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Sun KN, Huang F, Wang MY, Wu J, Hu CJ, Liu XF. IL-21 Enhances the Immune Protection Induced by the Vibrio vulnificus Hemolysin A Protein. Inflammation 2022; 45:1496-1506. [PMID: 35129769 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01632-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that the Vibrio vulnificus hemolysin A (VvhA) protein elicited good immune protection and could effectively control V. vulnificus infection in mice. However, its molecular mechanism remains unknown. We hypothesized that hemolysin A induces an immunoprotective response via IL-21 regulation. To demonstrate this, IL-21 expression in mice was regulated by injecting either specific antibodies or rIL-21, and the immune response was evaluated by flow cytometry. Our results suggested that IL-21 enhances immune protection by inducing a T follicular helper cell and germinal center B cell response. We used RNA-seq to explore molecular mechanisms and identified 10 upregulated and 32 downregulated genes involved in IL-21-upregulated protection. Gene Ontology analysis and pathway analysis of the differentially expressed genes were also performed. Our findings indicate that IL-21 can enhance the immune protection effect of the VvhA protein and may serve as a novel strategy for enhancing the immune protection effect of protein vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Na Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the 960th Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Ji'nan, Shandong Province, 250031, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the 960th Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Ji'nan, Shandong Province, 250031, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Yi Wang
- Department of Clinical Lab, Weihai Municipal Hospital Affiliated To Dalian Medical University, Weihai, Shandong Province, 264200, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the 960th Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Ji'nan, Shandong Province, 250031, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Jin Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the 960th Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Ji'nan, Shandong Province, 250031, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Fei Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the 960th Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Ji'nan, Shandong Province, 250031, People's Republic of China.
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Li J, Zhu Y, Ma Z, Yang F. Genome sequence and pathogenicity of Vibrio vulnificus strain MCCC 1A08743 isolated from contaminated prawns. Biol Open 2022; 11:275848. [PMID: 35766638 PMCID: PMC9253834 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is an opportunistic pathogen that naturally inhabits sea water globally and is responsible for most vibriosis-related deaths. The consumption of V. vulnificus contaminated seafood and exposure of wounds to Vibrio can result in systemic infection, with increased risks of amputation and extremely high rates of mortality. However, the pathogenicity and virulence factors of V. vulnificus are not fully understood. The genomic characterization of V. vulnificus will be helpful to extend our understanding on V. vulnificus at a genomic level. In this manuscript, the genome of V. vulnificus strain MCCC 1A08743 isolated from contaminated prawns from Zhanjiang, China, was sequenced using Illumina HiSeq X Ten system and annotated through multiple databases. The strain MCCC 1A08743 genome included 4371 protein-coding genes and 117 RNA genes. Average nucleotide identity analysis and core genome phylogenetic analysis revealed that MCCC 1A08743 was most closely related to strains from clinical samples from the United States. Pathogenicity annotation of the MCCC 1A08743 genome, using Virulence Factor Database and Pathogen-Host Interactions database, predicted the pathogenicity of the strain, and this was confirmed using mice infection experiments, which indicated that V. vulnificus strain MCCC 1A08743 could infect C57BL/6J mice and cause liver lesions. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary:Vibrio vulnificus strain MCCC 1A08743 was newly isolated, sequenced and tested for its pathogenicity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Medical Genetics, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yiqing Zhu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhenxia Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Fu Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Cytokines Induced by Edwardsiella tarda: Profile and Role in Antibacterial Immunity. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081242. [PMID: 34439908 PMCID: PMC8391551 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Edwardsiella tarda is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen with a broad range of hosts, including fish and mammals. In the present study, we used an advanced antibody array technology to identify the expression pattern of cytokines induced by E. tarda in a mouse infection model. In total, 31 and 24 differentially expressed cytokines (DECs) were identified in the plasma at 6 h and 24 h post-infection (hpi), respectively. The DECs were markedly enriched in the Gene Ontology (GO) terms associated with cell migration and response to chemokine and in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways associated with immunity, diseases, and infection. Ten key DECs, including IL6 and TNF-α, were found to form extensive protein-protein interaction networks. IL6 was demonstrated to inhibit E. tarda infection and be required for E. tarda-induced inflammatory response. TNF-α also exerted an inhibitory effect on E. tarda infection, and knockdown of fish (Japanese flounder) TNF-α promoted E. tarda invasion in host cells. Together, the results of this study revealed a comprehensive profile of cytokines induced by E. tarda, thus adding new insights into the role of cytokine-associated immunity against bacterial infection and also providing the potential plasma biomarkers of E. tarda infection for future studies.
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Wang MY, Liu XF, Xia J, Li Y, Geng JL, Hu CJ. Vibrio vulnificus VvhA induces Th1 and Tfh cells to proliferate against Vibrio vulnificus in a mouse model of infection. Future Microbiol 2017; 12:953-965. [PMID: 28816516 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2017-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To characterize the roles of VvhA in host's acquired immune response to Vibrio vulnificus infection. MATERIALS & METHODS The recombinant VvhA fusion protein was used to immunize mice and the anti-VvhA polyclonal antibody was produced in vivo for prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy assay. The roles of VvhA in T helper (Th) cells differentiation were analyzed by vvhA-deleted mutant during the early phase of infection, while the ratio of Th2 and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells were examined in VvhA immunization. RESULTS Anti-VvhA antibody exhibited neutralization activity against V. vulnificus. Wild-type strain induced higher level of Th1 cells than the mutant, and the concentrations of IgG2a and IFN-γ were increased during the early phase of infection. The spontaneous development of Tfh was observed in immunized model, and the serum IL-21 was increased. CONCLUSION V. vulnificus VvhA elicited cellular and humoral immune responses by Th1 and Tfh cells to provide protection against VvhA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yi Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital of Jinan Military Region of PLA, Jinan, Shandong, 250031, PR China.,Department of Central Lab, Weihai Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Weihai, Shandong, 264200, PR China
| | - Xiao-Fei Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital of Jinan Military Region of PLA, Jinan, Shandong, 250031, PR China
| | - Jun Xia
- Department of Medical Administration, Weihai Health & Family Planning Commission, Weihai, Shandong, 264200, PR China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Central Lab, Weihai Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Weihai, Shandong, 264200, PR China
| | - Jian-Li Geng
- Department of Central Lab, Weihai Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Weihai, Shandong, 264200, PR China
| | - Cheng-Jin Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital of Jinan Military Region of PLA, Jinan, Shandong, 250031, PR China
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Murciano C, Lee CT, Fernández-Bravo A, Hsieh TH, Fouz B, Hor LI, Amaro C. MARTX Toxin in the Zoonotic Serovar of Vibrio vulnificus Triggers an Early Cytokine Storm in Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:332. [PMID: 28775962 PMCID: PMC5517466 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2-serovar E is a zoonotic clonal complex that can cause death by sepsis in humans and fish. Unlike other biotypes, Bt2 produces a unique type of MARTXVv (Multifunctional-Autoprocessive-Repeats-in-Toxin; RtxA13), which is encoded by a gene duplicated in the pVvBt2 plasmid and chromosome II. In this work, we analyzed the activity of this toxin and its role in human sepsis by performing in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo assays. First, we demonstrated that the ACD domain, present exclusively in this toxin variant, effectively has an actin-cross-linking activity. Second, we determined that the whole toxin caused death of human endotheliocytes and monocytes by lysis and apoptosis, respectively. Finally, we tested the hypothesis that RtxA13 contributes to human death caused by this zoonotic serovar by triggering an early cytokine storm in blood. To this end, we used a Bt2-SerE strain (R99) together with its rtxA13 deficient mutant, and a Bt1 strain (YJ016) producing RtxA11 (the most studied MARTXVv) together with its rtxA11 deficient mutant, as controls. Our results showed that RtxA13 was essential for virulence, as R99ΔΔrtxA13 was completely avirulent in our murine model of infection, and that R99, but not strain YJ016, induced an early, strong and dysregulated immune response involving the up-regulation of a high number of genes. This dysregulated immune response was directly linked to RtxA13. Based on these results and those obtained ex vivo (human blood), we propose a model of infection for the zoonotic serovar of V. vulnificus, in which RtxA13 would act as a sepsis-inducing toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Murciano
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología & Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de ValènciaValencia, Spain
| | - Chung-Te Lee
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology & College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, Taiwan
| | - Ana Fernández-Bravo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología & Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de ValènciaValencia, Spain
| | - Tsung-Han Hsieh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology & College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, Taiwan
| | - Belén Fouz
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología & Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de ValènciaValencia, Spain
| | - Lien-I Hor
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology & College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, Taiwan
| | - Carmen Amaro
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología & Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de ValènciaValencia, Spain
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Xie DL, Zheng MM, Zheng Y, Gao H, Zhang J, Zhang T, Guo JC, Yang XF, Zhong XP, Lou YL. Vibrio vulnificus induces mTOR activation and inflammatory responses in macrophages. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181454. [PMID: 28719654 PMCID: PMC5515453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus (V. vulnificus), a Gram-negative marine bacterium, can cause life-threatening primary septicemia, especially in patients with liver diseases. How V. vulnificus affects the liver and how it acts on macrophages are not well understood. In this report, we demonstrated that V. vulnificus infection causes a strong inflammatory response, marked expansion of liver-resident macrophages, and liver damage in mice. We demonstrated further that V. vulnificus activates mTOR in macrophages and inhibition of mTOR differentially regulates V. vulnificus induced inflammatory responses, suggesting the possibility of targeting mTOR as a strategy to modulate V. vulnificus induced inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Li Xie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- China Ministry of Education Key Lab of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meng-Meng Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- China Ministry of Education Key Lab of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Jinshan, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Chun Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - X. Frank Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- China Ministry of Education Key Lab of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YLL); (XPZ)
| | - Yong-Liang Lou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- China Ministry of Education Key Lab of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail: (YLL); (XPZ)
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Pan CY, Liu YH, Gong HY, Chen JY. Transcriptome analysis of the effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids against Vibrio vulnificus infection in Oreochromis niloticus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 62:153-163. [PMID: 28108339 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus infection causes severe economic losses in Oreochromis niloticus aquaculture by inducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, that lead to inflammation and mortality. Omega-3 fatty acids, such as Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), have been reported for their anti-inflammatory and antibacterial abilities in murine and zebrafish models. However, the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial functions of DHA and EPA in commercial aquaculture organisms such as Oreochromis niloticus remain unknown. The present study demonstrates antibacterial function and transcriptional modulation of inflammation-associated genes by DHA and EPA in Vibrio vulnificus infection in Oreochromis niloticus fish models. The administration of EPA or DHA improved the Oreochromis niloticus survival rate against Vibrio vulnificus infection. The induction of proinflammatory cytokines, Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 by Vibrio vulnificus was suppressed in fish that were administered DHA. Bacterial membrane disruption and the killing of Vibrio vulnificus by EPA and DHA was observed using SEM, TEM, and cytoplasm leakage studies. In silico analysis of the transcription profile in Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software showed that DHA may enhance anti-Vibrio vulnificus activity in Oreochromis niloticus via the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) to inhibit nuclear factor kappa B and suppress hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 α (HNF4α). In summary, the results of the present study demonstrated that DHA and EPA reduce the severity of Vibrio vulnificus infection and increase the survival rate of Oreochromis niloticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Yu Pan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hao Liu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Yi Gong
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Yih Chen
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Road, Jiaushi, Ilan 262, Taiwan.
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