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Beslika E, Leite-Moreira A, De Windt LJ, da Costa Martins PA. Large animal models of pressure overload-induced cardiac left ventricular hypertrophy to study remodelling of the human heart with aortic stenosis. Cardiovasc Res 2024; 120:461-475. [PMID: 38428029 PMCID: PMC11060489 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvae045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathologic cardiac hypertrophy is a common consequence of many cardiovascular diseases, including aortic stenosis (AS). AS is known to increase the pressure load of the left ventricle, causing a compensative response of the cardiac muscle, which progressively will lead to dilation and heart failure. At a cellular level, this corresponds to a considerable increase in the size of cardiomyocytes, known as cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, while their proliferation capacity is attenuated upon the first developmental stages. Cardiomyocytes, in order to cope with the increased workload (overload), suffer alterations in their morphology, nuclear content, energy metabolism, intracellular homeostatic mechanisms, contractile activity, and cell death mechanisms. Moreover, modifications in the cardiomyocyte niche, involving inflammation, immune infiltration, fibrosis, and angiogenesis, contribute to the subsequent events of a pathologic hypertrophic response. Considering the emerging need for a better understanding of the condition and treatment improvement, as the only available treatment option of AS consists of surgical interventions at a late stage of the disease, when the cardiac muscle state is irreversible, large animal models have been developed to mimic the human condition, to the greatest extend. Smaller animal models lack physiological, cellular and molecular mechanisms that sufficiently resemblance humans and in vitro techniques yet fail to provide adequate complexity. Animals, such as the ferret (Mustello purtorius furo), lapine (rabbit, Oryctolagus cunigulus), feline (cat, Felis catus), canine (dog, Canis lupus familiaris), ovine (sheep, Ovis aries), and porcine (pig, Sus scrofa), have contributed to research by elucidating implicated cellular and molecular mechanisms of the condition. Essential discoveries of each model are reported and discussed briefly in this review. Results of large animal experimentation could further be interpreted aiming at prevention of the disease progress or, alternatively, at regression of the implicated pathologic mechanisms to a physiologic state. This review summarizes the important aspects of the pathophysiology of LV hypertrophy and the applied surgical large animal models that currently better mimic the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Beslika
- Cardiovascular R&D Centre—UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Adelino Leite-Moreira
- Cardiovascular R&D Centre—UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Leon J De Windt
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Paula A da Costa Martins
- Cardiovascular R&D Centre—UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
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Liu Y, Zhang H, Lin Y, Qian P, Yin Y, Zou G, Zhang J, Zhang H. Deficiency of diacylglycerol Kinase ζ promotes Beclin1-mediated autophagy via the mTOR/TFEB signaling pathway: Relevance to maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy. Int J Med Sci 2024; 21:439-453. [PMID: 38250603 PMCID: PMC10797681 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.88134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The activation Gq protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is a crucial factor contributing to maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy, and dysregulation of autophagy is implicated in its prohypertrophic effects. Previous studies have shown that diacylglycerol kinase zeta (DGKζ) can suppress cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting the diacylglycerol (DAG)-PKC pathway in response to mechanical strain or growth agonists such as endothelin-1 (ET-1). However, the involvement of DGKζ in autophagy regulation remains poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of DGKζ in autophagy regulation during maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy. We found that Beclin1-mediated autophagy was involved in the development of maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction in response to prohypertrophic challenges of transverse aortic constriction (TAC) or ET-1. Deficiency of DGKζ promoted Beclin1-mediated autophagy, aggravated adverse cardiac remodeling, and cardiac dysfunction, which could be ameliorated by genetic deletion of Beclin1 or TFEB. Mechanistically, the deficiency of DGKζ disrupted the activation of AKT/mTOR signaling, the association between mTOR and TFEB, and favored the nuclear translocation of TFEB from the cytoplasm, leading to enhanced activation of Beclin1-mediated autophagy through ULK1/Beclin1 signaling and TFEB-dependent Beclin1 transcription. Taken together, these results suggest that the mechanisms by which DGKζ alleviates pathological cardiac hypertrophy may involve the regulation of Beclin1-mediated autophagy through the mTOR/TFEB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State & NMPA Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P.R. China
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiaying University, Meizhou, 514000, P.R. China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yaxian Lin
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P.R. China
| | - Peipei Qian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State & NMPA Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Yin
- Affiliated Guangxi International Zhuang Medical Hospital, Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi, 530021, P.R. China
| | - Ganglin Zou
- Nanhai Mental Health Center, People's Hospital of Nanhai District, Foshan, 528200, P.R. China
| | - Jinxin Zhang
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Haining Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State & NMPA Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P.R. China
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Shi S, Jiang P. Therapeutic potentials of modulating autophagy in pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113967. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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The AP-1 Transcription Factor Fosl-2 Regulates Autophagy in Cardiac Fibroblasts during Myocardial Fibrogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041861. [PMID: 33668422 PMCID: PMC7917643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Pathological activation of cardiac fibroblasts is a key step in development and progression of cardiac fibrosis and heart failure. This process has been associated with enhanced autophagocytosis, but molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Methods and Results: Immunohistochemical analysis of endomyocardial biopsies showed increased activation of autophagy in fibrotic hearts of patients with inflammatory cardiomyopathy. In vitro experiments using mouse and human cardiac fibroblasts confirmed that blockade of autophagy with Bafilomycin A1 inhibited fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition induced by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. Next, we observed that cardiac fibroblasts obtained from mice overexpressing transcription factor Fos-related antigen 2 (Fosl-2tg) expressed elevated protein levels of autophagy markers: the lipid modified form of microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3B (LC3BII), Beclin-1 and autophagy related 5 (Atg5). In complementary experiments, silencing of Fosl-2 with antisense GapmeR oligonucleotides suppressed production of type I collagen, myofibroblast marker alpha smooth muscle actin and autophagy marker Beclin-1 in cardiac fibroblasts. On the other hand, silencing of either LC3B or Beclin-1 reduced Fosl-2 levels in TGF-β-activated, but not in unstimulated cells. Using a cardiac hypertrophy model induced by continuous infusion of angiotensin II with osmotic minipumps, we confirmed that mice lacking either Fosl-2 (Ccl19CreFosl2flox/flox) or Atg5 (Ccl19CreAtg5flox/flox) in stromal cells were protected from cardiac fibrosis. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that Fosl-2 regulates autophagocytosis and the TGF-β-Fosl-2-autophagy axis controls differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts. These data provide a new insight for the development of pharmaceutical targets in cardiac fibrosis.
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Bradley LA, Young A, Li H, Billcheck HO, Wolf MJ. Loss of Endogenously Cycling Adult Cardiomyocytes Worsens Myocardial Function. Circ Res 2021; 128:155-168. [PMID: 33146578 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.318277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Endogenously cycling adult cardiomyocytes increase after myocardial infarction (MI) but remain scarce and are generally thought not to contribute to myocardial function. However, this broadly held assumption has not been tested, mainly because of the lack of transgenic reporters that restrict Cre expression to adult cardiomyocytes that reenter the cell cycle. OBJECTIVE We created and validated a new transgenic mouse, αMHC (alpha myosin heavy chain)-MerDreMer-Ki67p-RoxedCre (denoted αDKRC [cardiomyocyte-specific αMHC-MerDreMer-Ki67p-RoxedCre]) that restricts Cre expression to cycling adult cardiomyocytes and uniquely integrates spatial and temporal adult cardiomyocyte cycling events based on the DNA specificities of orthologous Dre and Cre recombinases. We then created αDKRC::DTA mice that expressed an inducible diphtheria toxin in adult cycling cardiomyocytes and examined the effects of ablating these endogenously cycling cardiomyocytes on myocardial function after ischemic-reperfusion (I/R) MI. METHODS AND RESULTS A tandem αDKRC transgene was designed, validated in cultured cells, and used to make transgenic mice. The αDKRC transgene integrated between MYH6 and MYH7 and did not disrupt expression of the surrounding genes. Compared with controls, αDKRC::RLTG (Rox-Lox-tdTomato-eGFP) mice treated with Tamoxifen expressed tdTomato+ in cardiomyocytes with rare Bromodeoxyuridine+, eGFP+ cardiomyocytes, consistent with reentry of the cell cycle. We then pretreated αDKRC::RLTG mice with Tamoxifen to activate the reporter before sham or reperfusion (I/R) MI surgeries. Compared with Sham surgery, the I/R MI group had increased single and paired eGFP+ (enhanced green fluorescent protein)+ cardiomyocytes predominantly in the border zones (5.8±0.5 versus 3.3±0.3 cardiomyocytes per 10-micron section, N=8-9 mice per group, n=16-24 sections per mouse), indicative of cycled cardiomyocytes. The single to paired eGFP+ cardiomyocyte ratio was ≈9 to 1 (5.2±0.4 single versus 0.6±0.2 paired cardiomyocytes) in the I/R MI group after MI, suggesting that cycling cardiomyocytes were more likely to undergo polyploidy than replication. The ablation of endogenously cycling adult cardiomyocytes in αDKRC::DTA (diphtheria) mice caused progressive worsening left ventricular chamber size and function after I/R MI, compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Although scarce, endogenously cycling adult cardiomyocytes contribute to myocardial function after injury, suggesting that these cells may be physiologically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh A Bradley
- Department of Medicine (L.A.B., A.Y., H.L., H.O.B., M.J.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (L.A.B., A.Y., H.L., H.O.B., M.J.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Alexander Young
- Department of Medicine (L.A.B., A.Y., H.L., H.O.B., M.J.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (L.A.B., A.Y., H.L., H.O.B., M.J.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Hongbin Li
- Department of Medicine (L.A.B., A.Y., H.L., H.O.B., M.J.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (L.A.B., A.Y., H.L., H.O.B., M.J.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Helen O Billcheck
- Department of Medicine (L.A.B., A.Y., H.L., H.O.B., M.J.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (L.A.B., A.Y., H.L., H.O.B., M.J.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Matthew J Wolf
- Department of Medicine (L.A.B., A.Y., H.L., H.O.B., M.J.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (L.A.B., A.Y., H.L., H.O.B., M.J.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
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Nandi SS, Katsurada K, Sharma NM, Anderson DR, Mahata SK, Patel KP. MMP9 inhibition increases autophagic flux in chronic heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319:H1414-H1437. [PMID: 33064567 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00032.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Increased matrix metalloprotease 9 (MMP9) after myocardial infarction (MI) exacerbates ischemia-induced chronic heart failure (CHF). Autophagy is cardioprotective during CHF; however, whether increased MMP9 suppresses autophagic activity in CHF is unknown. This study aimed to determine whether increased MMP9 suppressed autophagic flux and MMP9 inhibition increased autophagic flux in the heart of rats with post-MI CHF. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent either sham surgery or coronary artery ligation 6-8 wk before being treated with MMP9 inhibitor for 7 days, followed by cardiac autophagic flux measurement with lysosomal inhibitor bafilomycin A1. Furthermore, autophagic flux was measured in vitro by treating H9c2 cardiomyocytes with two independent pharmacological MMP9 inhibitors, salvianolic acid B (SalB) and MMP9 inhibitor-I, and CRISPR/cas9-mediated MMP9 genetic ablation. CHF rats showed cardiac infarct, significantly increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), and increased MMP9 activity and fibrosis in the peri-infarct areas of left ventricular myocardium. Measurement of the autophagic markers LC3B-II and p62 with lysosomal inhibition showed decreased autophagic flux in the peri-infarct myocardium. Treatment with SalB for 7 days in CHF rats decreased MMP9 activity and cardiac fibrosis but increased autophagic flux in the peri-infarct myocardium. As an in vitro corollary study, measurement of autophagic flux in H9c2 cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts showed that pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation of MMP9 upregulates autophagic flux. These data are consistent with our observations that MMP9 inhibition upregulates autophagic flux in the heart of rats with CHF. In conclusion, the results in this study suggest that the beneficial outcome of MMP9 inhibition in pathological cardiac remodeling is in part mediated by improved autophagic flux.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study elucidates that the improved cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and cardioprotective effect of matrix metalloprotease 9 (MMP9) inhibition in chronic heart failure (CHF) are via increased autophagic flux. Autophagy is cardioprotective; however, the mechanism of autophagy suppression in CHF is unknown. We for the first time demonstrated here that increased MMP9 suppressed cardiac autophagy and ablation of MMP9 increased cardiac autophagic flux in CHF rats. Restoring the physiological level of autophagy in the failing heart is a challenge, and our study addressed this challenge. The novelty and highlights of this report are as follows: 1) MMP9 regulates cardiomyocyte and fibroblast autophagy, 2) MMP9 inhibition protects CHF after myocardial infarction (MI) via increased cardiac autophagic flux, 3) MMP9 inhibition increased cardiac autophagy via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)α, Beclin-1, Atg7 pathway and suppressed mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam S Nandi
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Kenichi Katsurada
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Neeru M Sharma
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Daniel R Anderson
- Department of Cardiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Sushil K Mahata
- Department of Medicine, Metabolic Physiology and Ultrastructural Biology Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, California.,Department of Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Kaushik P Patel
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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Chen X, Wu J, Guo S, Mo H, Zhan T, Li F, Wang H, Feng P, Wei L. Cardioprotective effect of Yiqi Huoxue granule through regulation of mitophagy after myocardial infarction in rats. JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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8
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The Class III PI3K/Beclin-1 Autophagic Pathway Participates in the mmLDL-Induced Upregulation of ET A Receptor in Mouse Mesenteric Arteries. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2020; 2020:5070436. [PMID: 32309807 PMCID: PMC7152935 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5070436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimally modified low-density lipoprotein (mmLDL) is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The current study explored the effect of mmLDL on the endothelin type A (ETA) receptor in mouse mesenteric arteries in vivo, as well as the role of autophagy in this process. mmLDL was injected via the caudal vein, and the Class III PI3K autophagic pathway inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) was injected intraperitoneally. The animals were divided into physiological saline (NS), mmLDL, and mmLDL + 3-MA groups. The dose-effect curve of endothelin-1- (ET-1-) induced mesenteric artery contraction was measured using myography, while ETA receptor mRNA expression was detected using real-time polymerase chain reactions, and the protein levels of the ETA receptor, class III PI3K, Beclin-1, LC3 II/I, p62, NF-κB, and p-NF-κB were observed using Western blot analysis. mmLDL significantly strengthened ET-1-induced contraction (the Emax value increased from 184.87 ± 7.46% in the NS group to 319.91 ± 20.31% in the mmLDL group (P < 0.001), and the pEC50 value increased from 8.05 ± 0.05 to 9.11 ± 0.09 (P < 0.01). In addition to upregulating the protein levels of Class III PI3K, Beclin-1, and LC3 II/I and downregulating that of p62, mmLDL significantly increased the mRNA expression and protein level of the ETA receptor and increased the protein level of p-NF-κB. However, these effects were significantly inhibited by 3-MA. mmLDL activates autophagy via the Class III PI3K/Beclin-1 pathway and upregulates the ETA receptor via the downstream NF-κB pathway. Understanding the effect of mmLDL on the ETA receptor and the underlying mechanisms may provide a new idea for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Chávez MN, Morales RA, López-Crisosto C, Roa JC, Allende ML, Lavandero S. Autophagy Activation in Zebrafish Heart Regeneration. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2191. [PMID: 32042056 PMCID: PMC7010704 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59106-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that plays a key role in the maintenance of overall cellular health. While it has been suggested that autophagy may elicit cardioprotective and pro-survival modulating functions, excessive activation of autophagy can also be detrimental. In this regard, the zebrafish is considered a hallmark model for vertebrate regeneration, since contrary to adult mammals, it is able to faithfully regenerate cardiac tissue. Interestingly, the role that autophagy may play in zebrafish heart regeneration has not been studied yet. In the present work, we hypothesize that, in the context of a well-established injury model of ventricular apex resection, autophagy plays a critical role during cardiac regeneration and its regulation can directly affect the zebrafish regenerative potential. We studied the autophagy events occurring upon injury using electron microscopy, in vivo tracking of autophagy markers, and protein analysis. Additionally, using pharmacological tools, we investigated how rapamycin, an inducer of autophagy, affects regeneration relevant processes. Our results show that a tightly regulated autophagic response is triggered upon injury and during the early stages of the regeneration process. Furthermore, treatment with rapamycin caused an impairment in the cardiac regeneration outcome. These findings are reminiscent of the pathophysiological description of an injured human heart and hence put forward the zebrafish as a model to study the poorly understood double-sword effect that autophagy has in cardiac homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myra N Chávez
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS) & Corporación Centro de Estudios Científicos de las Enfermedades Crónicas (CECEC), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Genome Regulation (CGR), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Morales
- Center for Genome Regulation (CGR), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila López-Crisosto
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS) & Corporación Centro de Estudios Científicos de las Enfermedades Crónicas (CECEC), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Roa
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel L Allende
- Center for Genome Regulation (CGR), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS) & Corporación Centro de Estudios Científicos de las Enfermedades Crónicas (CECEC), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA.
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Duque TLA, Cascabulho CM, Oliveira GM, Henriques-Pons A, Menna-Barreto RFS. Rapamycin Treatment Reduces Acute Myocarditis Induced by Trypanosoma cruzi Infection. J Innate Immun 2019; 12:321-332. [PMID: 31801138 DOI: 10.1159/000504322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease affects millions of people mainly in Latin America and is a protozoan illness caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Chagasic cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of mortality of infected patients, due to compromised electrical and mechanical cardiac function induced by tissue remodeling, especially fibrosis, and lymphocytic infiltration. Some cellular biochemical pathways can be protective to the heart, and we tested if the in vivo activation of the autophagic machinery by rapamycin could reduce parasite-induced myocarditis. Regarding the expression of LC3, an autophagy marker, we observed its upregulation in the cardiac tissue of infected untreated mice. However, after rapamycin treatment, an autophagy inducer, infected mice showed reduced electrical cardiac dysfunctions, myocarditis, cardiac damage, and reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by the heart. On the other hand, the parasite's life cycle was not affected, and we observed no modulations in cardiac tissue or blood parasitemia. Our data indicate that, at least partially, autophagy induction controls inflammation in the heart¸ illustrating the complexity of the pathways that concur to the development of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabata L A Duque
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cynthia M Cascabulho
- Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriel M Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andrea Henriques-Pons
- Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Peña-Oyarzun D, Bravo-Sagua R, Diaz-Vega A, Aleman L, Chiong M, Garcia L, Bambs C, Troncoso R, Cifuentes M, Morselli E, Ferreccio C, Quest AFG, Criollo A, Lavandero S. Autophagy and oxidative stress in non-communicable diseases: A matter of the inflammatory state? Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 124:61-78. [PMID: 29859344 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, are long-lasting conditions that affect millions of people around the world. Different factors contribute to their genesis and progression; however they share common features, which are critical for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. A persistently altered inflammatory response is typically observed in many NCDs together with redox imbalance. Additionally, dysregulated proteostasis, mainly derived as a consequence of compromised autophagy, is a common feature of several chronic diseases. In this review, we discuss the crosstalk among inflammation, autophagy and oxidative stress, and how they participate in the progression of chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, obesity and type II diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Peña-Oyarzun
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas (ICOD), Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Bravo-Sagua
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis Diaz-Vega
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Studies of Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer Studies (CEMC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Larissa Aleman
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Chiong
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Studies of Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer Studies (CEMC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena Garcia
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Studies of Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer Studies (CEMC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Bambs
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Troncoso
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mariana Cifuentes
- Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Studies of Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer Studies (CEMC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eugenia Morselli
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catterina Ferreccio
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrew F G Quest
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Studies of Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer Studies (CEMC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfredo Criollo
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas (ICOD), Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Studies of Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer Studies (CEMC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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12
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Xiao Y, Yang Z, Wu QQ, Jiang XH, Yuan Y, Chang W, Bian ZY, Zhu JX, Tang QZ. Cucurbitacin B Protects Against Pressure Overload Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:3899-3910. [PMID: 28390176 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lack of effective anti-cardiac hypertrophy drugs creates a major cause for the increasing prevalence of heart failure. In the present study, we determined the anti-hypertrophy and anti-fibrosis potential of a natural plant triterpenoid, Cucurbitacin B both in vitro and in vivo. Aortic banding (AB) was performed to induce cardiac hypertrophy. After 1 week of surgery, mice were receive cucurbitacin B treatment (Gavage, 0.2 mg/kg body weight/2 day). After 4 weeks of AB, cucurbitacin B demonstrated a strong anti-hypertrophy and -fibrosis ability as evidenced by decreased of heart weight, myocardial cell cross-sectional area and interstitial fibrosis, ameliorated of systolic and diastolic abnormalities, normalized in gene expression of hypertrophic and fibrotic markers, reserved microvascular density in pressure overload induced hypertrophic mice. Cucurbitacin B also showed significant hypertrophy inhibitory effect in phenylephrine stimulated cardiomyocytes. The Cucurbitacin B-mediated mitigated cardiac hypertrophy was attributable to the increasing level of autophagy, which was associated with the blockade of Akt/mTOR/FoxO3a signal pathway, validated by SC79, MK2206, and 3-MA, the Akt agonist, inhibitor and autophagy inhibitor in vitro. The overexpression of constitutively active Akt completely abolished the Cucurbitacin B-mediated protection of cardiac hypertrophy in human cardiomyocytes AC16. Collectively, our findings suggest that cucurbitacin B protects against cardiac hypertrophy through increasing the autophagy level in cardiomyocytes, which is associated with the inhibition of Akt/mTOR/FoxO3a signal axis. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3899-3910, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, PR China
| | - Zheng Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, PR China
| | - Qing-Qing Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, PR China
| | - Xiao-Han Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, PR China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, PR China
| | - Wei Chang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, PR China
| | - Zhou Yan Bian
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, PR China
| | - Jin Xiu Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, PR China
| | - Qi-Zhu Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, PR China
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13
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Li L, Xu J, He L, Peng L, Zhong Q, Chen L, Jiang Z. The role of autophagy in cardiac hypertrophy. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:491-500. [PMID: 27084518 PMCID: PMC4913516 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmw025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is conserved in nature from lower eukaryotes to mammals and is an important self-cannibalizing, degradative process that contributes to the elimination of superfluous materials. Cardiac hypertrophy is primarily characterized by excess protein synthesis, increased cardiomyocyte size, and thickened ventricular walls and is a major risk factor that promotes arrhythmia and heart failure. In recent years, cardiomyocyte autophagy has been considered to play a role in controlling the hypertrophic response. However, the beneficial or aggravating role of cardiomyocyte autophagy in cardiac hypertrophy remains controversial. The exact mechanism of cardiomyocyte autophagy in cardiac hypertrophy requires further study. In this review, we summarize the controversies associated with autophagy in cardiac hypertrophy and provide insights into the role of autophagy in the development of cardiac hypertrophy. We conclude that future studies should emphasize the relationship between autophagy and the different stages of cardiac hypertrophy, as well as the autophagic flux and selective autophagy. Autophagy will be a potential therapeutic target for cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanfang Li
- Post-Doctoral Mobile Stations for Basic Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China Hunan Children's Hospital and School of Pediatrics, University of South China, Changsha 410007, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Lu He
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Lijun Peng
- Post-Doctoral Mobile Stations for Basic Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China Hunan Children's Hospital and School of Pediatrics, University of South China, Changsha 410007, China
| | - Qiaoqing Zhong
- Post-Doctoral Mobile Stations for Basic Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Linxi Chen
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Zhisheng Jiang
- Post-Doctoral Mobile Stations for Basic Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
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14
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Cho GW, Altamirano F, Hill JA. Chronic heart failure: Ca(2+), catabolism, and catastrophic cell death. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:763-777. [PMID: 26775029 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Robust successes have been achieved in recent years in conquering the acutely lethal manifestations of heart disease. Many patients who previously would have died now survive to enjoy happy and productive lives. Nevertheless, the devastating impact of heart disease continues unabated, as the spectrum of disease has evolved with new manifestations. In light of this ever-evolving challenge, insights that culminate in novel therapeutic targets are urgently needed. Here, we review fundamental mechanisms of heart failure, both with reduced (HFrEF) and preserved (HFpEF) ejection fraction. We discuss pathways that regulate cardiomyocyte remodeling and turnover, focusing on Ca(2+) signaling, autophagy, and apoptosis. In particular, we highlight recent insights pointing to novel connections among these events. We also explore mechanisms whereby potential therapeutic approaches targeting these processes may improve morbidity and mortality in the devastating syndrome of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey W Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Francisco Altamirano
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Joseph A Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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15
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A2 Adenosine Receptor-mediated Cardioprotection Against Reperfusion Injury in Rat Hearts Is Associated With Autophagy Downregulation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2015; 66:25-34. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele G Schiattarella
- From Departments of Internal Medicine (Cardiology) (G.G.S., J.A.H.) and Molecular Biology (J.A.H.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Joseph A Hill
- From Departments of Internal Medicine (Cardiology) (G.G.S., J.A.H.) and Molecular Biology (J.A.H.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.
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17
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Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic recycling pathway triggered by various intra- or extracellular stimuli that is conserved from yeast to mammals. During autophagy, diverse cytosolic constituents are enveloped by double-membrane vesicles, autophagosomes, which later fuse with lysosomes or the vacuole to degrade their cargo. Dysregulation in autophagy is associated with a diverse range of pathologies including cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death in the world. As such, there is great interest in identifying novel mechanisms that govern the cardiovascular response to disease-related stress. First described in failing hearts, autophagy within the cardiovascular system has been characterized widely in cardiomyocytes, cardiac fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. In all cases, a window of optimal autophagic activity seems to be critical to the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis and function; excessive or insufficient levels of autophagic flux can each contribute to heart disease pathogenesis. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms that govern autophagosome formation and analyze the link between autophagy and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damián Gatica
- From the Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, and Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.G., D.J.K.); Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS) and Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell (CEMC), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile (M.C., S.L.); and Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (S.L.)
| | - Mario Chiong
- From the Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, and Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.G., D.J.K.); Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS) and Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell (CEMC), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile (M.C., S.L.); and Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (S.L.)
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- From the Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, and Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.G., D.J.K.); Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS) and Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell (CEMC), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile (M.C., S.L.); and Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (S.L.)
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- From the Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, and Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.G., D.J.K.); Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS) and Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell (CEMC), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile (M.C., S.L.); and Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (S.L.).
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18
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Ma L, Li Y. SIRT1: role in cardiovascular biology. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 440:8-15. [PMID: 25444742 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
SIRT1 (silent information regulator two protein) is a type III protein deacetylase that regulates a variety of important metabolic and physiologic processes including stress resistance, metabolism, apoptosis and energy balance. It reverses cholesterol transport and reduces risk for development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. The following review highlights the potential role of SIRT1 on cardiovascular biology and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ma
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China.
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19
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Chen CY, Hsu HC, Chen MF. The reduced autophagic response by oxidative stress in angiotensin II-induced hypertrophic H9C2 cells causes more apoptotic cell death. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1688-98. [DOI: 10.1177/1535370214542071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an important process in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, and angiotensin II (Ang II) plays a causative role in the induction of cardiomyocyte autophagy. The purpose of this study was to explore whether, under conditions of oxidative stress, levels and types of cell death were different in untreated and Ang II-treated cardiomyocytes (H9C2 cells). Treatment with 20 µM Ang II induced cardiac hypertrophy in H9C2 cells, with increased expression of the hypertrophic markers c-Fos, ß-myosin heavy chain, atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), and brain natriuretic factor (BNF). Under normal conditions, there was no difference in the levels of autophagic vacuoles and apoptotic bodies in untreated and Ang II-treated H9C2 cells. However, oxidative stress generated by 100 µM H2O2 triggered autophagy in untreated control cells, but had a reduced effect in Ang II-induced hypertrophic cells, resulting in more cell death, and this was associated with a decrease in connexin 43 expression. Blocking this autophagic response with 3-methyladenine resulted in a significant increase in cell death and apoptosis of H9C2 cells but did not significantly affect the response of Ang II-treated cells. The autophagic response to 100 µM H2O2 provides a survival advantage for cells and this is reduced by Ang II treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yi Chen
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10672, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ching Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10672, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Fong Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10672, Taiwan
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20
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Lee E, Koo Y, Ng A, Wei Y, Luby-Phelps K, Juraszek A, Xavier RJ, Cleaver O, Levine B, Amatruda JF. Autophagy is essential for cardiac morphogenesis during vertebrate development. Autophagy 2014; 10:572-87. [PMID: 24441423 DOI: 10.4161/auto.27649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic analyses indicate that autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal degradation pathway, is essential for eukaryotic differentiation and development. However, little is known about whether autophagy contributes to morphogenesis during embryogenesis. To address this question, we examined the role of autophagy in the early development of zebrafish, a model organism for studying vertebrate tissue and organ morphogenesis. Using zebrafish that transgenically express the fluorescent autophagy reporter protein, GFP-LC3, we found that autophagy is active in multiple tissues, including the heart, during the embryonic period. Inhibition of autophagy by morpholino knockdown of essential autophagy genes (including atg5, atg7, and becn1) resulted in defects in morphogenesis, increased numbers of dead cells, abnormal heart structure, and reduced organismal survival. Further analyses of cardiac development in autophagy-deficient zebrafish revealed defects in cardiac looping, abnormal chamber morphology, aberrant valve development, and ectopic expression of critical transcription factors including foxn4, tbx5, and tbx2. Consistent with these results, Atg5-deficient mice displayed abnormal Tbx2 expression and defects in valve development and chamber septation. Thus, autophagy plays an essential, conserved role in cardiac morphogenesis during vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunmyong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
| | - Yeon Koo
- Department of Molecular Biology; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
| | - Aylwin Ng
- Center for Computational & Integrative Biology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, MA USA; Gastrointestinal Unit; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, MA USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT; Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Yongjie Wei
- Department of Internal Medicine; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA; Center for Autophagy Research; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
| | - Kate Luby-Phelps
- Department of Cell Biology; UT Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
| | - Amy Juraszek
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Center for Computational & Integrative Biology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, MA USA; Gastrointestinal Unit; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, MA USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT; Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Ondine Cleaver
- Department of Molecular Biology; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
| | - Beth Levine
- Department of Internal Medicine; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA; Center for Autophagy Research; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA; Department of Microbiology; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
| | - James F Amatruda
- Department of Internal Medicine; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA; Department of Molecular Biology; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA; Department of Pediatrics; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
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21
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Kolwicz SC, Purohit S, Tian R. Cardiac metabolism and its interactions with contraction, growth, and survival of cardiomyocytes. Circ Res 2013; 113:603-16. [PMID: 23948585 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.302095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The network for cardiac fuel metabolism contains intricate sets of interacting pathways that result in both ATP-producing and non-ATP-producing end points for each class of energy substrates. The most salient feature of the network is the metabolic flexibility demonstrated in response to various stimuli, including developmental changes and nutritional status. The heart is also capable of remodeling the metabolic pathways in chronic pathophysiological conditions, which results in modulations of myocardial energetics and contractile function. In a quest to understand the complexity of the cardiac metabolic network, pharmacological and genetic tools have been engaged to manipulate cardiac metabolism in a variety of research models. In concert, a host of therapeutic interventions have been tested clinically to target substrate preference, insulin sensitivity, and mitochondrial function. In addition, the contribution of cellular metabolism to growth, survival, and other signaling pathways through the production of metabolic intermediates has been increasingly noted. In this review, we provide an overview of the cardiac metabolic network and highlight alterations observed in cardiac pathologies as well as strategies used as metabolic therapies in heart failure. Lastly, the ability of metabolic derivatives to intersect growth and survival are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Kolwicz
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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22
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Duygu B, Poels EM, da Costa Martins PA. Genetics and epigenetics of arrhythmia and heart failure. Front Genet 2013; 4:219. [PMID: 24198825 PMCID: PMC3812794 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is the end stage of several pathological cardiac conditions including myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy and hypertension. Various molecular and cellular mechanisms are involved in the development of HF. At the molecular level, the onset of HF is associated with reprogramming of gene expression, including downregulation of the alpha-myosin heavy chain (α-MHC) gene and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ ATPase genes and reactivation of specific fetal cardiac genes such as atrial natriuretic factor and brain natriuretic peptide. These deviations in gene expression result in structural and electrophysiological changes, which eventually progress to HF. Cardiac arrhythmia is caused by altered conduction properties of the heart, which may arise in response to ischemia, inflammation, fibrosis, aging or from genetic factors. Because changes in the gene transcription program may have crucial consequences as deteriorated cardiac function, understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the process has become a priority in the field. In this context, various studies besides having identified different DNA methylation patterns in HF patients, have also focused on specific disease processes and their underlying mechanisms, also introducing new concepts such as epigenomics. This review highlights specific genetic mutations associated with the onset and progression of HF, also providing an introduction to epigenetic mechanisms such as histone modifications, DNA methylation and RNA-based modification, and highlights the relation between epigenetics, arrhythmogenesis and HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Duygu
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Maastricht, Netherlands
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23
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Willis MS, Min JN, Wang S, McDonough H, Lockyer P, Wadosky KM, Patterson C. Carboxyl terminus of Hsp70-interacting protein (CHIP) is required to modulate cardiac hypertrophy and attenuate autophagy during exercise. Cell Biochem Funct 2013; 31:724-35. [PMID: 23553918 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The carboxyl terminus of Hsp70-interacting protein (CHIP) is a ubiquitin ligase/cochaperone critical for the maintenance of cardiac function. Mice lacking CHIP (CHIP-/-) suffer decreased survival, enhanced myocardial injury and increased arrhythmias compared with wild-type controls following challenge with cardiac ischaemia reperfusion injury. Recent evidence implicates a role for CHIP in chaperone-assisted selective autophagy, a process that is associated with exercise-induced cardioprotection. To determine whether CHIP is involved in cardiac autophagy, we challenged CHIP-/- mice with voluntary exercise. CHIP-/- mice respond to exercise with an enhanced autophagic response that is associated with an exaggerated cardiac hypertrophy phenotype. No impairment of function was identified in the CHIP-/- mice by serial echocardiography over the 5 weeks of running, indicating that the cardiac hypertrophy was physiologic not pathologic in nature. It was further determined that CHIP plays a role in inhibiting Akt signalling and autophagy determined by autophagic flux in cardiomyocytes and in the intact heart. Taken together, cardiac CHIP appears to play a role in regulating autophagy during the development of cardiac hypertrophy, possibly by its role in supporting Akt signalling, induced by voluntary running in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monte S Willis
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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24
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Hill JA. Hypertrophic reprogramming of the left ventricle: translation to the ECG. J Electrocardiol 2012; 45:624-9. [PMID: 22999493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Hypertrophic growth of the heart occurs in many clinical scenarios, and it confers substantially increased risk of untoward sequelae. Among them, transition to ventricular dilation, wall thinning, contractile dysfunction, and a clinical syndrome of heart failure are paramount. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is typically diagnosed by either electrocardiography or echocardiography. However, these two means of assessing hypertrophic transformation of the left ventricle can sometimes disagree. At one level, this may not be surprising as the two methodologies are based on entirely divergent signals: electrical potential between two places on the surface of the skin and ultrasound energy reflected from the ventricle itself. Echocardiography is an effective means of assessing ventricular mass, which is a cardinal feature of LVH. Importantly, however, LVH is characterized by a wide range of remodeling events beyond simple increases in muscle mass. Electrocardiographic changes in LVH are reflective of the electrophysiological aspects of hypertrophic transformation. Here, I present an overview of the complex biology of left ventricular hypertrophy with an eye toward enhancing our understanding of its ECG manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA.
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