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Wang L, Wang X, Li G, Zhou S, Wang R, Long Q, Wang M, Li L, Huang H, Ba Y. Emodin ameliorates renal injury and fibrosis via regulating the miR-490-3p/HMGA2 axis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1042093. [PMID: 36937888 PMCID: PMC10020706 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1042093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a major pathological feature of chronic kidney disease (CKD). While emodin is reported to elicit anti-fibrotic effects on renal injury, little is known about its effects on microRNA (miRNA)-modulated mechanisms in renal fibrosis. In this study, we established a unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model and a transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced normal rat renal tubular epithelial cell line (NRK-52E) model to investigate the protective effects of emodin on renal fibrosis and its miRNA/target gene mechanisms. Dual-luciferase assay was performed to confirm the direct binding of miRNA and target genes in HEK293 cells. Results showed that oral administration of emodin significantly ameliorated the loss of body weight and the increase in physicochemical parameters, including serum uric acid, creatinine, and urea nitrogen in UUO mice. Inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and interleukin (IL)-1β, but not IL-6, were down-regulated by emodin administration. Emodin decreased the expression levels of TGF-β1 and fibrotic-related proteins, including alpha-smooth muscle actin, Collagen IV, and Fibronectin, and increased the expression of E-cadherin. Furthermore, miR-490-3p was decreased in UUO mice and negatively correlated with increased expression of high migration protein A2 (HMGA2). We further confirmed HMGA2 was the target of miR-490-3p. Transfection of miR-490-3p mimics decreased, while transfection of miR-490-3p inhibitors increased fibrotic-related proteins and HMGA2 expression levels in TGF-β1-induced NRK-52E cells. Furthermore, transfection of miR-490-3p mimics enhanced the anti-fibrotic effects of emodin, while transfection of miR-490-3p inhibitors abolished the protective effects of emodin. Thus, as a novel target of emodin that prevents renal fibrosis in the HMGA2-dependent signaling pathway, miR-490-3p has potential implications in CKD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liulin Wang
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of Tranditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuerui Wang
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research With Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Li
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of Tranditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of Tranditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of Tranditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Long
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of Tranditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Wang
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of Tranditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Li
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of Tranditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai Huang
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of Tranditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanming Ba
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of Tranditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yuanming Ba,
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Zhang LB, Yan Y, He J, Wang PP, Chen X, Lan TY, Guo YX, Wang JP, Luo J, Yan ZR, Xu Y, Tao QW. Epimedii Herba: An ancient Chinese herbal medicine in the prevention and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Front Chem 2022; 10:1023779. [PMID: 36465876 PMCID: PMC9712800 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1023779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, progressive inflammatory and systemic autoimmune disease resulting in severe joint destruction, lifelong suffering and considerable disability. Diverse prescriptions of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) containing Epimedii Herba (EH) achieve greatly curative effects against RA. The present review aims to systemically summarize the therapeutic effect, pharmacological mechanism, bioavailability and safety assessment of EH to provide a novel insight for subsequent studies. The search terms included were "Epimedii Herba", "yinyanghuo", "arthritis, rheumatoid" and "Rheumatoid Arthritis", and relevant literatures were collected on the database such as Google Scholar, Pubmed, Web of Science and CNKI. In this review, 15 compounds from EH for the treatment of RA were summarized from the aspects of anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory, cartilage and bone protective, antiangiogenic and antioxidant activities. Although EH has been frequently used to treat RA in clinical practice, studies on mechanisms of these activities are still scarce. Various compounds of EH have the multifunctional traits in the treatment of RA, so EH may be a great complementary medicine option and it is necessary to pay more attention to further research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Bo Zhang
- Department of TCM Rheumatism, Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- China-Japan Friendship Clinical Medical College & School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Yan
- Department of TCM Rheumatism, Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of TCM Rheumatism, Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Pei-Pei Wang
- China-Japan Friendship Clinical Medical College & School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tian-Yi Lan
- Department of TCM Rheumatism, Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- China-Japan Friendship Clinical Medical College & School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Guo
- Department of TCM Rheumatism, Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- China-Japan Friendship Clinical Medical College & School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Ping Wang
- Department of TCM Rheumatism, Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of TCM Rheumatism, Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ze-Ran Yan
- Department of TCM Rheumatism, Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of TCM Rheumatism, Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Wen Tao
- Department of TCM Rheumatism, Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
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Zhang X, Qin Q, Lv X, Wang Y, Luo F, Xue L. Natural emodin reduces myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by modulating the RUNX1/miR‑142‑3p/DRD2 pathway and attenuating inflammation. Exp Ther Med 2022; 24:745. [PMID: 36561980 PMCID: PMC9748643 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Although timely reperfusion could attenuate myocardial ischemia injury and reduce mortality, it causes severe secondary injury to the myocardium known as myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI) with unmet clinical needs. Emodin has a protective effect on MIRI in rodents. However, the precise mechanism underlying its pharmacological effect remains poorly understood. Accordingly, the present study used mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) sequencing based on MIRI mouse models to determine the mechanism involved. Emodin was found to prevent MIRI and attenuate the inflammation of myocardium in the MIRI model. In addition, by using an interdisciplinary approach, the present study uncovered that emodin suppressed the runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1), which is a transcription factor of miR-142-3p, in either MIRI or the hypoxia/reoxygenation injury model. Furthermore, miR-142-3p can negatively regulate dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2), which acted as an anti-inflammatory factor to suppress NF-κB-dependent inflammation and prevent MIRI. These results were demonstrated by both cellular hypoxia/reoxygenation and mouse MIRI models. Overall, the present study provided an unrevealed molecular mechanism for emodin function. Emodin could inhibit NF-κB-triggered inflammation in MIRI by regulating the RUNX1/miR-142-3p/DRD2 pathway. Therefore, the RUNX1/miR-142-3p/DRD2 pathway presented a novel target for MIRI treatment, and the application of emodin in clinical practice may improve the treatment of MIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Professor Xuezhi Zhang, Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 369 Shanghai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Qiaoji Qin
- Department of Emergency Internal Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Xianghong Lv
- Department of Pediatrics, The Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, P.R. China
| | - Yongbin Wang
- Department of Emergency Internal Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Feng Luo
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Li Xue
- Department of Endoscopy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
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Wang X, Ding Z, Ma K, Sun C, Zheng X, You Y, Zhang S, Peng Y, Zheng J. Cysteine-Based Protein Covalent Binding and Hepatotoxicity Induced by Emodin. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:293-302. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Zifang Ding
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Kaiqi Ma
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Chen Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojiao Zheng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Yutong You
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Ying Peng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
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Onaolapo OJ, Odeniyi AO, Onaolapo AY. Parkinson's Disease: Is there a Role for Dietary and Herbal Supplements? CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2022; 20:343-365. [PMID: 33602107 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210218082954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is characterised by degeneration of the neurons of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway of the brain. The pharmacological cornerstone of PD management is mainly the use of dopamine precursors, dopamine receptor agonists, and agents that inhibit the biochemical degradation of dopamine. While these drugs initially provide relief to the symptoms and improve the quality of life of the patients, progression of the underlying pathological processes, such as oxidative stress and neuroinflammation (which have been strongly associated with PD and other neurodegenerative disorders), eventually reduce their benefits, making further benefits achievable, only at high doses due to which the magnitude and frequency of side-effects are amplified. Also, while it is becoming obvious that mainstream pharmacological agents may not always provide the much-needed answer, the question remains what succour can nature provide through dietary supplements, nutraceuticals and herbal remedies? This narrative review examines current literature for evidence of the possible roles (if any) of nutraceuticals, dietary supplements and herbal remedies in the prevention or management of PD by examining how these compounds could modulate key factors and pathways that are crucial to the pathogenesis and/or progression of PD. The likely limitations of this approach and its possible future roles in PD prevention and management are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olakunle J Onaolapo
- Behavioural Neuroscience Unit, Neuropharmacology Subdivision, Department of Pharmacology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Ademola O Odeniyi
- Behavioural Neuroscience Unit, Neuropharmacology Subdivision, Department of Pharmacology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Adejoke Y Onaolapo
- Behavioural Neuroscience Unit, Neurobiology Subdivision, Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria
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Semwal RB, Semwal DK, Combrinck S, Viljoen A. Emodin - A natural anthraquinone derivative with diverse pharmacological activities. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 190:112854. [PMID: 34311280 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methyl-anthraquinone) is a natural anthraquinone derivative that is present in numerous globally renowned herbal medicines. It is recognised as a protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor and as an anticancer drug, active against various tumour cells, including lung, breast, liver, and ovarian cancer cells. Recently, its role in combination chemotherapy with various allopathic medicines, to minimize their toxicity and to enhance their efficacy, has been studied. The use of emodin in these therapies is gaining popularity, due to fewer associated side effects compared with standard anticancer drugs. Emodin has a broad therapeutic window, and in addition to its antineoplastic activity, it displays anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, muscle relaxant, immunosuppressive and antifibrotic activities, in both in vitro and in vivo models. Although reviews on the anticancer activity of emodin have been published, none coherently unite all the pharmacological properties of emodin, particularly the anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, immunosuppressive and hepatoprotective activities of the compound. Hence, in this review, all of the available data regarding the pharmacological properties of emodin are explored, with particular emphasis on the modes of action of the molecule. In addition, the manuscript details the occurrence, biosynthesis and chemical synthesis of the compound, as well as its toxic effects on biotic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Badoni Semwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, Pt. Lalit Mohan Sharma Govt. Post Graduate College, Rishikesh, 249201, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Semwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Harrawala, Dehradun, 248001, India
| | - Sandra Combrinck
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Alvaro Viljoen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; SAMRC Herbal Drugs Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
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Behl T, Mehta K, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Ahmadi A, Arora S, Bungau S. Exploring the role of polyphenols in rheumatoid arthritis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5372-5393. [PMID: 33998910 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1924613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory and autoimmune disorder which is mainly characterized by inflammation in joints, bone erosions and cartilaginous destruction that leads to joint dysfunction, deformation, and/or permanent functional impairment. The prevalence of RA is increasing, incurring a considerable burden on healthcare systems globally. The exact etiology of RA is unknown, with various pathways implicated in its pathophysiology. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including celecoxib, diclofenac and ibuprofen, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARD) including azathioprine, methotrexate and cyclosporine, biological agents including anakinra, infliximab, and rituximab and immunosuppressants are used for symptomatic relief in patients with RA, but these medications have severe adverse effects such as gastric ulcers, hypertension, hepatotoxicity and renal abnormalities which restrict their use in the treatment of RA; new RA treatments with minimal side-effects are urgently required. There is accumulating evidence that dietary polyphenols may show therapeutic efficacy in RA through their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, apoptotic, and immunosuppressant activities and modulation of the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), IL-1β, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and nuclear factor κ light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (NF-κB) pathways. While resveratrol, genistein, carnosol, epigallocatechin gallate, curcumin, kaempferol, and hydroxytyrosol have also been studied for the treatment of RA, the majority of data are derived from animal models. Here, we review the various pathways involved in the development of RA and the preclinical and clinical data supporting polyphenols as potential therapeutic agents in RA patients. Our review highlights that high-quality clinical studies are required to decisively establish the anti-rheumatic efficacy of polyphenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Keshav Mehta
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Amirhossein Ahmadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medial Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Sandeep Arora
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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Hu H, Song X, Li Y, Ma T, Bai H, Zhao M, Wang X, Liu L, Gao L. Emodin protects knee joint cartilage in rats through anti-matrix degradation pathway: An in vitro and in vivo study. Life Sci 2021; 269:119001. [PMID: 33421527 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.119001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disease and the main cause of disability. We sought to determine the effective concentration of emodin on chondrocytes and to identify the dosage of emodin that induces a comparable therapeutic effect with the COX-2 inhibitor drug, celecoxib that is currently used to treat OA. MATERIAL AND METHODS In vitro experiments induced inflammation of chondrocytes by IL-1β, and an osteoarthritis model was established in vivo by cutting rat anterior cruciate ligament. Western Blot, Real-time PCR, HE staining, Safranin O-green staining and immunohistochemistry were performed to detect MMP-3, MMP-13, ADAMTS-4, iNOS and COL2A1 on the chondrocytes or the tibial plateau. The cytokine activity and content in serum of six groups of rats were measured by kit. RESULTS It was found that the surface layer of the cartilage was thicker and smoother after the administration of emodin. Tissue expression of MMP-3, MMP-13, ADAMTS-4 and iNOS were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in chondrocytes and cartilage treated with different doses of emodin, and the content of COL2A1 was reversed. Emodin also significantly decreased the blood levels of COX-2 and PGE2. The effective emodin in vitro was 5 μmol/L, whereas emodin at 80 mg/kg was equivalent to celecoxib in vivo. CONCLUSION Emodin reduces the expression of cartilage matrix degradation biomarkers, thereby reducing the degradation of cartilage matrix and protecting the knee joint cartilage. Emodin at 5 μmol/L shows the best concentration to treat chondrocytes, and the protective effect of emodin at 80 mg/kg is comparable to that of celecoxib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiaopeng Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yue Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Tianwen Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Hui Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Mingchao Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Lin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Li Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin 150030, China.
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Nam J, Seol DW, Lee CG, Wee G, Yang S, Pan CH. Obtusifolin, an Anthraquinone Extracted from Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby, Reduces Inflammation in a Mouse Osteoarthritis Model. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14030249. [PMID: 33802005 PMCID: PMC7999271 DOI: 10.3390/ph14030249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is an age-related degenerative disease that causes cartilage dysfunction and inflammation. Obtusifolin, an anthraquinone extracted from Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby seeds, has anti-inflammatory functions; it could be used as a drug component to relieve OA symptoms. In this study, we investigated the effects of obtusifolin on OA inflammation. In vitro, interleukin (IL)-1β (1 ng/mL)-treated mouse chondrocytes were co-treated with obtusifolin at different concentrations. The expression of matrix metalloproteinase (Mmp) 3, Mmp13, cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox2), and signaling proteins was measured by polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting; collagenase activity and the PGE2 level were also determined. In vivo, OA-induced C57BL/6 mice were administered obtusifolin, and their cartilage was stained with Safranin O to observe damage. Obtusifolin inhibited Mmp3, Mmp13, and Cox2 expression to levels similar to or more than those after treatment with celecoxib. Additionally, obtusifolin decreased collagenase activity and the PGE2 level. Furthermore, obtusifolin regulated OA via the NF-κB signaling pathway. In surgically induced OA mouse models, the cartilage destruction decreased when obtusifolin was administered orally. Taken together, our results show that obtusifolin effectively reduces cartilage damage via the regulation of MMPs and Cox2 expression. Hence, we suggest that obtusifolin could be a component of another OA symptom reliever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiho Nam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea;
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
- Degenerative InterDiseases Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Dong-Won Seol
- Laboratory Animal Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu 41061, Korea;
| | - Choong-Gu Lee
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Korea;
| | - Gabbine Wee
- Laboratory Animal Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu 41061, Korea;
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (S.Y.); (C.-H.P.); Tel.: +82-53-790-5732 (G.W.); +31-219-5065 (S.Y.); +82-33-350-3652 (C.-H.P.)
| | - Siyoung Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea;
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
- Degenerative InterDiseases Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (S.Y.); (C.-H.P.); Tel.: +82-53-790-5732 (G.W.); +31-219-5065 (S.Y.); +82-33-350-3652 (C.-H.P.)
| | - Cheol-Ho Pan
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Korea;
- Division of BioMedical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Gangneung 25451, Korea
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (S.Y.); (C.-H.P.); Tel.: +82-53-790-5732 (G.W.); +31-219-5065 (S.Y.); +82-33-350-3652 (C.-H.P.)
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Cheng L, Zhang S, Shang F, Ning Y, Huang Z, He R, Sun J, Dong S. Emodin Improves Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorders in Obese Mice via Activating Brown Adipose Tissue and Inducing Browning of White Adipose Tissue. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:618037. [PMID: 34040579 PMCID: PMC8143048 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.618037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose tissue (e.g. white, brown and brite) plays a critical role in modulating energy metabolism. Activating brown adipose tissue (BAT) and inducing browning in white adipose tissue (WAT) has been proposed to be a potential molecular target for obesity treatment. Emodin is a natural anthraquinone derivative that exhibits variety of pharmacologic effects including lowering lipids and regulating glucose utilization. However, the underlying mechanism of action is still unclear. In the present study, we investigated whether emodin could alleviate obesity via promoting browning process in adipose tissue. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were fed with high fat diet to induce obesity. Emodin at the doses of 40 and 80 mg/kg were orally given to obesity mice for consecutive 6 weeks. Parameters including fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance, blood lipids, and the ratios of subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT) or BAT mass to body weight, and morphology of adipose tissue were observed. Besides, the protein expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and prohibitin in BAT and scWAT was determined by immunohistochemistry method. Relative mRNA expression of Cd137, transmembrane protein 26 (Tmem26) and Tbx1 in scWAT was analyzed using qRT-PCR. And the protein expression of UCP1, CD36, fatty acid transporter 4 (FATP4), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and prohibitin of scWAT and BAT were analyzed using western blotting. In addition, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was utilized to detect the small lipid metabolites of scWAT and BAT. RESULTS Emodin decreased the body weight and food intake in HFD-induced obesity mice, and it also improved the glucose tolerance and reduced the blood lipids. Emodin treatment induced beiging of WAT, and more multilocular lipid droplets were found in scWAT. Also, emodin significantly increased markers of beige adipocytes, e.g. Cd137, Tmem26 and Tbx1 mRNA in scWAT, and UCP1, CD36, FATP4, PPARα and prohibitin protein expression in scWAT and BAT. Furthermore, emodin perturbed the lipidomic profiles in scWAT and BAT of obese mice. Emodin increased total ceramides (Cers), lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs), lyso-phosphatidylcholines oxygen (LPCs-O), and phosphatidylethanolamines oxygen (PEs-O) species concentration in scWAT. Specifically, emodin significantly up-regulated levels of Cer (34:1), LPC (18:2), LPC-(O-20:2), PC (O-40:7), PE (O-36:3), PE (O-38:6), PE (O-40:6), and sphingolipid (41:0) [SM (41:0)], and down-regulated PC (O-38:0), PE (O-40:4), PE (O-40:5) in scWAT of obesity mice. In terms of lipid matabolites of BAT, the emodin remarkably increased the total PCs levels, which was driven by significant increase of PC (30:0), PC (32:1), PC (32:2), PC (33:4) and PC (38:0) species. In addition, it also increased species of LPCs, e.g. LPC (20:0), LPC (20:1), LPC (22:0), LPC (22:1), LPC (24:0), and LPC (24:1). Especially, emodin treatment could reverse the ratio of PC/PE in HFD-induced obese mice. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that emodin could ameliorate adiposity and improve metabolic disorders in obese mice. Also, emodin could promote browning in scWAT and activate the BAT activities. In addition, emodin treatment-induced changes to the scWAT and BAT lipidome were highly specific to certain molecular lipid species, indicating that changes in tissue lipid content reflects selective remodeling in scWAT and BAT of both glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids in response to emodin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Cheng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shuofeng Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Shang
- Analytical and Testing Center, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yibo Ning
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqi Huang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Runcheng He
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jianning Sun
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shifen Dong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Shifen Dong,
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Roh SS, Shin MR, Lee J, Kim M, Park HJ. Rhei rhizoma and citri pericarpium mixture regulates oxidative stress and tight junction proteins on acute reflux esophagitis. Pharmacogn Mag 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_207_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Yang L, Liu R, Fan A, Zhao J, Zhang Y, He J. Chemical Composition of Pterospermum heterophyllum Root and its Anti-Arthritis Effect on Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis in Rats via Modulation of Inflammatory Responses. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:584849. [PMID: 33362544 PMCID: PMC7759541 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.584849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease without effective and beneficial drugs. Many traditional folk medicines have been proven to be effective in treating RA. Among these, the root of Pterospermum heterophyllum Hance has been widely used as a traditional remedy against RA in China, but there is no scientific basis yet. The aim of this study was to investigate for the first time the chemical compositions and therapeutic effect of P. heterophyllum on adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) model in rats. 73 compounds were identified from P. heterophyllum based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-qTOF-MS/MS), and flavonoids may be partly responsible for the major anti-arthritic effect. In parallel, the P. heterophyllum extract at 160, 320, and 640 mg/kg/day were orally administered to rats for 22 days after post-administration adjuvant. The results showed that P. heterophyllum remarkably ameliorated histological lesions of the knee joint, increased body weight growth, decreased arthritis score, reduced thymus and spleen indices in model rats. Moreover, P. heterophyllum treatment persuasively downregulated the levels of rheumatoid factor (RF), C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-17, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and observably upregulated IL-4 and IL-10 levels in model rats. These findings suggest that P. heterophyllum has a prominent anti-RA effect on AIA rats by modulating the inflammatory responses, and supports the traditional folk use of this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Ronghua Liu
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Aiguo Fan
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Junwei He
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
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Liu B, Cheng Y, Wu Y, Zheng X, Li X, Yang G, He T, Li S, Shen F. Emodin improves alveolar hypercoagulation and inhibits pulmonary inflammation in LPS-provoked ARDS in mice via NF-κB inactivation. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 88:107020. [PMID: 33182048 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alveolar hypercoagulation and pulmonary inflammation are important characteristics and they regulate each other in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). NF-κB pathway has been confirmed to be involved in regulation of this crosstalk. Emodin, a traditional Chinese herb, shows potent inhibitory effect on NF-κB pathway, but whether it is effective in alveolar hypercoagulation and pulmonary inflammation in ARDS remains to be elucidated. PURPOSE The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the efficacy of emodin on LPS-provoked alveolar hypercoagulation and excessive pulmonary inflammation in ARDS, and its potential mechanism. METHODS Mice ARDS was set up through LPS (40 μl, 4 mg/ml) inhalation. Male mice were randomly received with BPS, LPS only, LPS+ emodin (5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, respectively) and BAY65-1942, an inhibitor of IKKβ. After 48 h of LPS stimulation, pulmonary pathological injury, expressions of Tissue factor (TF), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, activated protein C (APC), collagen Ⅰ, collagen III, interleukin (IL) 8, IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in lung tissues, as well as concentrations of antithrombin III (AT III), procollagen peptide type III (PIIIP), soluble thrombomodulin (sTM), thrombin antithrombin complex (TAT), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and the percentage of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were all determined. NF-κB pathway activation as well as NF-κB DNA binding activity in pulmonary tissue were simultaneously checked. RESULTS LPS stimulation resulted in obvious lung injury, excessive inflammatory cells infiltration, which all were dose-dependently ameliorated by emodin. Expressions of TF, PAI-1, collagen Ⅰ and collagen III as well as IL-8, IL-1β and TNF-α in pulmonary tissue were all elevated while APC decreased under LPS provocation, which were all reversed by emodin treatment in dose-dependent manner. LPS promoted the secretions of PIIIP, sTM, TAT and inhibited AT III production in BALF, and resulted in high levels of MPO and the percentage of inflammatory cells in BALF, all of which were significantly and dose-dependently attenuated while AT III production was increased by emodin. Meanwhile, emodin effectively inhibited NF-κB pathway activation and attenuated p65 DNA binding activity induced by LPS inhalation. Emodin and BAY-65-1942 had similar impacts in this experiment. CONCLUSIONS Emodin improves alveolar hypercoagulation and fibrinolytic inhibition and depresses excessive pulmonary inflammation in ARDS mice in dose-dependent manner via NF-κB inactivation. Our data demonstrate that emodin is expected to be an effective drug in alveolar hypercoagulation and pulmonary inflammation in ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Guizhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Yumei Cheng
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Guizhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Yanqi Wu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Guizhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Guiyang 550001, China
| | | | - Xiang Li
- Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Guixia Yang
- Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Tianhui He
- Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Shuwen Li
- Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Feng Shen
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Guizhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Guiyang 550001, China.
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Emodin ameliorates rheumatoid arthritis by promoting neutrophil apoptosis and inhibiting neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Mol Immunol 2019; 112:188-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Chalothorn T, Rukachaisirikul V, Phongpaichit S, Pannara S, Tansakul C. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of emodin and its derivatives against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.151004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Could Polyphenols Help in the Control of Rheumatoid Arthritis? Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081589. [PMID: 31013659 PMCID: PMC6515230 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic, joint-invading, autoimmune inflammatory disease, which causes joint cartilage breakdown and bone damage, resulting in functional impairment and deformation of the joints. The percentage of RA patients has been rising and RA represents a substantial burden for patients around the world. Despite the development of many RA therapies, because of the side effects and low effectiveness of conventional drugs, patients still need and researchers are seeking new therapeutic alternatives. Polyphenols extracted from natural products are effective on several inflammatory diseases, including RA. In this review polyphenols are classified into four types: flavonoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes and others, among which mainly flavonoids are discussed. Researchers have reported that anti-RA efficacies of polyphenols are based mainly on three mechanisms: their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and apoptotic properties. The main RA factors modified by polyphenols are mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nuclear factor κ light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK). Polyphenols could be potent alternative RA therapies and sources for novel drugs for RA by affecting its key mechanisms.
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Li Y, Jiang JG. Health functions and structure-activity relationships of natural anthraquinones from plants. Food Funct 2019; 9:6063-6080. [PMID: 30484455 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01569d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Anthraquinone compounds with the anthraquinone ring structure are widely found in traditional Chinese medicines and they are attracting a lot of attention due to their good pharmacological activity. Diversities of anthraquinones depend on their chemical structures, such as the number of anthraquinone rings and the substituents; what's more, the difference in chemical structure determines the difference in physiological activity. Based on results of previous studies, this review summarizes several natural anthraquinones identified from Chinese herbal medicines and their physiological activities including anti-cancer, anti-pathogenic microorganisms, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, anti-osteoporosis, anti-depression, and anti-constipation. The source, effect, model, and action mechanism of the active anthraquinones are described in detail, from which their structure-activity relationship is summarized. By analyzing the relationship between anthraquinone structure and function, we found that, on the whole structure, the anthraquinone ring and anthraquinone glycosides have significant anticancer activity and anti-constipation activity, while for their substituents, anthraquinones substituted by alizarin have significant antioxidant activity and the polarity of the substituents is closely related to their antibacterial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- College of Food and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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18
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Liu Z, Lang Y, Li L, Liang Z, Deng Y, Fang R, Meng Q. Effect of emodin on chondrocyte viability in an in vitro model of osteoarthritis. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:5384-5389. [PMID: 30542499 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emodin is an anthraquinone isolated from the Chinese herb Radix et Rhizoma Rhei and has been used to treat various diseases for centuries. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of emodin on the inflammatory mediators in rat chondrocytes. In the present study, chondrocytes were isolated from rats, cultured and harvested when they reached generation P3. Cells were treated with different doses of emodin (10, 20, and 30 µg/ml) followed by interleukin 1β (IL-1β, 10 ng/ml). Control cells were either untreated or treated with IL-1β alone. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure levels of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain was performed to measure levels of matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)-3 and -13 mRNA. The expression of MMP-3, MMP-13, extracellular-signal regulatory kinase (ERK)1/2, phosphorylated ERK1/2 and β-catenin proteins were detected by western-blot analysis. The results demonstrated that treatment with emodin treatment reduced the cytotoxicity of IL-1β and inhibited the expression of NO and PGE2 in rat chondrocytes. Furthermore, emodin inhibited the expression of MMP3 and MMP13, and the phosphorylation of various proteins involved in the ERK and Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Therefore, emodin is able to promote the proliferation of chondrocytes by inhibiting the ERK and Wnt/β-catenin pathway and downregulating the expression of a series of inflammatory mediators in chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfeng Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Yi Lang
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Zhiquan Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Yingjie Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Rui Fang
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Qingcai Meng
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
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Ding QH, Ye CY, Chen EM, Zhang W, Wang XH. Emodin ameliorates cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis by inhibiting NF-κB and Wnt/β-catenin signaling in-vitro and in-vivo. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 61:222-230. [PMID: 29890416 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The overproduction of MMPs (matrix metalloproteinases) and members of the ADAMTS (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs) protein family plays an important role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). The potential of selective MMPs or ADAMTS inhibitors as chemopreventive agents for OA has been demonstrated in several studies. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthaquinone), isolated from the root of Rheum palmatum L., in the inhibition of MMP and ADAMTS expression in both rat chondrocytes and an animal model of OA. The expression of MMP-3, MMP-13, ADAMTS-4, ADAMTS-5, aggrecan, and collagen II mRNA and protein in interleukin-1beta (IL-1β)-induced rat chondrocytes was followed by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot. The activation of the NF-κB and Wnt/β-catenin pathways by IL-1β was assessed by western blot. The in vivo effects of emodin were evaluated by intra-articular injection in rats in an experimental model of OA induced by anterior cruciate ligament transection. Emodin dose-dependently down-regulated the expression of MMP-3, MMP-13, ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5 at both the mRNA and protein level in IL-1β-stimulated rat chondrocytes. In addition, the IL-1β-induced activation of NF-κB and Wnt signals was attenuated by emodin, as determined by western blotting. The intra-articular injection of emodin in a rat OA model ameliorated OA progression, as determined in morphological and histological analyses in vivo. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that emodin is a promising therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Hai Ding
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jie Fang Road 88#, 310009 Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chen-Yi Ye
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jie Fang Road 88#, 310009 Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Er-Man Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jie Fang Road 88#, 310009 Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jie Fang Road 88#, 310009 Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Hua Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jie Fang Road 88#, 310009 Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Gruber-Dorninger C, Novak B, Nagl V, Berthiller F. Emerging Mycotoxins: Beyond Traditionally Determined Food Contaminants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7052-7070. [PMID: 27599910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Modern analytical techniques can determine a multitude of fungal metabolites contaminating food and feed. In addition to known mycotoxins, for which maximum levels in food are enforced, also currently unregulated, so-called "emerging mycotoxins" were shown to occur frequently in agricultural products. The aim of this review is to critically discuss the relevance of selected emerging mycotoxins to food and feed safety. Acute and chronic toxicity as well as occurrence data are presented for enniatins, beauvericin, moniliformin, fusaproliferin, fusaric acid, culmorin, butenolide, sterigmatocystin, emodin, mycophenolic acid, alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, and tenuazonic acid. By far not all of the detected compounds are toxicologically relevant at their naturally occurring levels and are therefore of little or no health concern to consumers. Still, gaps in knowledge have been identified for several compounds. These gaps should be closed by the scientific community in the coming years to allow a proper risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Novak
- BIOMIN Research Center , Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Veronika Nagl
- BIOMIN Research Center , Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU) , Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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Effect of Emodin on Preventing Postoperative Intra-Abdominal Adhesion Formation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:1740317. [PMID: 28831292 PMCID: PMC5558648 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1740317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative intra-abdominal adhesions are a major complication after abdominal surgery. Although various methods have been used to prevent and treat adhesions, the effects have not been satisfactory. Emodin, a naturally occurring anthraquinone derivative and an active ingredient in traditional Chinese herbs, exhibits a variety of pharmacological effects. In our study, we demonstrated the effect of emodin treatment on preventing postoperative adhesion formation. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 48 rats were divided into six groups. Abdominal adhesions were created by abrasion of the cecum and its opposite abdominal wall. In the experimental groups, the rats were administered daily oral doses of emodin. On the seventh day after operation, the rats were euthanized, and blood and pathological specimens were collected. Abdominal adhesion formation was evaluated by necropsy, pathology, immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analyses. RESULTS Abdominal adhesions were markedly reduced by emodin treatment. Compared with the control group, collagen deposition was reduced and the peritoneal mesothelial completeness rate was higher in the emodin-treated groups. Emodin had anti-inflammatory effects, reduced oxidative stress, and promoted the movement of the intestinal tract (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Emodin significantly reduced intra-abdominal adhesion formation in a rat model.
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Anti-inflammatory effects of secondary metabolites isolated from the marine-derived fungal strain Penicillium sp. SF-5629. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:328-337. [PMID: 28074397 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0890-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
After the chemical investigation of the ethyl acetate extract of the marine-derived fungal strain Penicillium sp. SF-5629, the isolation and structural elucidation of eight secondary metabolites, including (3R,4S)-6,8-dihydroxy-3,4,7-trimethylisocoumarin (1), (3S,4S)-sclerotinin A (2), penicitrinone A (3), citrinin H1 (4), emodin (5), ω-hydroxyemodin (6), 8-hydroxy-6-methyl-9-oxo-9H-xanthene-1-carboxylate (7), and 3,8-dihydroxy-6-methyl-9-oxo-9H-xanthene-1-carboxylate (8) were carried out. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of these metabolites showed that 4 inhibited nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 microglia, with IC50 values of 8.1 ± 1.9 and 8.0 ± 2.8 μM, respectively. The inhibitory function of 4 was confirmed based on decreases in inducible nitric oxide synthesis and cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression. In addition, 4 was found to suppress the phosphorylation of inhibitor kappa B-α, interrupt the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B, and decrease the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase.
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Mateen S, Moin S, Zafar A, Khan AQ. Redox signaling in rheumatoid arthritis and the preventive role of polyphenols. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 463:4-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Monisha BA, Kumar N, Tiku AB. Emodin and Its Role in Chronic Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 928:47-73. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41334-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Dong X, Fu J, Yin X, Cao S, Li X, Lin L, Ni J. Emodin: A Review of its Pharmacology, Toxicity and Pharmacokinetics. Phytother Res 2016; 30:1207-18. [PMID: 27188216 PMCID: PMC7168079 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Emodin is a natural anthraquinone derivative that occurs in many widely used Chinese medicinal herbs, such as Rheum palmatum, Polygonum cuspidatum and Polygonum multiflorum. Emodin has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for over 2000 years and is still present in various herbal preparations. Emerging evidence indicates that emodin possesses a wide spectrum of pharmacological properties, including anticancer, hepatoprotective, antiinflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. However, emodin could also lead to hepatotoxicity, kidney toxicity and reproductive toxicity, particularly in high doses and with long-term use. Pharmacokinetic studies have demonstrated that emodin has poor oral bioavailability in rats because of its extensive glucuronidation. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the pharmacology, toxicity and pharmacokinetics of emodin reported to date with an emphasis on its biological properties and mechanisms of action. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxv Dong
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing100102PR China
| | - Jing Fu
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing100102PR China
| | - Xingbin Yin
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing100102PR China
| | - Sali Cao
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing100102PR China
| | - Xuechun Li
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing100102PR China
| | - Longfei Lin
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing100102PR China
| | - Huyiligeqi
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing100102PR China
- Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia University for NationalitiesTongliao028000PR China
| | - Jian Ni
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing100102PR China
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Mehta M, Branford OA, Rolfe KJ. The evidence for natural therapeutics as potential anti-scarring agents in burn-related scarring. BURNS & TRAUMA 2016; 4:15. [PMID: 27574685 PMCID: PMC4964041 DOI: 10.1186/s41038-016-0040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Though survival rate following severe thermal injuries has improved, the incidence and treatment of scarring have not improved at the same speed. This review discusses the formation of scars and in particular the formation of hypertrophic scars. Further, though there is as yet no gold standard treatment for the prevention or treatment of scarring, a brief overview is included. A number of natural therapeutics have shown beneficial effects both in vivo and in vitro with the potential of becoming clinical therapeutics in the future. These natural therapeutics include both plant-based products such as resveratrol, quercetin and epigallocatechin gallate as examples and includes the non-plant-based therapeutic honey. The review also includes potential mechanism of action for the therapeutics, any recorded adverse events and current administration of the therapeutics used. This review discusses a number of potential 'treatments' that may reduce or even prevent scarring particularly hypertrophic scarring, which is associated with thermal injuries without compromising wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Mehta
- British College of Osteopathic Medicine (BCOM), Finchley Road, London, NW3 5HR UK
| | - O. A. Branford
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Rd, London, SW3 6JJ UK
| | - K. J. Rolfe
- British College of Osteopathic Medicine (BCOM), Finchley Road, London, NW3 5HR UK
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Protective Mechanisms of Flavonoids in Parkinson's Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:314560. [PMID: 26576219 PMCID: PMC4630416 DOI: 10.1155/2015/314560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a chronic, debilitating neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta region in human midbrain. To date, oxidative stress is the well accepted concept in the etiology and progression of Parkinson's disease. Hence, the therapeutic agent is targeted against suppressing and alleviating the oxidative stress-induced cellular damage. Within the past decades, an explosion of research discoveries has reported on the protective mechanisms of flavonoids, which are plant-based polyphenols, in the treatment of neurodegenerative disease using both in vitro and in vivo models. In this paper, we have reviewed the literature on the neuroprotective mechanisms of flavonoids in protecting the dopaminergic neurons hence reducing the symptoms of this movement disorder. The mechanism reviewed includes effect of flavonoids in activation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, suppressing the lipid peroxidation, inhibition of inflammatory mediators, flavonoids as a mitochondrial target therapy, and modulation of gene expression in neuronal cells.
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Chen GL, Zhang JJ, Kao X, Wei LW, Liu ZY. Emodin ameliorates lipopolysaccharides-induced corneal inflammation in rats. Int J Ophthalmol 2015; 8:665-9. [PMID: 26308161 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2015.04.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of emodin on pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced corneal inflammation in rats. METHODS Corneal infection was induced by pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS in Wistar rats. The inflammation induced by LPS were examined by slit lamp microscope and cytological checkup of aqueous humor. Corneal tissue structure was observed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. The activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB) was determined by Western blot. Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in LPS-challenged rat corneas were measured with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Typical manifestations of acute corneal inflammation were observed in LPS-induce rat model, and the corneal inflammatory response and structure were improved in rats pretreated with emodin. Treatment with emodin could improve corneal structure, reduce corneal injure by reducing corneal inflammatory response. Emodin could inhibit the decreasing lever of inhibitor of kappaB alpha (IкBα) express, and the mRNA expression of TNF-α and ICAM-1 in corneal tissues was also inhibited by emodin. The differences were statistically significant between groups treated with emodin and those without treatment (P<0.01). CONCLUSION Emodin could ameliorate LPS-induced corneal inflammation, which might via inhibiting the activation of NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Ling Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250033, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Third People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan 250101, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xin Kao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250033, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lu-Wan Wei
- Department of Anatomy, Shandong Univeristy School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhi-Yu Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Shandong Univeristy School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
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Gupta SC, Tyagi AK, Deshmukh-Taskar P, Hinojosa M, Prasad S, Aggarwal BB. Downregulation of tumor necrosis factor and other proinflammatory biomarkers by polyphenols. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 559:91-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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