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Lota AS, Hazebroek MR, Theotokis P, Wassall R, Salmi S, Halliday BP, Tayal U, Verdonschot J, Meena D, Owen R, de Marvao A, Iacob A, Yazdani M, Hammersley DJ, Jones RE, Wage R, Buchan R, Vivian F, Hafouda Y, Noseda M, Gregson J, Mittal T, Wong J, Robertus JL, Baksi AJ, Vassiliou V, Tzoulaki I, Pantazis A, Cleland JG, Barton PJ, Cook SA, Pennell DJ, Garcia-Pavia P, Cooper LT, Heymans S, Ware JS, Prasad SK. Genetic Architecture of Acute Myocarditis and the Overlap With Inherited Cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2022; 146:1123-1134. [PMID: 36154167 PMCID: PMC9555763 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.121.058457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute myocarditis is an inflammatory condition that may herald the onset of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) or arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM). We investigated the frequency and clinical consequences of DCM and ACM genetic variants in a population-based cohort of patients with acute myocarditis. METHODS This was a population-based cohort of 336 consecutive patients with acute myocarditis enrolled in London and Maastricht. All participants underwent targeted DNA sequencing for well-characterized cardiomyopathy-associated genes with comparison to healthy controls (n=1053) sequenced on the same platform. Case ascertainment in England was assessed against national hospital admission data. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. RESULTS Variants that would be considered pathogenic if found in a patient with DCM or ACM were identified in 8% of myocarditis cases compared with <1% of healthy controls (P=0.0097). In the London cohort (n=230; median age, 33 years; 84% men), patients were representative of national myocarditis admissions (median age, 32 years; 71% men; 66% case ascertainment), and there was enrichment of rare truncating variants (tv) in ACM-associated genes (3.1% of cases versus 0.4% of controls; odds ratio, 8.2; P=0.001). This was driven predominantly by DSP-tv in patients with normal LV ejection fraction and ventricular arrhythmia. In Maastricht (n=106; median age, 54 years; 61% men), there was enrichment of rare truncating variants in DCM-associated genes, particularly TTN-tv, found in 7% (all with left ventricular ejection fraction <50%) compared with 1% in controls (odds ratio, 3.6; P=0.0116). Across both cohorts over a median of 5.0 years (interquartile range, 3.9-7.8 years), all-cause mortality was 5.4%. Two-thirds of deaths were cardiovascular, attributable to worsening heart failure (92%) or sudden cardiac death (8%). The 5-year mortality risk was 3.3% in genotype-negative patients versus 11.1% for genotype-positive patients (Padjusted=0.08). CONCLUSIONS We identified DCM- or ACM-associated genetic variants in 8% of patients with acute myocarditis. This was dominated by the identification of DSP-tv in those with normal left ventricular ejection fraction and TTN-tv in those with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. Despite differences between cohorts, these variants have clinical implications for treatment, risk stratification, and family screening. Genetic counseling and testing should be considered in patients with acute myocarditis to help reassure the majority while improving the management of those with an underlying genetic variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit S. Lota
- National Heart & Lung Institute (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., M.N., J.L.R., A.P., J.G.F.C., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.), Imperial College London, UK
- Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., F.V., Y.H., T.M., J.W., J.L.R., A.J.B., A.P., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.)
| | - Mark R. Hazebroek
- Centre for Heart Failure Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands (M.R.H., J.V., S.H.)
| | - Pantazis Theotokis
- National Heart & Lung Institute (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., M.N., J.L.R., A.P., J.G.F.C., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.), Imperial College London, UK
- Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., F.V., Y.H., T.M., J.W., J.L.R., A.J.B., A.P., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.)
| | - Rebecca Wassall
- National Heart & Lung Institute (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., M.N., J.L.R., A.P., J.G.F.C., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.), Imperial College London, UK
- Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., F.V., Y.H., T.M., J.W., J.L.R., A.J.B., A.P., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.)
| | - Sara Salmi
- National Heart & Lung Institute (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., M.N., J.L.R., A.P., J.G.F.C., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.), Imperial College London, UK
- Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., F.V., Y.H., T.M., J.W., J.L.R., A.J.B., A.P., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.)
| | - Brian P. Halliday
- National Heart & Lung Institute (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., M.N., J.L.R., A.P., J.G.F.C., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.), Imperial College London, UK
- Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., F.V., Y.H., T.M., J.W., J.L.R., A.J.B., A.P., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.)
| | - Upasana Tayal
- National Heart & Lung Institute (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., M.N., J.L.R., A.P., J.G.F.C., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.), Imperial College London, UK
- Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., F.V., Y.H., T.M., J.W., J.L.R., A.J.B., A.P., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.)
| | - Job Verdonschot
- Centre for Heart Failure Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands (M.R.H., J.V., S.H.)
| | - Devendra Meena
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health (D.M., I.T.), Imperial College London, UK
| | - Ruth Owen
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK (R.O., J.G.)
| | - Antonio de Marvao
- National Heart & Lung Institute (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., M.N., J.L.R., A.P., J.G.F.C., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.), Imperial College London, UK
- Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., F.V., Y.H., T.M., J.W., J.L.R., A.J.B., A.P., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.)
| | - Alma Iacob
- National Heart & Lung Institute (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., M.N., J.L.R., A.P., J.G.F.C., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.), Imperial College London, UK
- Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., F.V., Y.H., T.M., J.W., J.L.R., A.J.B., A.P., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.)
| | - Momina Yazdani
- National Heart & Lung Institute (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., M.N., J.L.R., A.P., J.G.F.C., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.), Imperial College London, UK
- Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., F.V., Y.H., T.M., J.W., J.L.R., A.J.B., A.P., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.)
| | - Daniel J. Hammersley
- National Heart & Lung Institute (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., M.N., J.L.R., A.P., J.G.F.C., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.), Imperial College London, UK
- Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., F.V., Y.H., T.M., J.W., J.L.R., A.J.B., A.P., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.)
| | - Richard E. Jones
- National Heart & Lung Institute (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., M.N., J.L.R., A.P., J.G.F.C., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.), Imperial College London, UK
- Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., F.V., Y.H., T.M., J.W., J.L.R., A.J.B., A.P., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.)
| | - Riccardo Wage
- National Heart & Lung Institute (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., M.N., J.L.R., A.P., J.G.F.C., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.), Imperial College London, UK
- Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., F.V., Y.H., T.M., J.W., J.L.R., A.J.B., A.P., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.)
| | - Rachel Buchan
- National Heart & Lung Institute (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., M.N., J.L.R., A.P., J.G.F.C., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.), Imperial College London, UK
- Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., F.V., Y.H., T.M., J.W., J.L.R., A.J.B., A.P., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.)
| | - Fredrik Vivian
- Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., F.V., Y.H., T.M., J.W., J.L.R., A.J.B., A.P., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.)
| | - Yakeen Hafouda
- Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., F.V., Y.H., T.M., J.W., J.L.R., A.J.B., A.P., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.)
| | - Michela Noseda
- National Heart & Lung Institute (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., M.N., J.L.R., A.P., J.G.F.C., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.), Imperial College London, UK
| | - John Gregson
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK (R.O., J.G.)
| | - Tarun Mittal
- Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., F.V., Y.H., T.M., J.W., J.L.R., A.J.B., A.P., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.)
| | - Joyce Wong
- Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., F.V., Y.H., T.M., J.W., J.L.R., A.J.B., A.P., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.)
| | - Jan Lukas Robertus
- National Heart & Lung Institute (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., M.N., J.L.R., A.P., J.G.F.C., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.), Imperial College London, UK
- Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., F.V., Y.H., T.M., J.W., J.L.R., A.J.B., A.P., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.)
| | - A. John Baksi
- Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., F.V., Y.H., T.M., J.W., J.L.R., A.J.B., A.P., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.)
| | - Vassilios Vassiliou
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital and University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK (V.V.)
| | - Ioanna Tzoulaki
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health (D.M., I.T.), Imperial College London, UK
| | - Antonis Pantazis
- National Heart & Lung Institute (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., M.N., J.L.R., A.P., J.G.F.C., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.), Imperial College London, UK
- Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., F.V., Y.H., T.M., J.W., J.L.R., A.J.B., A.P., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.)
| | - John G.F. Cleland
- National Heart & Lung Institute (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., M.N., J.L.R., A.P., J.G.F.C., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.), Imperial College London, UK
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, UK (J.G.F.C.)
| | - Paul J.R. Barton
- National Heart & Lung Institute (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., M.N., J.L.R., A.P., J.G.F.C., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.), Imperial College London, UK
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (P.J.R.B., S.A.C., J.S.W.), Imperial College London, UK
- Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., F.V., Y.H., T.M., J.W., J.L.R., A.J.B., A.P., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.)
| | - Stuart A. Cook
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (P.J.R.B., S.A.C., J.S.W.), Imperial College London, UK
- National Heart Centre Singapore and Duke-National University of Singapore (S.A.C.)
| | - Dudley J. Pennell
- National Heart & Lung Institute (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., M.N., J.L.R., A.P., J.G.F.C., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.), Imperial College London, UK
- Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., F.V., Y.H., T.M., J.W., J.L.R., A.J.B., A.P., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.)
| | - Pablo Garcia-Pavia
- Heart Failure and Inherited Cardiac Diseases Unit, Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain (P.G.-P.)
- Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Spain (P.G.-P.)
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (P.G.-P.)
| | - Leslie T. Cooper
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (L.T.C.)
| | - Stephane Heymans
- Centre for Heart Failure Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands (M.R.H., J.V., S.H.)
| | - James S. Ware
- National Heart & Lung Institute (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., M.N., J.L.R., A.P., J.G.F.C., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.), Imperial College London, UK
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (P.J.R.B., S.A.C., J.S.W.), Imperial College London, UK
- Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., F.V., Y.H., T.M., J.W., J.L.R., A.J.B., A.P., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.)
| | - Sanjay K. Prasad
- National Heart & Lung Institute (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., M.N., J.L.R., A.P., J.G.F.C., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.), Imperial College London, UK
- Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.S.L., P.T., R.W., S.S., B.P.H., U.T., A.d.M., A.I., M.Y., M.J.H., R.E.J., R.W., R.B., F.V., Y.H., T.M., J.W., J.L.R., A.J.B., A.P., P.J.R.B., D.J.P., J.S.W., S.K.P.)
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