1
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Yawoot N, Sengking J, Govitrapong P, Tocharus C, Tocharus J. Melatonin modulates the aggravation of pyroptosis, necroptosis, and neuroinflammation following cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury in obese rats. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023:166785. [PMID: 37302429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is well-established as a common comorbidity in ischemic stroke. The increasing evidence has revealed that it also associates with the exacerbation of brain pathologies, resulting in increasingly severe neurological outcomes following cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) damage. Mechanistically, pyroptosis and necroptosis are novel forms of regulated death that relate to the propagation of inflammatory signals in case of cerebral I/R. Previous studies noted that pyroptotic and necroptotic signaling were exacerbated in I/R brain of obese animals and led to the promotion of brain tissue injury. This study aimed to investigate the roles of melatonin on pyroptosis, necroptosis, and pro-inflammatory pathways occurring in the I/R brain of obese rats. Male Wistar rats were given a high-fat diet for 16 weeks to induce the obese condition, and then were divided into 4 groups: Sham-operated, I/R treated with vehicle, I/R treated with melatonin (10 mg/kg), and I/R treated with glycyrrhizic acid (10 mg/kg). All drugs were administered via intraperitoneal injection at the onset of reperfusion. The development of neurological deficits, cerebral infarction, histological changes, neuronal death, and glial cell hyperactivation were investigated. This study revealed that melatonin effectively improved these detrimental parameters. Furthermore, the processes of pyroptosis, necroptosis, and inflammation were all diminished by melatonin treatment. A summary of the findings is that melatonin effectively reduces ischemic brain pathology and thereby improves post-stroke outcomes in obese rats by modulating pyroptosis, necroptosis, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuttapong Yawoot
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jirakhamon Sengking
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Piyarat Govitrapong
- Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Lak Si, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Chainarong Tocharus
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Tocharus
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Functional Food Research Center for Well-being, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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2
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Ni Q, Gao Y, Yang X, Zhang Q, Guo B, Han J, Chen S. Analysis of the network pharmacology and the structure-activity relationship of glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhetinic acid. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1001018. [PMID: 36313350 PMCID: PMC9606671 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1001018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Licorice, a herbal product derived from the root of Glycyrrhiza species, has been used as a sweetening agent and traditional herbal medicine for hundreds of years. Glycyrrhizic acid (GL) and glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) are the most important active ingredients in licorice. Both GL and GA have pharmacological effects against tumors, inflammation, viral infection, liver diseases, neurological diseases, and metabolic diseases. However, they also exhibit differences. KEGG analysis indicated that licorice is involved in neuroactive ligand‒receptor interactions, while 18β-GA is mostly involved in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. In this article, we comprehensively review the therapeutic potential of GL and GA by focusing on their pharmacological effects and working mechanisms. We systemically examine the structure-activity relationship of GL, GA and their isomers. Based on the various pharmacological activities of GL, GA and their isomers, we propose further development of structural derivatives of GA after chemical structure modification, with less cytotoxicity but higher targeting specificity. More research is needed on the clinical applications of licorice and its active ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqiang Ni
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affifiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Postdoctoral Mobile Station, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuxuan Gao
- Postdoctoral Mobile Station, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiuzhen Yang
- Department of Basic Research, Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingmeng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Baojian Guo
- Institute of New Drug Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinxiang Han
- Biomedical Sciences College and Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Jinxiang Han, ; Shaoru Chen,
| | - Shaoru Chen
- Department of Basic Research, Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Jinxiang Han, ; Shaoru Chen,
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High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) inhibition attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced cognitive dysfunction and sickness-like behavior in mice. Immunol Res 2022; 70:633-643. [PMID: 35670903 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-022-09295-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction, sickness-like behavior, for instance, anxiety, and depression are common aspects of neuropsychiatry often associated with neurodegenerative disorders. Growing evidence suggests that high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) may act as a proinflammatory cytokine that aggravates neurobehavioral dysfunction. However, the detailed underlying mechanism is still elusive. Here we focus on determining the relationship between lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation (in both in vitro and in vivo models), cognitive dysfunction, sickness-like behavior and thus decode the impact of HMGB1 inhibition (using Glycyrrhizin; Gcy as an antagonist). Using a mice model of repeated LPS (1 mg/kg, i.p. for 4 days) injections, we found that LPS induced neurobehavioral deficit and a strong proinflammatory response with increased proinflammatory markers, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) at 7 days after the final dose of LPS compared to control animals. Our findings suggest that neurobehavioral dysfunction strongly correlates with the proinflammatory immune response following LPS stimulation. In vitro Gcy pretreatment to LPS-activated BV2 microglia cells significantly reduced nitrite and reactive oxygen species production, along with diminished expression of classical proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS). These key proinflammatory changes with LPS and Gcy treatment are also found in vivo mice model and correlate with improved cognitive function and reduced anxiety/depression. Together, these results show that blocking HMGB1 using Gcy abrogated the cognitive dysfunction, sickness-like behavior of anxiety and depression induced by LPS which can be a promising avenue for crucial neurobehavioral dysfunction.
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Rehman MU, Farooq A, Ali R, Bashir S, Bashir N, Majeed S, Taifa S, Ahmad SB, Arafah A, Sameer AS, Khan R, Qamar W, Rasool S, Ahmad A. Preclinical Evidence for the Pharmacological Actions of Glycyrrhizic Acid: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Drug Metab 2021; 21:436-465. [PMID: 32562521 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666200620204914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Family: Fabaceae) is one of the important traditional medicinal plant used extensively in folk medicine. It is known for its ethnopharmacological value in curing a wide variety of ailments. Glycyrrhizin, an active compound of G. glabra, possesses anti-inflammatory activity due to which it is mostly used in traditional herbal medicine for the treatment and management of chronic diseases. The present review is focused extensively on the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and potential effects of Glycyrrhizic Acid (GA). A thorough literature survey was conducted to identify various studies that reported on the GA on PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneeb U Rehman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adil Farooq
- RAKCOPS, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras AL Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rayeesa Ali
- Division of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shuhama, JandK, India
| | - Sana Bashir
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shuhama, JandK, India
| | - Nazirah Bashir
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shuhama, JandK, India
| | - Samia Majeed
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shuhama, JandK, India
| | - Syed Taifa
- Division of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shuhama, JandK, India
| | - Sheikh Bilal Ahmad
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shuhama, JandK, India
| | - Azher Arafah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aga Syed Sameer
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre (KAIMRC), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rehan Khan
- Department of Nano-therapeutics, Institute of Nanoscience and Technology (DST-INST), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Wajhul Qamar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Central Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saiema Rasool
- Forest Biotech Lab, Department of Forest Mana pgement, Faculty of Forestry, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Anas Ahmad
- Department of Nano-therapeutics, Institute of Nanoscience and Technology (DST-INST), Mohali, Punjab, India
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Guo YX, Zhang Y, Gao YH, Deng SY, Wang LM, Li CQ, Li X. Role of Plant-Derived Natural Compounds in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: A Review of the Treatment Potential and Development Strategy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:639651. [PMID: 34262447 PMCID: PMC8273381 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.639651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that is mainly mediated by pathological T-cells. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a well-known animal model of MS that is used to study the underlying mechanism and offers a theoretical basis for developing a novel therapy for MS. Good therapeutic effects have been observed after the administration of natural compounds and their derivatives as treatments for EAE. However, there has been a severe lag in the research and development of drug mechanisms related to MS. This review examines natural products that have the potential to effectively treat MS. The relevant data were consulted in order to elucidate the regulated mechanisms acting upon EAE by the flavonoids, glycosides, and triterpenoids derived from natural products. In addition, novel technologies such as network pharmacology, molecular docking, and high-throughput screening have been gradually applied in natural product development. The information provided herein can help improve targeting and timeliness for determining the specific mechanisms involved in natural medicine treatment and lay a foundation for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xin Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-Han Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Si-Ying Deng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li-Mei Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Cui-Qin Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xing Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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6
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Qiu Q, Huang Y, Liu X, Huang F, Li X, Cui L, Luo H, Luo L. Potential Therapeutic Effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine on Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Review. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:570893. [PMID: 33343347 PMCID: PMC7741169 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.570893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has been rapidly spreading globally and has caused worldwide social and economic disruption. Currently, no specific antiviral drugs or clinically effective vaccines are available to prevent and treat COVID-19. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) can facilitate syndrome differentiation and treatment according to the clinical manifestations of patients and has demonstrated effectiveness in epidemic prevention and control. In China, TCM intervention has helped to control the epidemic; however, TCM has not been fully recognized worldwide. In this review, we summarize the epidemiology and etiological characteristics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and the prevention and treatment measures of COVID-19. Additionally, we describe the application of TCM in the treatment of COVID-19 and the identification of small molecules of TCM that demonstrate anti-coronavirus activity. We also analyze the current problems associated with the recognition of TCM. We hope that, through the contribution of TCM, combined with modern technological research and the support of our international counterparts, COVID-19 can be effectively controlled and treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Qiu
- Graduate School, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yuge Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Graduate School, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Fangfang Huang
- Graduate School, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Animal Experiment Center, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Liao Cui
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Hui Luo
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Lianxiang Luo
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, China
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7
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Li F, Liu B, Li T, Wu Q, Xu Z, Gu Y, Li W, Wang P, Ma T, Lei H. Review of Constituents and Biological Activities of Triterpene Saponins from Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and Its Solubilization Characteristics. Molecules 2020; 25:E3904. [PMID: 32867101 PMCID: PMC7503449 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma is regarded as one of the most popular and commonly used herbal medicines and has been used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescriptions for over 2000 years. Pentacyclic triterpene saponins are common secondary metabolites in these plants, which are synthesized via the isoprenoid pathway to produce a hydrophobic triterpenoid aglycone containing a hydrophilic sugar chain. This paper systematically summarizes the chemical structures of triterpene saponins in Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and reviews and updates their main biological activities studies. Furthermore, the solubilization characteristics, influences, and mechanisms of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma are elaborated. Solubilization of the triterpene saponins from Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma occurs because they contain the nonpolar sapogenin and water-soluble sidechain. The possible factors affecting the solubilization of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma are mainly other crude drugs and the pH of the decoction. Triterpene saponins represented by glycyrrhizin from Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma characteristically form micelles due to amphiphilicity, which makes solubilization possible. This overview provides guidance regarding a better understanding of GlycyrrhizaeRadix et Rhizoma and its TCM compatibility, alongside a theoretical basis for the further development and utilization of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Li
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; (F.L.); (T.L.); (Q.W.); (Y.G.); (W.L.); (P.W.); (T.M.)
- Institute of Regulatory Science for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Bin Liu
- COFCO Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Beijing 102209, China;
| | - Tong Li
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; (F.L.); (T.L.); (Q.W.); (Y.G.); (W.L.); (P.W.); (T.M.)
| | - Qianwen Wu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; (F.L.); (T.L.); (Q.W.); (Y.G.); (W.L.); (P.W.); (T.M.)
| | - Zhiyong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China;
| | - Yuhao Gu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; (F.L.); (T.L.); (Q.W.); (Y.G.); (W.L.); (P.W.); (T.M.)
| | - Wen Li
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; (F.L.); (T.L.); (Q.W.); (Y.G.); (W.L.); (P.W.); (T.M.)
| | - Penglong Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; (F.L.); (T.L.); (Q.W.); (Y.G.); (W.L.); (P.W.); (T.M.)
| | - Tao Ma
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; (F.L.); (T.L.); (Q.W.); (Y.G.); (W.L.); (P.W.); (T.M.)
| | - Haimin Lei
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; (F.L.); (T.L.); (Q.W.); (Y.G.); (W.L.); (P.W.); (T.M.)
- Institute of Regulatory Science for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
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Ahmad N, Ahmad R, Alam MA, Ahmad FJ, Rub RA. Quantification and Evaluation of Glycyrrhizic Acid-loaded Surface Decorated Nanoparticles by UHPLC-MS/MS and used in the Treatment of Cerebral Ischemia. CURR PHARM ANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412914666180530073613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Glycyrrhizic Acid (GRA), a potent antioxidant triterpene saponin glycoside
and neuroprotective properties exhibits an important role in the treatment of neurological disorders i.e.
cerebral ischemia. GRA is water soluble, therefore it’s have low bioavailability in the brain.
Objective:
To enhance brain bioavailability for intranasally administered Glycyrrhizic Acidencapsulated-
chitosan-coated-PCL-Nanoparticles (CS-GRA-PCL-NPs).
Methods:
Chitosan-coated-PCL-Nanoparticles (CS-PCL-NPs) were developed through double emulsification-
solvent evaporation technique and further characterized for particle size, zeta potential, size
distribution, encapsulation efficiency as well as in vitro drug release. UPLC triple quadrupole Qtrap
MS/MS method was developed to evaluate brain-drug uptake for optimized CS-GRA-PCL-NPs and to
determine its pharmacokinetic in rat’s brain as well as plasma.
Results:
Mean particles size (231.47±7.82), polydispersity index (PDI) i.e. (0.216±0.030) and entrapment
efficiency (65.69±5.68) was determined for developed NPs. UPLC triple quadrupole Qtrap MS/MS
method study showed a significantly high mucoadhesive potential of CS-GRA-PCL-NPs and least for
conventional and homogenized nanoformulation; elution time for GRA and internal standard (IS) Hydrocortisone
as 0.37 and 1.94 min at m/z 821.49/113.41 and 363.45/121.40 were observed, respectively. Furthermore,
intra and inter-assay (%CV) of 0.49-5.48, %accuracy (90.00-99.09%) as well as a linear dynamic
range (10.00 ng/mL -2000.0 ng/mL), was observed. Pharmacokinetic studies in Wistar rat brain
exhibited a high AUC0-24 alongwith an amplified Cmax (p** < 0.01) as compared to i.v. treated group.
Conclusion:
Intranasal administration of developed CS-coated-GRA-loaded-PCL-NPs enhanced the
drug bioavailability in rat brain along with successfully UPLC-MS/MS method and thus preparation of
GRA-NPs may help treat cerebral ischemia effectively. The toxicity studies performed at the end
revealed safe nature of optimized nanoformulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyaz Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rizwan Ahmad
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Aftab Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Gautam Budh Nagar, Greater Noida-201310, India
| | - Farhan Jalees Ahmad
- Nanomedicine Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Rehan Abdur Rub
- Nanomedicine Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
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Targeting high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) in pediatric traumatic brain injury: Chronic neuroinflammatory, behavioral, and epileptogenic consequences. Exp Neurol 2019; 320:112979. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.112979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Sun ZG, Zhao TT, Lu N, Yang YA, Zhu HL. Research Progress of Glycyrrhizic Acid on Antiviral Activity. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:826-832. [PMID: 30659537 DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666190119111125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizic acid (GA), a triterpene isolated from the roots and rhizomes of licorice, named Glycyrrhiza glabra, is the principal bioactive ingredient of anti-viral, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects. GA has been used in the clinical treatment of hepatitis, bronchitis, gastric ulcer, AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), certain cancers and skin diseases. It has a direct effect on anti-HBV (hepatitis B virus) via affecting the HBsAg (hepatitis B surface antigen) to extracellular secretion, improving liver dysfunction in patients with chronic hepatitis B, and ultimately improving the immune status of HBV. GA can significantly inhibit the proliferation of HIV, showing an immune activation. The clinical application of GA on the prevention and treatments of various diseases may derive from its numerous pharmacological properties. This review provides the summary of the antiviral effects of GA on research progress and mechanism in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Sun
- Central Laboratory, Linyi Central Hospital, No. 17 Jiankang Road, Linyi 276400, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, No. 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, No. 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Na Lu
- Linyi Food and Drug Inspection and Testing Center, No. 309 Yizhou Road, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Yong-An Yang
- Elion Nature Bio Tech Co. Ltd. Nanjing 210038, China
| | - Hai-Liang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, No. 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China
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Yang Q, Zhang P, Liu T, Zhang X, Pan X, Cen Y, Liu Y, Zhang H, Chen X. Magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate ameliorates radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting fibroblast differentiation via the p38MAPK/Akt/Nox4 pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 115:108955. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Ali NM, Mahmoud AAA, Mahmoud MF, El Fayoumi HM. Glycyrrhizic acid and silymarin alleviate the neurotoxic effects of aluminum in rats challenged with fructose-induced insulin resistance: possible role of toll-like receptor 4 pathway. Drug Chem Toxicol 2019; 42:210-219. [PMID: 30614296 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1544984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum is implicated in the etiology of different neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes and cancer. The current study was conducted to evaluate the protective effects of glycyrrhizic acid (GAM) and silymarin (SLY) on AlCl3-induced neurotoxicity in insulin resistant rats. Insulin resistance (IR) was induced by fructose (10%) in drinking water for 18 weeks. Rats received AlCl3 (34 mg/kg/day) with or without fructose, GAM (40 mg/kg/day), or SLY (100 mg/kg/day). The administration of GAM or SLY suppressed AlCl3-induced memory deficit, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation in brain tissue of IR rats. Both agents inhibited AlCl3-induced activation of TLR4 signaling pathway including the downstream activation of NF-κB. The results show that IR can partly exacerbate AlCl3-induced neurotoxicity, particularly memory deficit and neuroinflammation. In addition, GAM and SLY showed promising neuroprotective effect against AlCl3-induced brain damage in IR rats. The neuroprotection induced by these natural products might be mediated through their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The latter effect seems to be mediated via inhibition of TLR4 signaling pathway providing new insights on the mechanisms implicated in AlCl3-induced neurotoxicity and the neuroprotection afforded by GAM and SLY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura M Ali
- a Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Zagazig University , Zagazig 44519 Egypt
| | - Amr A A Mahmoud
- a Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Zagazig University , Zagazig 44519 Egypt
| | - Mona F Mahmoud
- a Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Zagazig University , Zagazig 44519 Egypt
| | - Hassan M El Fayoumi
- a Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Zagazig University , Zagazig 44519 Egypt
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Li J, Shi J, Sun Y, Zheng F. Glycyrrhizin, a Potential Drug for Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Inhibiting High-Mobility Group Box 1. DNA Cell Biol 2018; 37:941-946. [PMID: 30325653 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2018.4444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune encephalomyelitis is a chronic autoimmune disease caused by immune-mediated sterile inflammatory response and demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS). High-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) is a ubiquitous nuclear protein, which can be released from damaged cells and induce proinflammatory responses in autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Glycyrrhizin (GL), a major constituent of licorice root, can inhibit the proinflammatory bioactivities of HMGB1. In this article, we bring some insight into the effects of GL on CNS inflammatory diseases and discuss the therapeutic potential of GL in autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- 1 Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junyu Shi
- 1 Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Sun
- 1 Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,2 Wuhan Institute for Neuroscience and Neuroengineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China.,3 Department of Neurobiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Zheng
- 1 Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,4 Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China.,5 NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Wuhan, China.,6 Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Glycyrrhizic Acid Ameliorates Mitochondrial Function and Biogenesis Against Aluminum Toxicity in PC12 Cells. Neurotox Res 2018; 35:584-593. [PMID: 30317430 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9967-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) is the most effective ingredient in the root of licorice, with important pharmacological effects. We investigate the effects of GA on mitochondrial function and biogenesis in the aluminum toxicity in PC12 cell line. After pretreatment of PC12 cells with different concentrations of GA (5-100 μM), and specific concentration of aluminum maltolate (Almal,1000 μM) for 48 h, cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondria mass, cytochrome c oxidase enzyme activity, and the ATP level of the cells were measured. The expression mRNA level of PGC-1α, NRF1, NRF2, and TFAM was confirmed by the real-time PCR quantitative method. The results showed that low concentrations of GA protected Almal-induced cell death in 48 h. It was also observed that GA reduced the ROS production and increased the ATP level. The activity of cytochrome c oxidase enzyme and also decrease of MMP were improved. In addition, GA significantly increased the expression of mitochondrial genes and mass against aluminum toxicity. GA can exert its protective effect against the toxicity of Almal through maintaining mitochondrial function and subsequently increasing energy metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis. GA as a natural product can be considered as a supplement in neurodegenerative disease.
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Cho MJ, Kim JH, Park CH, Lee AY, Shin YS, Lee JH, Park CG, Cho EJ. Comparison of the effect of three licorice varieties on cognitive improvement via an amelioration of neuroinflammation in lipopolysaccharide-induced mice. Nutr Res Pract 2018; 12:191-198. [PMID: 29854324 PMCID: PMC5974064 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2018.12.3.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Neuroinflammation plays critical role in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). We investigated the effect of three licorice varieties, Glycyrhiza uralensis, G. glabra, and Shinwongam (SW) on a mouse model of inflammation-induced memory and cognitive deficit. MATERIALS/METHODS C57BL/6 mice were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 2.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) and orally administrated G. uralensis, G. glabra, and SW extract (150 mg/kg/day). SW, a new species of licorice in Korea, was combined with G. uralensis and G. glabra. Behavioral tests, including the T-maze, novel object recognition and Morris water maze, were carried out to assess learning and memory. In addition, the expressions of inflammation-related proteins in brain tissue were measured by western blotting. RESULTS There was a significant decrease in spatial and objective recognition memory in LPS-induced cognitive impairment group, as measured by the T-maze and novel object recognition test; however, the administration of licorice ameliorated these deficits. In addition, licorice-treated groups exhibited improved learning and memory ability in the Morris water maze. Furthermore, LPS-injected mice had up-regulated pro-inflammatory proteins, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin-6, via activation of toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB) pathways in the brain. However, these were attenuated by following administration of the three licorice varieties. Interestingly, the SW-administered group showed greater inhibition of iNOS and TLR4 when compared with the other licorice varieties. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the brain of LPS-induced cognitively impaired mice that were administered licorice, with the greatest effect following SW treatment. CONCLUSIONS The three licorice varieties ameliorated the inflammation-induced cognitive dysfunction by down-regulating inflammatory proteins and up-regulating BDNF. These results suggest that licorice, in particular SW, could be potential therapeutic agents against cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ji Cho
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Chan Hum Park
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, NIHHS, RDA, Chungbuk 27709, Korea
| | - Ah Young Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Yu Su Shin
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, NIHHS, RDA, Chungbuk 27709, Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, NIHHS, RDA, Chungbuk 27709, Korea
| | - Chun Geun Park
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, NIHHS, RDA, Chungbuk 27709, Korea
| | - Eun Ju Cho
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
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Han J, Zhang JZ, Zhong ZF, Li ZF, Pang WS, Hu J, Chen LD. Gualou Guizhi decoction promotes neurological functional recovery and neurogenesis following focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1408-1416. [PMID: 30106053 PMCID: PMC6108212 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.235296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Recovery following stroke involves neurogenesis and axonal remodeling within the ischemic brain. Gualou Guizhi decoction (GLGZD) is a Chinese traditional medicine used for the treatment of post-stroke limb spasm. GLGZD has been reported to have neuroprotective effects in cerebral ischemic injury. However, the effects of GLGZD on neurogenesis and axonal remodeling following cerebral ischemia remain unknown. In this study, a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion. Neurological function was assessed immediately after reperfusion using Longa's 5-point scoring system. The rats were randomly divided into vehicle and GLGZD groups. Rats in the sham group were given sham operation. The rats in the GLGZD group were intragastrically administered GLGZD, once daily, for 14 consecutive days. The rats in the vehicle and sham groups were intragastrically administered distilled water. Modified neurological severity score test, balance beam test and foot fault test were used to assess motor functional changes. Nissl staining was performed to evaluate histopathological changes in the brain. Immunofluorescence staining was used to examine cell proliferation using the marker 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) as well as expression of the neural precursor marker doublecortin (DCX), the astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and the axon regeneration marker growth associated protein-43 (GAP-43). GLGZD substantially mitigated pathological injury, increased the number of BrdU, DCX and GFAP-immunoreactive cells in the subventricular zone of the ischemic hemisphere, increased GAP-43 expression in the cortical peri-infarct region, and improved motor function. These findings suggest that GLGZD promotes neurological functional recovery by increasing cell proliferation, enhancing axonal regeneration, and increasing the numbers of neuronal precursors and astrocytes in the peri-infarct area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- Institute of Materia Medica, Fujian Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ji-Zhou Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Fujian Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Zhong
- Institute of Materia Medica, Fujian Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zuan-Fang Li
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Wen-Sheng Pang
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; The Second People's Hospital of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Juan Hu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Fujian Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Li-Dian Chen
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
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Chen J, Shen N, Duan X, Guo Y. An investigation of the mechanism of dexmedetomidine in improving postoperative cognitive dysfunction from the perspectives of alleviating neuronal mitochondrial membrane oxidative stress and electrophysiological dysfunction. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:2037-2043. [PMID: 29434802 PMCID: PMC5776520 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of dexmedetomidine in improving postoperative cognitive dysfunction from the perspectives of alleviating neuronal mitochondrial membrane oxidative stress and electrophysiological dysfunction. A total of 120 patients undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia from June 2013 to May, 2016 were selected as the subjects of the study and randomly divided into the propofol + remifentanil and dexmedetomidine groups. The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were performed at day 1 before operation and at day 1, 3, 5 and 15 after operation. The mitochondrial membrane potential was detected using a flow cytometer after staining and labeling for mitochondria in leukocytes via JC-1 fluorescence staining using a fluorescence probe at day 1 before operation and at day 1, 3, 5 and 15 after operation. The activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes at day 1 before and after operation were detected via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the comparisons of general conditions (age, body weight, sex ratio, body mass index, anesthesia time, operation time, and length of stay in the ICU and hospital) for the dexmedetomidine and propofol + remifentanil groups (P>0.05). At day 3 and 5 after operation, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores and AVLT scores in the two groups were decreased in different degrees, but the decrease range in the dexmedetomidine group was smaller than that in the propofol + remifentanil group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). At day 3, 5 and 15 after operation, the BDI scores of the two groups were increased in different degrees, but the increase range in the dexmedetomidine group was smaller than that in the propofol + remifentanil group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). At day 1, 3 and 5 after operation, the mitochondrial membrane potentials of the two groups were decreased in different degrees, but the decrease range in the dexmedetomidine group was smaller than that in the propofol + remifentanil group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The mitochondrial membrane potentials of the two groups returned to the preoperative levels at day 15 after operation. The activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I–IV in the propofol + remifentanil group at day 1 after operation were significantly decreased compared with those before operation, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The decrease in activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I–IV in the propofol + remifentanil group at day 1 after operation was more significant than that in the dexmedetomidine group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The results suggest that dexmedetomidine can relieve neuronal damage that may be caused by mitochondrial membrane oxidative stress, alleviate the damage to mitochondrial related enzyme system activity, and reduce the damage to the activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme complex I, II, III and IV, ultimately improving the postoperative cognitive dysfunction of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei 056029, P.R. China
| | - Na Shen
- Department of ENT, Tianjin 4th Center Hospital, Tianjin 300140, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Duan
- Department of ENT, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei 056029, P.R. China
| | - Yaning Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Handan Central Hospital, Handan, Hebei 056002, P.R. China
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In silico modeling on ADME properties of natural products: Classification models for blood-brain barrier permeability, its application to traditional Chinese medicine and in vitro experimental validation. J Mol Graph Model 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Jiang B, Qu H, Kong H, Zhang Y, Liu S, Cheng J, Yan X, Zhao Y. The Effects of Sweet Foods on the Pharmacokinetics of Glycyrrhizic Acid by icELISA. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030498. [PMID: 28335563 PMCID: PMC6155382 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of sweet foods, such as honey, was investigated from the perspective of pharmacokinetics on the absorption of glycyrrhizic acid (GA). Due to the unique properties of indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA), namely, its: specificity, sensitivity, repeatability, simple pretreatment of samples, fast and simple operation, and because it is economic and non-polluting, it has received increased attention. In this study, we used the advantages of this method to see how honey affected the pharmacokinetics of GA. The effects of honey on the pharmacokinetics of GA by ELISA were investigated for the first time. The results indicate that honey can postpone the peak concentration of GA in mouse blood, and this effect correlates well with fructose. As a representative of sweet foods, the result provides the valuable information that honey, or fructose, may act as sustained-releasing drugs in clinical scenarios; and that sweet foods may have some influences on drugs when taken together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqian Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Huihua Qu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Hui Kong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Shuchen Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Jinjun Cheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xin Yan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
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Langer D, Czarczynska-Goslinska B, Goslinski T. Glycyrrhetinic acid and its derivatives in infectious diseases. CURRENT ISSUES IN PHARMACY AND MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/cipms-2016-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction. Licorice or liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra, Leguminosae) is a perennial plant naturally occurring or cultivated in Europe and Asia. It was appreciated by many ancient cultures, and was employed within Arabic medicine and (beginning in the Middle Ages) in Europe folk medicine as a remedy for many diseases. Currently, the sweet flavoured root of this plant – Radix Glycyrrhizae (Liquirtiae), is widely taken for the treating of various upper respiratory tract diseases, as well as for gastric ulcer disease. It is also utilized as a sweetening and flavouring agent in the food, tobacco and pharmacy industries. The main active ingredient of liquorice is the triterpenoid saponin, glycyrrhizin, which is a mixture of calcium, magnesium and potassium salts of glycyrrhizic acid (GA). Glycyrrhizic acid is composed of an aglycone, that is 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GE), and a D-glucuronic acid dimer. The aim of this review is to discuss some aspects of the activity of glycyrrhetinic acid and its derivatives in infectious diseases.
State of knowledge. The pentacyclic system of glycyrrhetinic acid consists of condensed six-membered rings with a hydroxyl group at C-3, a carboxyl moiety at C-30 and a ketone functional group at C-11. Considering the presence of the above mentioned functional groups, many structural transformations have been proposed, including those by way of esterification, alkylation and reduction reactions. The introduction of various chemical residues into its structure, as well as the modification of the glycyrrhetinic acid in its pentacyclic triterpene skeleton, has led to the generation of compounds with many valuable antimicrobial, anti-parasitic, antiviral properties and modified lipophilic parameters.
Summary. In summary, glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives appear to have promise as active pharmaceutical ingredients that contain a wide range of biological and pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Langer
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Beata Czarczynska-Goslinska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Goslinski
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
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Catorce MN, Gevorkian G. LPS-induced Murine Neuroinflammation Model: Main Features and Suitability for Pre-clinical Assessment of Nutraceuticals. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 14:155-64. [PMID: 26639457 PMCID: PMC4825946 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666151204122017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an important feature in the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer´s disease (AD), Parkinson´s disease (PD), frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Based on current knowledge in the field, suggesting that targeting peripheral inflammation could be a promising additional treatment/prevention approach for neurodegenerative diseases, drugs and natural products with anti-inflammatory properties have been evaluated in animal models of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In this review, we provide an extensive analysis of one of the most important and widely-used animal models of peripherally induced neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration - lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice, and address the data reproducibility in published research. We also summarize briefly basic features of various natural products, nutraceuticals, with known anti-inflammatory effects and present an overview of data on their therapeutic potential for reducing neuroinflammation in LPS-treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Goar Gevorkian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70228, Cuidad Universitaria, Mexico DF, CP 04510, Mexico.
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