGs and HFs in volar forefeet of C57BL/6 mice and volar feet of SD rats. Here, we investigated the differential distribution and genetic determination of ESGs and HFs in the volar skin of C57BL/6 mice and SD rats through gross observation, iodine-starch sweat test, double staining with Nile Blue A and Oil Red O, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, double immunofluorescence staining of LIM Homeobox 2 (LHX2)/Na+-K+-ATPase α1(NKA) or LHX2/Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter 1 (NKCC1), and qRT-PCR detection of ESG-related gene Engrailed 1 (En1) and HF-related gene LHX2. RESULTS The results showed ESGs but no HFs in the footpads of C57BL/6 mice and SD rats, both ESGs and HFs in the inter-footpads (IFPs) of C57BL/6 mice, and neither ESGs nor HFs in the IFPs of SD rats. The relative quantitative change in En1 was consistent with the differential distribution of ESGs, and the relative quantitative change of LHX2 was consistent with the differential distribution of HFs. CONCLUSION C57BL/6 mice and SD rats had their own characteristics in the distribution of ESGs and HFs in the volar skin, and researchers should choose mice or rats, and even forefeet or hindfeet as their research object according to different purposes. The study provides a basis for selection of optimal animal models to study development, wound healing and regeneration of skin appendages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiu Chen
- Jinzhou Medical University Graduate Training Base, Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Junhong Zhao
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China.,Hubei Clinical Medical Research Center of Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yongjing Yan
- Jinzhou Medical University Graduate Training Base, Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Mental Health Center, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lijie Du
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China.,Hubei Clinical Medical Research Center of Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Manxiu Cao
- Jinzhou Medical University Graduate Training Base, Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Cangyu Wang
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yue Tang
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Haihong Li
- Jinzhou Medical University Graduate Training Base, Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China. .,Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China. .,Hubei Clinical Medical Research Center of Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China. .,Department of Wound Repair; Institute of Wound Repair and Regeneration Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China.
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Zhao J, Zhang L, Du L, Chen Z, Tang Y, Chen L, Liu X, You L, Zhang Y, Fu X, Li H. Foxa1 mediates eccrine sweat gland development through transcriptional regulation of Na-K-ATPase expression. Braz J Med Biol Res 2022; 55:e12149. [PMID: 35976271 PMCID: PMC9377534 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2022e12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Eccrine sweat glands (ESGs) perform critical functions in temperature regulation in humans. Foxa1 plays an important role in ESG maturation and sweat secretion. Its molecular mechanism, however, remains unknown. This study investigated the expression of Foxa1 and Na-K-ATPase (NKA) in rat footpads at different development stages using immunofluorescence staining, qRT-PCR, and immunoblotting. Also, bioinformatics analysis and Foxa1 overexpression and silencing were employed to evaluate Foxa1 regulation of NKA. The results demonstrated that Foxa1 was consistently expressed during the late stages of ESGs and had a significant role in secretory coil maturation during sweat secretion. Furthermore, the mRNA abundance and protein expression of NKA had similar accumulation trends to those of Foxa1, confirming their underlying connections. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that Foxa1 may interact with these two proteins via binding to conserved motifs in their promoter regions. Foxa1 gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments in Foxa1-modified cells demonstrated that the activities of NKA were dependent on the presence of Foxa1. Collectively, these data provided evidence that Foxa1 may influence ESG development through transcriptional regulation of NKA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Zhao
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Mental Health Center, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Lijie Du
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Zixiu Chen
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Yue Tang
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Lei You
- School of Basic Medicine, Academy of Bio-Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Academy of Bio-Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haihong Li
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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Duran J, Plaza JA. Update on Immunohistochemical Techniques in Dermatopathology. A focus on Adnexal Neoplasms. Semin Diagn Pathol 2022; 39:265-287. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Cao M, Zhao J, Du L, Chen Z, Zhang L, Liu X, Cheng J, Yan Y, Zhang C, Li H. The combination of hair follicle-specific marker LHX2 and co-expressed marker can distinguish between sweat gland placodes and hair placodes in rat. J Mol Histol 2021; 52:1225-1232. [PMID: 34581932 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-021-10023-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Eccrine sweat gland (ESG) and hair follicle (HF) are different skin appendages but share many common development characteristics. Although the morphology of adult ESG and HF is obviously different, it is difficult to distinguish ESG placodes from HFs placodes morphologically. To study the fate determination of ESG and HF, specific antigen markers for ESG placodes and HF placodes must be found first to distinguish them. In the study, we detected the expression of commonly used keratins 4, 5, 7-10, 12, 14, 15, 17-20, 27 and 73, and the reported ESG and HF specific markers, P-cadherin, Lymphoid enhancer factor 1 (LEF1), LIM Homeobox gene 2 (LHX2), Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) and Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) in ESG and HF placodes by single-immunofluorescence staining and double-immunofluorescence staining. To further verify the results of immunofluorescence staining, Western blot (WB) was used to detect the differential antigen and some co-expressed antigens of ESG and HF placodes. The results showed that both ESG and HF placodes expressed K4/5/14/1517/18, P-cadherin and LEF1, neither expressed K7/8/9/10/12/19/20/27/73, NKA or NKCC1. HF placodes specifically expressed LHX2. Combination of LHX2 and co-expressed antigen K14, can distinguish ESG placodes from HF placodes. We conclude that LHX2 is a specific marker for HF placodes, and ESG placodes and HF placodes can be distinguished by double immunofluorescence staining of the specific marker LHX2 and the co-expressed markers, such as K4, K5, K14, K15, K17, K18, P-cadherin and LEF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manxiu Cao
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Jinzhou Medical University Graduate Training Base, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 32 South Renmin Road, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Junhong Zhao
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Jinzhou Medical University Graduate Training Base, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 32 South Renmin Road, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei Province, China.,Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 32 South Renmin Road, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lijie Du
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Jinzhou Medical University Graduate Training Base, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 32 South Renmin Road, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei Province, China.,Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 32 South Renmin Road, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zixiu Chen
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Jinzhou Medical University Graduate Training Base, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 32 South Renmin Road, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Mental Health Center, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 32 South Renmin Road, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 32 South Renmin Road, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jiaqi Cheng
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 32 South Renmin Road, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yongjing Yan
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Jinzhou Medical University Graduate Training Base, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 32 South Renmin Road, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department and Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Haihong Li
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Jinzhou Medical University Graduate Training Base, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 32 South Renmin Road, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei Province, China. .,Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 32 South Renmin Road, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei Province, China.
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Li H, Zhang X, Wei W, Zhang L, Chen Z, Cao M, Cheng J, Du L, Zhao J, Fang Z, Li X, Chen P. An innovative application of follicular unit extraction technique in the treatment of bromhidrosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 35:2300-2304. [PMID: 34331817 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgery is the most effective way to treat bromhidrosis, but postoperative complications are still the biggest obstacles for patients to choose surgical treatment. OBJECTIVES To introduce an innovative application of follicular unit extraction (FUE) in the treatment of bromhidrosis. METHODS We conducted a case series study on 20 patients who received FUE technique for the treatment of bromhidrosis. The axillary hair follicles were extracted with a one-millimetre punch. The released hair follicles were collected for histological examination. After the operation, the wounds were wrapped with moderate pressure. The dressing was removed 24 h after the FUE operation. The postoperative complications were collected, and the improvement of malodour was evaluated by the 10-point visual analogue scale. RESULTS Immediately postoperation, many needle-shaped holes appeared in the armpits. The holes healed 7 days after the operation, with no scar or pinpoint-like scars. Except for a female who complained of mild pain in the left armpit, no other patients had any discomfort. The malodour level varied between 0 and 4 during the follow-up period. The tissue examination showed that more than 90% of the completely plucked hair follicles were accompanied by apocrine glands, and many blocked and dilated apocrine glands were observed. The lumens of the blocked glands were filled with decapitation products, which were positive for K5, Brst-2 and CEA. CONCLUSIONS Patients with bromhidrosis have a positive response to FUE technique. The FUE technique is well-tolerated, with only a few postoperative complications, which deserves to be widely promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Li
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - X Zhang
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - W Wei
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - L Zhang
- Mental Health Center, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Z Chen
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - M Cao
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - J Cheng
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - L Du
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - J Zhao
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Z Fang
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - X Li
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - P Chen
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
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9
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Du L, Zhang X, Chen L, Zhang L, Li H. K31 as a novel marker for clear secretory cells in human eccrine sweat glands. J Mol Histol 2020; 51:47-53. [PMID: 31975318 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-020-09855-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
K31 was previously considered as one of the hair keratins. During a study on differential markers between hair follicles and eccrine sweat glands, we observed that K31 was expressed in eccrine sweat gland cells in a scattered pattern, similar to the distribution of dark or clear secretory cells. To investigate the precise cell localization of K31 in human eccrine sweat glands and find new marker for eccrine sweat gland cells, human skin samples were fixed, paraffined and sectioned. The serial sections were stained for K31, dark secretory cell marker gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 (GCDFP15) and clear secretory cell marker carbonic anhydrase II (CAII). The exact cell localization of K31 was detected by double immunofluorescence staining of K31 and a serial of cell-specific markers, and further by dual stain using a combination of periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and immunofluorescence for K31 and GCDFP15. The expression pattern of K31-positive cells was similar to that of CAII-positive cells but was different from that of GCDFP15-positive staining in serial sections. Double immunofluorescent staining showed that K31-positive cells co-expressed K7 and CAII, but not S100P, α-SMA or GCDFP15. Dual stain by combined PAS and immunofluorescence showed that K31-positive cells are negative for PAS staining. We conclude that K31 is a previously unreported eccrine clear cell marker that allows for distinction between clear and dark secretory cells, as well as between secretory coils and ducts of eccrine sweat glands in human eccrine sweat glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Du
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 32 South Renmin Road, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 32 South Renmin Road, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Liyun Chen
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Mental Health Center, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 32 South Renmin Road, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Haihong Li
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 32 South Renmin Road, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China.
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