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Wang HF, Liu WC, Zailani H, Yang CC, Chen TB, Chang CM, Tsai IJ, Yang CP, Su KP. A 12-week randomized double-blind clinical trial of eicosapentaenoic acid intervention in episodic migraine. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 118:459-467. [PMID: 38499208 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may benefit migraine improvement, though prior studies are inconclusive. This study evaluated the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on episodic migraine (EM) prevention. Seventy individuals with EM participated in a 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial from March 2020 and May 2022. They were randomly assigned to either the EPA (N = 35, 2 g fish oil with 1.8 g of EPA as a stand-alone treatment daily), or the placebo group (N = 35, 2 g soybean oil daily). Migraine frequency and headache severity were assessed using the monthly migraine days, visual analog scale (VAS), Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Migraine-Specific Quality-of-Life Questionnaire (MSQ), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) in comparison to baseline measurements. The EPA group significantly outperformed the placebo in reducing monthly migraine days (-4.4 ± 5.1 days vs. - 0.6 ± 3.5 days, p = 0.001), days using acute headache medication (-1.3 ± 3.0 days vs. 0.1 ± 2.3 days, p = 0.035), improving scores for headache severity (ΔVAS score: -1.3 ± 2.4 vs. 0.0 ± 2.2, p = 0.030), disability (ΔMIDAS score: -13.1 ± 16.2 vs. 2.6 ± 20.2, p = 0.001), anxiety and depression (ΔHADS score: -3.9 ± 9.4 vs. 1.1 ± 9.1, p = 0.025), and quality of life (ΔMSQ score: -11.4 ± 19.0 vs. 3.1 ± 24.6, p = 0.007). Notably, female particularly benefited from EPA, underscoring its potential in migraine management. In conclusion, high-dose EPA has significantly reduced migraine frequency and severity, improved psychological symptoms and quality of life in EM patients, and shown no major adverse events, suggesting its potential as a prophylactic for EM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh-Fang Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chun Liu
- An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan; Mind-Body Interface Research Center (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Halliru Zailani
- Mind-Body Interface Research Center (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chia Yang
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Bin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Mao Chang
- Center for Traditional Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Ju Tsai
- Department of Neurology, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Pai Yang
- Department of Neurology, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Kuan-Pin Su
- An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan; Mind-Body Interface Research Center (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK; College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Hegde SK, Rao S, D’souza RK, Baliga MS. Efficacy of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Containing Protein Supplement in Preventing Weight Loss in Head and Neck Cancer Patients Undergoing Curative Radiotherapy: Retrospective Observations with Historical Controls. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024; 76:587-595. [PMID: 38440501 PMCID: PMC10909067 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-023-04217-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Weight loss is a major issue in Head and Neck cancer (HNC) patients undergoing curative radiotherapy. The principal objective of the study was to observe whether eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) containing protein supplement was effective in mitigating the weight loss during in hospitalized HNC undergoing curative radiotherapy. A retrospective study was performed based on clinical, treatment and nutritional data of 53 patients received EPA containing supplement during their curative radiotherapy from October 2014 to January 2015 and was compared with 88 historical control group of patients (October 2013 to June 2014) who had indigenous protein rich diet planned by the dietician in the period immediately before the implementation of providing EPA containing protein supplement to the patients. The data was stratified based on gender, age, weight, treatment modalities, stage and site of cancer and analysed using unpaired t test. A p value of < 0.05 was considered significant. The results indicate there was no significant difference in the patient tumor and clinical details. The results indicate that the percent change in weight loss was less in the EPA cohorts when calculated from weight (P < 0.006) and Body Mass Index (BMI) perspective (P < 0.003). Detail analysis suggested that beneficial effects were more in males (P < 0.01), people affected with oral cancer (P < 0.02), people below the age of 40 (P < 0.001), and in people with early stage cancer (P < 0.003). Cumulatively all these results suggest that administering EPA containing protein supplement was effective in arresting weight loss in HNC patients undergoing curative radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanath Kumar Hegde
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mangalore Institute of Oncology, Pumpwell, Mangalore, 575002 Karnataka India
| | - Suresh Rao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mangalore Institute of Oncology, Pumpwell, Mangalore, 575002 Karnataka India
| | - Rhea Katherine D’souza
- Clinical Nutrition, Mangalore Institute of Oncology, Pumpwell, Mangalore, Karnataka 575002 India
- Research Unit, Mangalore Institute of Oncology, Pumpwell, Mangalore, Karnataka 575002 India
| | - Manjeshwar Shrinath Baliga
- Clinical Nutrition, Mangalore Institute of Oncology, Pumpwell, Mangalore, Karnataka 575002 India
- Research Unit, Mangalore Institute of Oncology, Pumpwell, Mangalore, Karnataka 575002 India
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Belloni A, Notarstefano V, Greco S, Pellegrino P, Giorgini E, Ciarmela P. FTIR Microspectroscopy as a new probe to study human uterine lesions: Characterization of tumor cell lines from uterine smooth muscle cells and evaluation of EPA and DHA in vitro treatments. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166873. [PMID: 37666437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
During their life, women are likely to develop uterine diseases, which often compromise their fertile and perimenopausal age. Besides benign lesions like leiomyomas, several malignant neoplasms can occur, such as the uterine leiomyosarcoma, which represents the most frequent malignancy among the rarest uterine cancers. It presents several variants similar to both benign and malignant neoplasms, and sometimes it shares symptoms with the benign counterpart. In this scenario, for a correct diagnosis and a successful prognosis, it is mandatory to detect new reliable markers which strengthen histopathological outcomes and let define a more appropriate and less harmful therapy. Based on this concerning evidence, in the present study, Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy has been exploited at a cellular level on uterine leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma cell lines to (1) identify specific spectral biomarkers able to distinguish between benign and malignant lesions, and (2) evaluate the efficacy of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (respectively EPA and DHA), already successfully tested. Results evidenced reliable differences in the spectral signature of benign and malignant cells, mainly in terms of lipids and nucleic acids composition. Moreover, even if EPA and DHA seemed to exert different effects on the tested cell lines, no cytotoxic and/or anti-apoptotic actions were observed after omega-3 based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Belloni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Valentina Notarstefano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Stefania Greco
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Pamela Pellegrino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Giorgini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Pasquapina Ciarmela
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
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Rittenhouse MA, Barringer ND, Jaffe DA, Morogiello JM, Kegel JL, McNally BA, Deuster PA. Omega-3 Index improves after increased intake of foods with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids among US service academy cadets. Nutr Res 2023; 117:30-37. [PMID: 37437467 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The inclusion of omega-3 fatty acids in our dietary intake is important for performance and recovery and may reduce the risk of various health issues. Studies have shown the omega-3 fatty acid status of US service members is low. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether offering fish and omega-3-enhanced foods would increase the Omega-3 Index (O3I). We hypothesize cadets will increase O3I with enhanced omega-3 options more than fish alone. Food service venues at 3 US service academies offered fish and other omega-3 foods to cadets for 12 weeks. Questionnaires were used to collect information on the dietary habits and omega-3 food intake of participants. The O3I of each participant was measured at baseline, mid- (6 weeks), and after data collection (12 weeks) time points. Following the 12 weeks, we found a significant increase in O3I. More specifically, the intake of other omega-3 foods, smoothies (3 per week) and toppings (3 per week), increased O3I in cadets. This study identified a strategy encouraging omega-3 food intake and improving O3I among cadets. These results help us understand how we can more effectively impact military service member nutrition for optimal health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Rittenhouse
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Jessica L Kegel
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Beth A McNally
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Patricia A Deuster
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Crawford MA, Sinclair AJ, Hall B, Ogundipe E, Wang Y, Bitsanis D, Djahanbakhch OB, Harbige L, Ghebremeskel K, Golfetto I, Moodley T, Hassam A, Sassine A, Johnson MR. The imperative of arachidonic acid in early human development. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 91:101222. [PMID: 36746351 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review is about the role of arachidonic acid (ArA) in foetal and early growth and development. In 1975 and '76, we reported the preferential incorporation of ArA into the developing brain of rat pups, its conservation as a principal component in the brains of 32 mammalian species and the high proportion delivered by the human placenta for foetal nutrition, compared to its parent linoleic acid (LA). ArA is quantitatively the principal acyl component of membrane lipids from foetal red cells, mononuclear cells, astrocytes, endothelium, and placenta. Functionally, we present evidence that ArA, but not DHA, relaxes the foetal mesenteric arteries. The placenta biomagnifies ArA, doubling the proportion of the maternal level in cord blood. The proportions of ArA and its allies (di-homo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA), adrenic acid and ω6 docosapentaenoic acid) are similar or higher than the total of ω3 fatty acids in human milk, maintaining the abundant supply to the developing infant. Despite the evidence of the importance of ArA, the European Food Standard Agency, in 2014 rejected the joint FAO and WHO recommendation on the inclusion of ArA in infant formula, although they recommended DHA. The almost universal dominance of ArA in the membrane phosphoglycerides during human organogenesis and prenatal growth suggests that the importance of ArA and its allies in reproductive biology needs to be re-evaluated urgently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Crawford
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus of Imperial College, London, UK; The Institute of Brain Chemistry and Human Nutrition, SW10 9NH, UK.
| | - Andrew J Sinclair
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia; Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barbara Hall
- The Institute of Brain Chemistry and Human Nutrition, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Enitan Ogundipe
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus of Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Yiqun Wang
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus of Imperial College, London, UK; The Institute of Brain Chemistry and Human Nutrition, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Dimitrios Bitsanis
- The Institute of Brain Chemistry and Human Nutrition, SW10 9NH, UK; EvexiaDiet dietetic practise, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Laurence Harbige
- The Institute of Brain Chemistry and Human Nutrition, SW10 9NH, UK; School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, UK
| | | | - Ivan Golfetto
- The Institute of Brain Chemistry and Human Nutrition, SW10 9NH, UK; Department of General Pathology and Physiopathology, Central University of Venezuela, Venezuela
| | - Therishnee Moodley
- The Institute of Brain Chemistry and Human Nutrition, SW10 9NH, UK; Centre for Reproductive Medicine, St Bartholomew's, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | - AnnieBelle Sassine
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus of Imperial College, London, UK; The Institute of Brain Chemistry and Human Nutrition, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Mark R Johnson
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus of Imperial College, London, UK
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Matsuura T, Sugahara K, Yamamoto Y, Tsuda J, Hashimoto M, Yamashita H. Prevention of progressive hearing loss in a mouse model of diabetes by oral intake of eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester. Acta Otolaryngol 2023; 143:113-120. [PMID: 36722024 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2023.2170463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of hearing impairment in patients with diabetes was significantly higher, and the development of preventive methods is desirable. AIMS/OBJECTIVES This study examined the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) administration on the prevention of early hearing loss in diabetic mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tsumura, Suzuki, Obese Diabetes (TSOD) mice were used as a model of diabetes and Tsumura, Suzuki, Non Obesity (TSNO) mice were used as controls. The animals were divided into three groups: the TSNO group and the TSOD (EPA-) group (provided sunflower oil), and the TSOD (EPA+) group (provided EPA). Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) were measured and the cochlea was evaluated histologically. RESULTS The TSOD (EPA+) group showed a lower tendency to increase thresholds than the TSOD (EPA-) group. The TSOD (EPA+) group had a significantly lower ABR threshold than the TSOD (EPA-) group from 11 to 14 months of age at 4 kHz. Narrowing of the capillary lumens in the stria vascularis and thickening of the vessel wall in the modiolus were observed in the TSOD (EPA-) group. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE It was suggested that the suppression of cochlear vascular atherosclerosis by EPA administration in TSOD mice suppressed early age-related hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Matsuura
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube City, Japan
| | - Kazuma Sugahara
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube City, Japan
| | - Yohei Yamamoto
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube City, Japan
| | - Junko Tsuda
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube City, Japan
| | - Makoto Hashimoto
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube City, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamashita
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube City, Japan
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Thurn AL, Stock A, Gerwald S, Weuster-Botz D. Simultaneous photoautotrophic production of DHA and EPA by Tisochrysis lutea and Microchloropsis salina in co-culture. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:130. [PMID: 38647795 PMCID: PMC10991112 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00612-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine microalgae have received much attention as a sustainable source of the two health beneficial omega-3-fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5). However, photoautotrophic monocultures of microalgae can only produce either DHA or EPA enriched biomass. An alternative may be the photoautotrophic co-cultivation of Tisochrysis lutea as DHA-producer with Microchloropsis salina for simultaneous EPA production to obtain EPA- and DHA-rich microalgae biomass in a nutritionally balanced ratio. Photoautotrophic co-cultivation processes of T. lutea and M. salina were studied, applying scalable and fully controlled lab-scale gas-lift flat-plate photobioreactors with LED illumination for dynamic climate simulation of a repeated sunny summer day in Australia [day-night cycles of incident light (PAR) and temperature]. Monocultures of both marine microalgae were used as reference batch processes. Differences in the autofluorescence of both microalgae enabled the individual measurement, of cell distributions in co-culture, by flow cytometry. The co-cultivation of T. lutea and M. salina in artificial sea water with an inoculation ratio of 1:3 resulted in a balanced biomass production of both microalgae simultaneously with a DHA:EPA ratio of almost 1:1 (26 mgDHA gCDW-1, and 23 mgEPA gCDW-1, respectively) at harvest after depletion of the initially added fertilizer. Surprisingly, more microalgae biomass was produced within 8 days in co-cultivation with an increase in the cell dry weight (CDW) concentration by 31%, compared to the monocultures with the same amount of light and fertilizer. What is more, DHA-content of the microalgae biomass was enhanced by 33% in the co-culture, whereas EPA-content remained unchanged compared to the monocultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Thurn
- School of Engineering and Design, Chair of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Anna Stock
- School of Engineering and Design, Chair of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gerwald
- School of Engineering and Design, Chair of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Dirk Weuster-Botz
- School of Engineering and Design, Chair of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748, Garching, Germany.
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Kamoshita K, Tajima-Shirasaki N, Ishii KA, Shirasaki T, Takayama H, Abuduwaili H, Abuduyimiti T, Oo HK, Yao X, Li Q, Galicia-Medina CM, Kaneko S, Takamura T. Forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1) knockdown accelerates the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-mediated Selenop downregulation independently of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) in H4IIEC3 hepatocytes. Endocr J 2022; 69:907-918. [PMID: 35321982 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej21-0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenoprotein P is upregulated in type 2 diabetes, causing insulin and exercise resistance. We have previously reported that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) negatively regulates Selenop expression by suppressing Srebf1 in H4IIEC3 hepatocytes. However, EPA downregulated Srebf1 long before downregulating Selenop. Here, we report additional novel mechanisms for the Selenop gene regulation by EPA. EPA upregulated Foxo1 mRNA expression, which was canceled with the ERK1/2 inhibitor, but not with the PKA inhibitor. Foxo1 knockdown by siRNA initiated early suppression of Selenop, but not Srebf1, by EPA. However, EPA did not affect the nuclear translocation of the FoxO1 protein. Neither ERK1/2 nor PKA inhibitor affected FoxO1 nuclear translocation. In summary, FoxO1 knockdown accelerates the EPA-mediated Selenop downregulation independent of SREBP-1c in hepatocytes. EPA upregulates Foxo1 mRNA via the ERK1/2 pathway without altering its protein and nuclear translocation. These findings suggest redundant and conflicting transcriptional networks in the lipid-induced redox regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Kamoshita
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Natsumi Tajima-Shirasaki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Kiyo-Aki Ishii
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
- Department of Integrative Medicine for Longevity, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Shirasaki
- Department of Advanced Medical Technology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Health Medicine, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takayama
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
- Life Sciences Division, Engineering and Technology Department, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Halimulati Abuduwaili
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Tuerdiguli Abuduyimiti
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Hein Ko Oo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Xingyu Yao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Qifang Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Cynthia M Galicia-Medina
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kaneko
- Department of System Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Toshinari Takamura
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
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Kocherlakota C, Nagaraju B, Arjun N, Srinath A, Kothapalli KSD, Brenna JT. Inhalation of nebulized omega-3 fatty acids mitigate LPS-induced acute lung inflammation in rats: Implications for treatment of COPD and COVID-19. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2022; 179:102426. [PMID: 35381532 PMCID: PMC8964507 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Many current treatment options for lung inflammation and thrombosis come with unwanted side effects. The natural omega-3 fatty acids (O3FA) are generally anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic. O3FA are always administered orally and occasionally by intravenous (IV) infusion. The main goal of this study is to determine if O3FA administered by inhalation of a nebulized formulation mitigates LPS-induced acute lung inflammation in male Wistar rats. Inflammation was triggered by intraperitoneal injection of LPS once a day for 14 days. One hour post-injection, rats received nebulized treatments consisting of egg lecithin emulsified O3, Budesonide and Montelukast, and blends of O3 and Melatonin or Montelukast or Cannabidiol; O3 was in the form of free fatty acids for all groups except one group with ethyl esters. Lung histology and cytokines were determined in n = 3 rats per group at day 8 and day 15. All groups had alveolar histiocytosis severity scores half or less than that of the disease control (Cd) treated with LPS and saline only inhalation. IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β, and IL-10 were attenuated in all O3FA groups. IL-1β was attenuated in most but not all O3 groups. O3 administered as ethyl ester was overall most effective in mitigating LPS effects. No evidence of lipid pneumonia or other chronic distress was observed. These preclinical data suggest that O3FA formulations should be further investigated as treatments in lung inflammation and thrombosis related lung disorders, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer and acute respiratory distress such as COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Banda Nagaraju
- Leiutis Pharmaceuticals LLP, Plot No. 23, TIE 1st Phase, Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Narala Arjun
- Leiutis Pharmaceuticals LLP, Plot No. 23, TIE 1st Phase, Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Akula Srinath
- Leiutis Pharmaceuticals LLP, Plot No. 23, TIE 1st Phase, Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Kumar S D Kothapalli
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX 78723, United States.
| | - J Thomas Brenna
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX 78723, United States.
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Murphy KA, Harsch BA, Healy CL, Joshi SS, Huang S, Walker RE, Wagner BM, Ernste KM, Huang W, Block RC, Wright CD, Tintle N, Jensen BC, Wells QS, Shearer GC, O’Connell TD. Free fatty acid receptor 4 responds to endogenous fatty acids to protect the heart from pressure overload. Cardiovasc Res 2022; 118:1061-1073. [PMID: 33752243 PMCID: PMC8930069 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Free fatty acid receptor 4 (Ffar4) is a G-protein-coupled receptor for endogenous medium-/long-chain fatty acids that attenuates metabolic disease and inflammation. However, the function of Ffar4 in the heart is unclear. Given its putative beneficial role, we hypothesized that Ffar4 would protect the heart from pathologic stress. METHODS AND RESULTS In mice lacking Ffar4 (Ffar4KO), we found that Ffar4 is required for an adaptive response to pressure overload induced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC), identifying a novel cardioprotective function for Ffar4. Following TAC, remodelling was worsened in Ffar4KO hearts, with greater hypertrophy and contractile dysfunction. Transcriptome analysis 3-day post-TAC identified transcriptional deficits in genes associated with cytoplasmic phospholipase A2α signalling and oxylipin synthesis and the reduction of oxidative stress in Ffar4KO myocytes. In cultured adult cardiac myocytes, Ffar4 induced the production of the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-derived, pro-resolving oxylipin 18-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (18-HEPE). Furthermore, the activation of Ffar4 attenuated cardiac myocyte death from oxidative stress, while 18-HEPE rescued Ffar4KO myocytes. Systemically, Ffar4 maintained pro-resolving oxylipins and attenuated autoxidation basally, and increased pro-inflammatory and pro-resolving oxylipins, including 18-HEPE, in high-density lipoproteins post-TAC. In humans, Ffar4 expression decreased in heart failure, while the signalling-deficient Ffar4 R270H polymorphism correlated with eccentric remodelling in a large clinical cohort paralleling changes observed in Ffar4KO mice post-TAC. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that Ffar4 in cardiac myocytes responds to endogenous fatty acids, reducing oxidative injury, and protecting the heart from pathologic stress, with significant translational implications for targeting Ffar4 in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Murphy
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, 3-141 CCRB, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Brian A Harsch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 110 Chandlee Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Chastity L Healy
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, 3-141 CCRB, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Sonal S Joshi
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, 3-141 CCRB, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Shue Huang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 110 Chandlee Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Rachel E Walker
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 110 Chandlee Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Brandon M Wagner
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, 3-141 CCRB, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Katherine M Ernste
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, 3-141 CCRB, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Division of Cardiology and McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Robert C Block
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Nathan Tintle
- Department of Statistics, Dordt University, Sioux Center, IA, USA
| | - Brian C Jensen
- Division of Cardiology and McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Quinn S Wells
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Gregory C Shearer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 110 Chandlee Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Timothy D O’Connell
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, 3-141 CCRB, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
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11
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Jakhwal P, Kumar Biswas J, Tiwari A, Kwon EE, Bhatnagar A. Genetic and non-genetic tailoring of microalgae for the enhanced production of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) - A review. Bioresour Technol 2022; 344:126250. [PMID: 34728356 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The myriad health benefits associated with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) laid the path for their application in the functional foods and nutraceutical industries. Fish being primarily exploited for extraction of EPA and DHA are unsustainable sources; thus, oleaginous microalgae turn out to be an alternative sustainable source. This review paper aims to provide the recent developments in the context of enhancing EPA and DHA production by utilising non-genetic tailoring and genetic tailoring methods. We have also summarized the legislation, public perception, and possible risks associated with the usage of genetically modified microalgae focusing on EPA and DHA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Jakhwal
- Department of Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, LUT University, Sammonkatu 12, FI-50130, Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Jayanta Kumar Biswas
- Enviromicrobiology, Ecotoxicology and Ecotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Ecological Studies, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia 741235, West Bengal, India; International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Archana Tiwari
- Diatom Research Laboratory, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Amit Bhatnagar
- Department of Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, LUT University, Sammonkatu 12, FI-50130, Mikkeli, Finland.
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12
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Serhan CN, Libreros S, Nshimiyimana R. E-series resolvin metabolome, biosynthesis and critical role of stereochemistry of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) in inflammation-resolution: Preparing SPMs for long COVID-19, human clinical trials, and targeted precision nutrition. Semin Immunol 2022; 59:101597. [PMID: 35227568 PMCID: PMC8847098 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has raised international awareness of the importance of rigorous scientific evidence and the havoc caused by uncontrolled excessive inflammation. Here we consider the evidence on whether the specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) are ready to meet this challenge as well as targeted metabololipidomics of the resolution-inflammation metabolomes. Specific stereochemical mechanisms in the biosynthesis of SPMs from omega-3 essential fatty acids give rise to unique local-acting lipid mediators. SPMs possess stereochemically defined potent bioactive structures that are high-affinity ligands for cognate G protein-coupled surface receptors that evoke the cellular responses required for efficient resolution of acute inflammation. The SPMs biosynthesized from the major omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are coined Resolvins (resolution phase interaction products; E series and D-series), Protectins and Maresins (macrophage mediators in resolving inflammation). Their biosynthesis and stereochemical assignments are established and confirmed (>1,441 resolvin publications in PubMed.gov) as well as their functional roles on innate immune cells and adaptive immune cells (both lymphocyte T-cell subsets and B-cells). The resolution of a protective acute inflammatory response is governed mainly by phagocytes that actively clear apoptotic cells, debris, blood clots and pathogens. These resolution phase functions of the acute inflammatory response are enhanced by SPMs, which together prepare the inflammatory loci for homeostasis and stimulate tissue regeneration via activating stem cells and the biosynthesis of novel cys-SPMs (e.g. MCTRs, PCTRs and RCTRs). These cys-SPMs also activate regeneration, are organ protective and stimulate resolution of local inflammation. Herein, we review the biosynthesis and functions of the E-series resolvins, namely resolvin E1 (the first n-3 resolvin identified), resolvin E2, resolvin E3 and resolvin E4 biosynthesized from their precursor eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and the critical role of total organic synthesis in confirming SPM complete stereochemistry, establishing their potent functions in resolution of inflammation, and novel structures. The physical properties of each biologically derived SPM, i.e., ultra-violet (UV) absorbance, chromatographic behavior, and tandem mass spectrometry (MS2) fragmentation, were matched to SPMs biosynthesized and prepared by stereospecific total organic synthesis. We briefly review this approach, also used with the endogenous D-series resolvins, protectins and maresins confirming their potent functions in resolution of inflammation, that paves the way for their rigorous evaluation in human tissues and clinical trials. The assignment of complete stereochemistry for each of the E and D series Resolvins, Protectins and Maresins was a critical and required step that enabled human clinical studies as in SPM profiling in COVID-19 infections and experimental animal disease models that also opened the promise of resolution physiology, resolution pharmacology and targeted precision nutrition as new areas for monitoring health and disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Stephania Libreros
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert Nshimiyimana
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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13
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Parasannanavar D, Gaddam I, Bukya T, Ibrahim S A, Reddy K S, Banjara SK, Salvadi BPP, Kumar B N, Rao SF, Geddam JJB, Rajkumar H. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and plasma fatty acids of school going Indian children - a cross-sectional study. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2021; 170:102294. [PMID: 34052598 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2021.102294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) play an essential role in cognitive and behavioural changes among school going children. This study delineates the dietary omega-3 PUFA [alpha-Linolenic acid (ALA), DHA, and EPA] intake and plasma fatty acids levels among school-going children. This is a cross-sectional study purely observational in nature, wherein 625 apparently healthy boys and girls aged between 7 and 13 years were selected from five different schools of Hyderabad. Dietary information on omega-3 PUFA (ALA, DHA, and EPA) intake was collected using a food frequency questionnaire. Plasma fatty acid concentrations were measured in 34% of sub-sample using standard gas chromatography. The study revealed that the average dietary intakes of omega-3 PUFA, ALA, DHA, and EPA were 55.46, 15.82, 35.59, 4.06 mg/day, respectively. There was a significant difference in mean DHA intake among gender and age group [girls (38.64±1.45 mg/day), boys (31.80±1.38 mg/day) p < 0.001] and [7-10 years (31.75±1.38 mg/day), 11-13 years (38.07±1.40 mg/day) p < 0.01]. The mean plasma DHA and DPA levels of overall subjects were 0.98 nmol% and 0.18nmol% respectively which was comparable among different gender, age and BMI-for age groups. There was a positive correlation between dietary DHA intake and plasma DHA level [ρ=0.376 (p < 0.001)]. The current study demonstrated that the omega-3 PUFA intake in school going children was less and reinforces the importance of increasing the omega-3 PUFA intake through diet and supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaraj Parasannanavar
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500 007. 8074928620.
| | - Indraja Gaddam
- ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500 007.
| | - Tulja Bukya
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500 007. 8074928620.
| | - Ahamed Ibrahim S
- Lipid Chemistry Department, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500 007.
| | - Suryam Reddy K
- Lipid Chemistry Department, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500 007.
| | - Santosh Kumar Banjara
- Clinical Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500 007.
| | - Blessy P Priyanka Salvadi
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500 007. 8074928620.
| | - Naveen Kumar B
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500 007. 8074928620.
| | - Sylvia Fernandez Rao
- Behavioral Science Unit, Extension & Training Division, (ICMR)-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500 007.
| | - J J Babu Geddam
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500 007. 8074928620.
| | - Hemalatha Rajkumar
- Scientist 'G' and The Director, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-Osmania, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana-500007.
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14
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Macaron T, Giudici KV, Bowman GL, Sinclair A, Stephan E, Vellas B, de Souto Barreto P. Associations of Omega-3 fatty acids with brain morphology and volume in cognitively healthy older adults: A narrative review. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 67:101300. [PMID: 33607289 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human neurodevelopment is complete by the 4th decade of life at which point brain atrophy ensues with variable rate and regionality into old age. Literally all regions of the brain experience atrophy with older age, however the pattern and rate of atrophy can dictate the behavioral consequences (i.e., cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease). Substantial research has aimed to discover the reasons why some people experience greater morphologic changes that produce undesirable consequences with aging and how it may be prevented. One possible explanation is diet, particularly fish consumption and the intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega 3) concentrated in fish oil. This narrative review examines the available evidence on the association between omega-3 and brain volume in non-demented older adults. METHODS A PubMed search of the literature was conducted in search of studies that investigated the associations of omega-3 on brain morphology and volume in cognitively intact older adults. Inclusion criteria were: populations of adults aged 45 years or over, who were cognitively intact, free of any central nervous system disease, and free of advanced structural brain atrophy. Study participants had to have DHA and EPA levels measured either by blood testing or scoring of dietary intake. There were no restrictions to dates of publication. Studies including demented participants, or participants with substantial white or grey matter atrophy visible on magnetic resonance imaging were excluded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The search identified only 12 studies, 8 of which were cross-sectional observational studies, 3 longitudinal observational studies, and 1 randomized controlled trial published between 2007 and 2019. The largest amount of evidence indicated that the hippocampus was most frequently involved in this association, with a higher volume associated with higher omega-3 levels. Larger total grey matter, total brain volume, and lower white matter lesion volume were also associated with higher omega-3 among four of the reviewed studies. However, most studies reviewed provided mixed findings regarding the presence or absence of the association of interest, and the findings were observed to be brain region-dependent. Current evidence is still insufficient to formulate recommendations for omega-3 intake to support brain health specifically.
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15
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Salin K, Mathieu-Resuge M, Graziano N, Dubillot E, Le Grand F, Soudant P, Vagner M. The relationship between membrane fatty acid content and mitochondrial efficiency differs within- and between- omega-3 dietary treatments. Mar Environ Res 2021; 163:105205. [PMID: 33310641 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An important, but underappreciated, consequence of climate change is the reduction in crucial nutrient production at the base of the marine food chain: the long-chain omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA). This can have dramatic consequences on consumers, such as fish as they have limited capacity to synthesise n-3 HUFA de novo. The n-3 HUFA, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), are critical for the structure and function of all biological membranes. There is increasing evidence that fish will be badly affected by reductions in n-3 HUFA dietary availability, however the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Hypotheses for how mitochondrial function should change with dietary n-3 HUFA availability have generally ignored ATP production, despite its importance to a cell's total energetics capacity, and in turn, whole-animal performance. Here we (i) quantified individual variation in mitochondrial efficiency (ATP/O ratio) of muscle and (ii) examined its relationship with content in EPA and DHA in muscle membrane of a primary consumer fish, the golden grey mullet Chelon auratus, receiving either a high or low n-3 HUFA diet. Mitochondria of fish fed on the low n-3 HUFA diet had higher ATP/O ratio than those of fish maintained on the high n-3 HUFA diet. Yet, mitochondrial efficiency varied up about 2-fold among individuals on the same dietary treatment, resulting in some fish consuming half the oxygen and energy substrate to produce the similar amount of ATP than conspecific on similar diet. This variation in mitochondrial efficiency among individuals from the same diet treatment was related to individual differences in fatty acid composition of the membranes: a high ATP/O ratio was associated with a high content in EPA and DHA in biological membranes. Our results highlight the existence of interindividual differences in mitochondrial efficiency and its potential importance in explaining intraspecific variation in response to food chain changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Salin
- Univ Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France.
| | - Margaux Mathieu-Resuge
- WasserCluster Lunz - Inter-University Centre for Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Dr. Carl Kupelwieser Promenade 5 A-3293 Lunz Am See, Austria
| | - Nicolas Graziano
- Univ Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France; UMR 7266 LIENSs, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges 17000 La Rochelle, France
| | | | | | - Philippe Soudant
- Univ Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Marie Vagner
- Univ Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France; UMR 7266 LIENSs, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges 17000 La Rochelle, France
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16
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Lamon-Fava S, So J, Mischoulon D, Ziegler TR, Dunlop BW, Kinkead B, Schettler PJ, Nierenberg AA, Felger JC, Maddipati KR, Fava M, Rapaport MH. Dose- and time-dependent increase in circulating anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving lipid mediators following eicosapentaenoic acid supplementation in patients with major depressive disorder and chronic inflammation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2021; 164:102219. [PMID: 33316626 PMCID: PMC7855824 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) supplementation is an effective treatment option in major depressive disorder (MDD) associated with chronic low-grade inflammation. EPA is the precursor of specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) termed resolvins (Rv), that serve important roles in the resolution of inflammation. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of different doses of EPA on plasma concentrations of EPA metabolites and SPMs in MDD patients. METHODS In a 2-site study, 61 MDD patients with body mass index >25 kg/m2 and serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ≥3 μg/mL were enrolled in a 12-week randomized trial comparing EPA 1, 2, and 4 g/d to placebo. Plasma EPA (mol%) and SPMs (pg/mL) were measured in 42 study completers at baseline and at the end of treatment by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTS Plasma EPA and SPM concentrations did not change in the placebo group during 12 weeks of treatment. Plasma EPA and EPA-derived metabolites increased significantly and dose-dependently in all EPA supplementation arms. The increase in 18-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (18-HEPE), the precursor of RvE1-3, was significantly greater with the 4 g/d EPA dose than the other doses from week 4 to 12. RvE1 was undetected in all treatment groups, while RvE2 was detected in half of the subjects both at baseline and after treatment, with dose-dependent increases. RvE3 was detected only after supplementation, dose-dependently. A significant reduction in plasma arachidonic acid (AA), relative to baseline, was observed in all EPA arms. This was in contrast with an increase in AA-derived SPM lipoxin B4 (LXB4) in the 4 g/d arm. CONCLUSIONS Our results show a robust effect of EPA 4 g/d supplementation in increasing plasma EPA and 18-HEPE levels, associated with improved conversion to RvE2-3, and LXB4 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Lamon-Fava
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA.
| | - Jisun So
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - David Mischoulon
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - Boadie W Dunlop
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Becky Kinkead
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Pamela J Schettler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Jennifer C Felger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Krishna Rao Maddipati
- Department of Pathology, Lipidomics Core Facility, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Maurizio Fava
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Mark Hyman Rapaport
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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17
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Rifkin SB, Shrubsole MJ, Cai Q, Smalley WE, Ness RM, Swift LL, Milne G, Zheng W, Murff HJ. Differences in erythrocyte phospholipid membrane long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and the prevalence of fatty acid desaturase genotype among African Americans and European Americans. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2021; 164:102216. [PMID: 33310680 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have reported an association between genetic variants in fatty acid desaturases (FADS1 and FADS2) and plasma or erythrocyte long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels. Increased levels of n-6 PUFAs have been associated with inflammation and several chronic diseases, including diabetes and cancer. We hypothesized that genetic variants of FADS that more efficiently convert precursor n-6 PUFA to arachidonic acid (AA) may explain the higher burden of chronic diseases observed in African Americans. To test this hypothesis, we measured the level of n-6 and n-3 PUFAs in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids and genotyped the rs174537 FADS variants associated with higher AA conversion among African American and European American populations. We included data from 1,733 individuals who participated in the Tennessee Colorectal Polyp Study, a large colonoscopy-based case-control study. Erythrocyte membrane PUFA percentages were measured using gas chromatography. Generalized linear models were used to estimate association of race and genotype on erythrocyte phospholipid membrane PUFA levels while controlling for self-reported dietary intake. We found that African Americans have higher levels of AA and a higher prevalence of GG allele compared to whites, 81% vs 43%, respectively. Homozygous GG genotype was negatively associated with precursor PUFAs (linoleic [LA], di-homo-γ-linolenic [DGLA]), positively associated with both product PUFA (AA, docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]), product to precursor ratio (AA to DGLA), an indirect measure of FADs efficiency and increased urinary isoprostane F2 (F2-IsoP) and isoprostane F3 (F3-IsoP), markers of oxidative stress. Increased consumption of n-6 PUFA and LA resulting in increased AA and subsequent inflammation may be fueling increased prevalence of chronic diseases especially in African descent.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Rifkin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, 6520 MSRB1, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States.
| | - M J Shrubsole
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States; Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, United States; Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Q Cai
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States; Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, United States
| | - W E Smalley
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States; Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, United States
| | - R M Ness
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States; Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, United States
| | - L L Swift
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, United States
| | - G Milne
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, United States
| | - W Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States; Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, United States; Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - H J Murff
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States; Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States; Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States
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Rutledge GA, Pratt SG, Richer SP, Huntjens B, Perry CB, Pratt G, Podella C. Foveal macular pigment dip in offspring of age-related macular degeneration patients is inversely associated with omega-3 index. BMC Ophthalmol 2020; 20:473. [PMID: 33267825 PMCID: PMC7709463 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-01742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Offspring of parent(s) with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have a 45% lifetime risk of developing the disease. High foveal macular pigment optical density (MPOD) is protective, whereas individuals with a “foveal macular pigment dip” (FMPD) are at increased risk. Shortage of the dietary carotenoids lutein, zeaxanthin as well as fish consumption are reported AMD risk factors. This Early Biomarkers of AMD (EBAMD) study evaluates serum factors that protect foveal MPOD architecture in Caucasian offspring of parent(s) with AMD. Methods N = 130 subjects [mean (SD) age 62.8 (8.6) years; 36/94 male/female] were recruited from Scripps Health/ Scripps Memorial Hospital/ Scripps Mericos Eye Institute between 2012 and 2017. Macula pigment 3D topography was evaluated using specular reflectance. Buccal genetic cheek swab, circulating serum dietary carotenoids and long-term RBC omega-3 fatty acid status, as well as common secondary clinical structural and vision function parameters were obtained. Results 41 % of offspring of AMD parent(s) presented with FMPD. These offspring were about 4 years younger than those without FMPD (controls; P = 0.012) and had thinner foveas (P = 0.010). There were no differences in gender, BMI, % body fat, visual acuity or contrast sensitivity between those with and without FMPD. % RBC membrane docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was reduced in FMPD offspring vs. control offspring (P = 0.04). The Omega-3 Index was significantly decreased in the FMPD group (P = 0.03). Conclusions The percentage of FMPD in AMD offspring is nearly twice that reported for the general population in the scientific literature. Offspring presenting FMPD had similar AMD genetic risk, but significantly reduced % RBC membrane omega-3 fatty acids and thinner foveas compared with those without FMPD. Our data supports the importance of ‘essential fatty’ acids as an independent AMD risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant A Rutledge
- Scripps Health/Scripps Memorial Hospital/Scripps Mericos Eye Institute - Scripps Clinical Research Service, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA. .,USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Steven G Pratt
- Scripps Health/Scripps Memorial Hospital/Scripps Mericos Eye Institute - Scripps Clinical Research Service, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stuart P Richer
- Eye Clinics, Captain James A. Lovell Federal Health Care Center, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Byki Huntjens
- Centre for Applied Vision Research, Division of Optometry and Vision Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK
| | - C Blake Perry
- Scripps Health/Scripps Memorial Hospital/Scripps Mericos Eye Institute - Scripps Clinical Research Service, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gunilla Pratt
- Scripps Health/Scripps Memorial Hospital/Scripps Mericos Eye Institute - Scripps Clinical Research Service, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Carla Podella
- Eye Clinics, Captain James A. Lovell Federal Health Care Center, North Chicago, IL, USA
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O'Connell TD, Mason RP, Budoff MJ, Navar AM, Shearer GC. Mechanistic insights into cardiovascular protection for omega-3 fatty acids and their bioactive lipid metabolites. Eur Heart J Suppl 2020; 22:J3-J20. [PMID: 33061864 PMCID: PMC7537803 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/suaa115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Patients with well-controlled low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, but persistent high triglycerides, remain at increased risk for cardiovascular events as evidenced by multiple genetic and epidemiologic studies, as well as recent clinical outcome trials. While many trials of low-dose ω3-polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3-PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have shown mixed results to reduce cardiovascular events, recent trials with high-dose ω3-PUFAs have reignited interest in ω3-PUFAs, particularly EPA, in cardiovascular disease (CVD). REDUCE-IT demonstrated that high-dose EPA (4 g/day icosapent-ethyl) reduced a composite of clinical events by 25% in statin-treated patients with established CVD or diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors. Outcome trials in similar statin-treated patients using DHA-containing high-dose ω3 formulations have not yet shown the benefits of EPA alone. However, there are data to show that high-dose ω3-PUFAs in patients with acute myocardial infarction had reduced left ventricular remodelling, non-infarct myocardial fibrosis, and systemic inflammation. ω3-polyunsaturated fatty acids, along with their metabolites, such as oxylipins and other lipid mediators, have complex effects on the cardiovascular system. Together they target free fatty acid receptors and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in various tissues to modulate inflammation and lipid metabolism. Here, we review these multifactorial mechanisms of ω3-PUFAs in view of recent clinical findings. These findings indicate physico-chemical and biological diversity among ω3-PUFAs that influence tissue distributions as well as disparate effects on membrane organization, rates of lipid oxidation, as well as various receptor-mediated signal transduction pathways and effects on gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D O'Connell
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, 3-141 CCRB, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Richard Preston Mason
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew J Budoff
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ann Marie Navar
- Cardiovascular Division, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gregory C Shearer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 110 Chandlee Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Hu H, Li JY, Zhai SW, Wu DD, Zhu SG, Zeng RJ. Effect of inorganic carbon limitation on the conversion of organic carbon to total fatty acids by Monodus subterraneus. Sci Total Environ 2020; 737:140275. [PMID: 32783858 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Traditional autotrophic microalgae exhibit low rates of organic carbon assimilation and conversion to useful compounds when switching to mixotrophic or heterotrophic growth. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of inorganic carbon limitation on the efficiency of organic carbon (glycerol) assimilation and conversion to total fatty acids (TFAs) or the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). An oleaginous Monodus subterraneus was selected and six cultivation conditions were set, including Autotrophy-no aeration, Autotrophy-aeration, Mixotrophy-no aeration, Mixotrophy-no aeration & no Na2CO3, Mixotrophy-aeration, and Heterotrophy. The results showed M. subterraneus could utilize glycerol and grow under mixotrophic condition, while it was not occurred under heterotrophy. Superiority of mixotrophy to autotrophy on biomass productivity was more obvious under inorganic carbon limitation (no aeration or no Na2CO3) than inorganic carbon supply (aeration and existing Na2CO3 in the medium). CO2 limitation (no aeration) decreased content (of dry weight) and production (in medium) of TFAs, which was not evident in mixotrophy. CO2 limitation and inorganic carbon substrate stress largely improved the COD yield of TFAs and EPA under mixotrophic condition. TFA yield (%COD) under Mixotrophy-no aeration & no Na2CO3 was maximum (22.82%), and was almost two-fold higher than that under Mixotrophy-no aeration and nearly three-fold higher than that with Mixotrophy-aeration. EPA yield (% COD) under mixotrophy-no aeration & no Na2CO3 was maximum (6.58%). These results suggested that inorganic carbon limitation is a potentially useful method to enhance conversion of organic carbon to TFAs. Furthermore, the results suggest an application to obtain high value compounds (TFAs or EPA) combined with a high assimilation rate of waste glycerol from biodiesel and epichlorohydrin production by microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Jia-Yun Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, PR China
| | - Su-Wan Zhai
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Dan-Dan Wu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Shu-Guang Zhu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Raymond Jianxiong Zeng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China.
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Saliu F, Magoni C, Torelli A, Cozza R, Lasagni M, Labra M. Omega-3 rich oils from microalgae: A chitosan mediated in situ transesterification method. Food Chem 2020; 337:127745. [PMID: 32795855 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae are a precious source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), however extraction is difficult due to the peculiar microalgae cell structure. Here we describe a new method based on the application of chitosan nanoaggregates as CO2 responsive emulsifier, used to promote the swelling of algae cell wall and the formation of a large oil - ethanol interphase area during the ethanolysis. Tests were carried out with Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Nannochloropsis sp. at different biomass/ethanol/chitosan ratios. CO2 was added to trigger demulsification to promote an easy recovery of the lipid fraction. The highest yields in PUFA were obtained with Nannochloropsis sp. (207.9 mg/g of oil) using 0.4% wt of chitosan and 1:10 biomass:ethanol ratio; 43.6 mg/g of linolenic acid were obtained from Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Overall, because the method employs ethanol, a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) solvent, and food grade additives, it is suited for the preparation of PUFA supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Saliu
- Earth and Environmental Science Department, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy.
| | - Chiara Magoni
- Bioscience Department, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Torelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze, 11/A 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Radiana Cozza
- Laboratory of Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87030 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Marina Lasagni
- Earth and Environmental Science Department, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Labra
- Bioscience Department, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy
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Shim SJ, Hong ME, Chang WS, Sim SJ. Repeated-batch production of omega-3 enriched biomass of Chlorella sorokiniana via calcium-induced homeoviscous adaptation. Bioresour Technol 2020; 303:122944. [PMID: 32044645 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to improve valuable omega-3 fatty acids production in freshwater microalgae at normal temperature by inducing homeoviscous adaptation using CaCl2, which could have a role in decreasing the cellular membrane fluidity followed by increasing the rigidity of cell wall and membranes. At 10 mM CaCl2, simultaneous biomass and lipid production was obtained by Ca2+-based single strategy without considerable sacrifice of cellular logarithmic growth in Chlorella sorokiniana. The cells cultured at 10 mM CaCl2 (1-stage) showed relatively high levels of cellular membrane fluidity, caused by increased content in unsaturated fatty acids, compared to the conventional culture strategy (2-stage). Moreover, when this process was recycled by repeated-batch fermentation, the EPA productivity of 1-stage was 4.338 mg L-1 d-1, conspicuously increased by over 1300% compared to 2-stage. This strategy enhances the valuable omega-3 production, which can be commercially used for mass cultivation of omega-3-enriched biomass in the microalgae industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jin Shim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Min Eui Hong
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Won Seok Chang
- Research Institute, Korea District Heating Corp., 92, Gigok-ro, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17099, South Korea
| | - Sang Jun Sim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea.
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Piper K, Garelnabi M. Eicosanoids: Atherosclerosis and cardiometabolic health. J Clin Transl Endocrinol 2020; 19:100216. [PMID: 32071878 PMCID: PMC7013337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcte.2020.100216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have been the leading causes of death in the U.S. for nearly a century. Numerous studies have linked eicosanoids to cardiometabolic disease. Objectives and Methods: This review summaries recent advances and innovative research in eicosanoids and CVD. Numerous review articles and their original human or animal studies were assessed in the relevant and recent studies. OUTCOME We identified and discussed recent trends in eicosanoids known for their roles in CVD. Their subsequent relationships were assessed for any possible implications associated with consumption of different dietary lipids, essentially omega fatty acids. Eicosanoids have been heavily sought after over recent decades for their direct role in mediating the enhancement and resolution of acute immune responses. Given the short half-life of these oxidized lipid metabolites, studies on atherosclerosis have had to rely on the metabolites that are actively involved in eicosanoid production, signaling or redox reactions as markers for atherosclerosis-related molecular behaviors. CONCLUSION Further investigations expending current knowledge, should be applied to narrow the specific class and species of eicosanoids responsible for inciting inflammation especially in the context of recent clinical studies assessing the role of dietary lipid in cardiovascular diseases.
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Simonazzi M, Pezzolesi L, Guerrini F, Vanucci S, Samorì C, Pistocchi R. Use of waste carbon dioxide and pre-treated liquid digestate from biogas process for Phaeodactylum tricornutum cultivation in photobioreactors and open ponds. Bioresour Technol 2019; 292:121921. [PMID: 31398547 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phaeodactylum tricornutum is considered a promising source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), in particular eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). In this study, P. tricornutum cultivation using waste products from anaerobic digestion (i.e. liquid digestate and CO2) was tested and scaled-up in closed and open prototype systems. The chemical composition of algal biomass was evaluated to optimize the lipid content. Algal productivity and composition, especially in terms of PUFAs, were not modified by the use of waste CO2. Digestate led to a lower protein (24%) content than medium (36-37%), without affecting lipid amount (about 37%). Algal and EPA productivity were nearly two-fold higher by using photobioreactors (0.075 g biomass L-1 day-1 and 1.62 mg EPA g-1 day-1) than open ponds, which are more influenced by environmental conditions. This study highlights that economic and environmental benefits could be achieved by using waste CO2 and liquid digestate from anaerobic digestion for microalgae cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Simonazzi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Via S'Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Laura Pezzolesi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Via S'Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy.
| | - Franca Guerrini
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Via S'Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Silvana Vanucci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences (ChiBioFarAm), University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando d'Alcontres 31, 98166 S. Agata, Messina, Italy
| | - Chiara Samorì
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rossella Pistocchi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Via S'Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
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Jin M, Zhai R, Xu Z, Wen Z. Production of High-Value Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Using Microbial Cultures. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1995:229-48. [PMID: 31148133 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9484-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Microbes can produce not only commodity fatty acids, such as palmitic acid (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0), but also high-value fatty acids (essential fatty acids). Most high value fatty acids belong to long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as omega-3 fatty acids (e.g., eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) and omega-6 fatty acids (e.g., arachidonic acid (ARA) and γ-linolenic acid (GLA)). EPA (20:5n-3) is a 20-carbon fatty acid with five double bonds, and the first double bond is in the n-3 position. DHA (22:6n-3) is a 22-carbon fatty acid with 6 double bonds and the first double bond is also in the n-3 position. Both EPA and DHA play an essential role in cardiovascular health including prevention of atherosclerotic disease development (Zehr and Walker, Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 134:131-140, 2018). ARA (20:4n-6) is a 20-carbon fatty acid with four double bonds, and the first double bond is in the n-6 position. GLA (18:3n-6) is an 18-carbon fatty acid with three double bonds, and the first double bond is in the n-6 position. ARA and GLA have multiple biological effects, such as lowering blood cholesterol, and lowering cardiovascular mortality (Poli and Visioli, Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 117(11):1847-1852, 2015). This chapter provides details on microbial production of EAP, DHA, ARA, and GLA.
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Vuholm S, Teisen MN, Buch NG, Stark KD, Jakobsen J, Mølgaard C, Lauritzen L, Damsgaard CT. Is high oily fish intake achievable and how does it affect nutrient status in 8-9-year-old children?: the FiSK Junior trial. Eur J Nutr 2020; 59:1205-18. [PMID: 31073884 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-01981-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Most children do not meet dietary guidelines for fish intake. Fish is the main source of EPA (20:5n-3), DHA (22:6n-3) and vitamin D, but may replace better iron sources such as meat. We investigated if intake of 300 g/week oily fish was achievable in children and how it affected their nutrient status. Additionally, we validated a fish food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) by correlations against EPA + DHA in red blood cells (RBC). METHODS In a randomised 12-week trial, 199 children (8-9 years) received oily fish or poultry (control) to be eaten five times/week. We measured dietary intake and analysed fasting RBC EPA + DHA, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), blood haemoglobin and plasma ferritin. RESULTS 197 (99%) children completed the study. The median (25th-75th percentile) intake was 375 (325-426) and 400 (359-452) g/week oily fish and poultry, respectively. The fish group increased their intake of EPA + DHA by 749 (593-891) mg/day and vitamin D by 3.1 (1.6-3.8) µg/day. Endpoint RBC EPA + DHA was 2.3 (95% CI 1.9; 2.6) fatty acid %-point higher than the poultry group (P < 0.001). The fish group avoided the expected 25(OH)D winter decline (P < 0.001) and had 23%-point less vitamin D insufficiency (winter subgroup, n = 82). Haemoglobin and ferritin decreased slightly in both groups (P < 0.05), but the number of children with low values did not change (P > 0.14). FFQ estimates moderately reflected habitual intake (r = 0.28-0.35) and sufficiently captured intervention-introduced changes in intake (r > 0.65). CONCLUSION Oily fish intake of 300 g/week was achievable and improved children's EPA + DHA and 25(OH)D status, without markedly compromising iron status. These results justify public health initiatives focusing on children's fish intake.
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Hu H, Li JY, Pan XR, Zhang F, Ma LL, Wang HJ, Zeng RJ. Different DHA or EPA production responses to nutrient stress in the marine microalga Tisochrysis lutea and the freshwater microalga Monodus subterraneus. Sci Total Environ 2019; 656:140-149. [PMID: 30504016 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) stress on the production of DHA or EPA and total fatty acids (TFAs) in the marine microalga Tisochrysis lutea and the freshwater microalga Monodus subterraneus. Five N or P starvation/limitation conditions (N sufficient and P limited, N sufficient and P starved, N starved and P sufficient, N starved and P limited, and N and P starved) and one N and P sufficient condition (control) were studied. The results demonstrated that the proportion of DHA or EPA among TFAs and production in the microalgae suspensions decreased (57%, 73% for N stress and 18%, 51% for P stress, respectively) under N or P stress in both microalgae compared with the N and P sufficient group. Differently, DHA dry weight content of T. lutea decreased significantly, and EPA dry weight content of M. subterraneus decreased slightly under N starved conditions. Clear differences in TFA content/production and the relationship between TFA and DHA or EPA production/content and CO2 fixation were observed between the two microalgae. These results give a new sight on the difference between marine microalgae and freshwater microalgae. Meanwhile, it gave a potential application to produce DHA or EPA and TFA combining with CO2 fixation by these microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China; Anhui Water Conservancy College, Hefei 231603, PR China
| | - Jia-Yun Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, PR China
| | - Xin-Rong Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Centre of Wastewater Resource Recovery, College of Resource and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Lin-Lin Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Hua-Jie Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Vocational and Technical College, Hefei 230011, PR China
| | - Raymond Jianxiong Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China; Centre of Wastewater Resource Recovery, College of Resource and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China.
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Abstract
Shortly after the discovery that linoleic acid was an essential fatty acid in 1930, α-linolenic acid also was reported to prevent the fatty acid deficiency syndrome in animals. However, several prominent laboratories could not confirm the findings with α-linolenic acid, and as a result there was a loss of interest in omega-3 fatty acids in lipid research. Even the findings that a prostaglandin can be synthesized from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is necessary for optimum retinal function generated only limited interest in omega-3 fatty acids. The breakthrough came in the 1970s when Dyerberg and Bang reported that the low incidence of atherosclerotic coronary disease in Greenland Eskimos was due to the high marine lipid content of their diet. They subsequently found that EPA, which was increased in Eskimo plasma, inhibited platelet aggregation, and they concluded that the low incidence of coronary artery disease was due to the anti-thrombotic effect of EPA. This stimulated widespread interest and research in EPA and DHA, leading to the present view that, like their omega-6 counterparts, omega-3 fatty acids have important physiological functions and are essential fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur A Spector
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 3N07, Bethesda, MD 20892-9410, United States.
| | - Hee-Yong Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 3N07, Bethesda, MD 20892-9410, United States
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Ono K, Furugen A, Kurosawa Y, Jinno N, Narumi K, Kobayashi M, Iseki K. Analysis of the effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on transporter expressions using a PCR array: Induction of xCT/SLC7A11 in human placental BeWo cells. Placenta 2018; 75:34-41. [PMID: 30712664 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are essential for adequate fetal growth. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the effects of PUFAs on the expression and function of placental transporters, which play important roles in placental functions including the supply of nutrients to the fetus, excretion of metabolites, and protection of the fetus from xenobiotics. METHODS Human placental choriocarcinoma BeWo cells were used as a trophoblast model. PUFA-induced alteration in the gene expression of 84 transporters was investigated by a commercially available PCR array. Protein levels and the activity of transporters were assessed by western blotting and uptake experiments, respectively. The placental expression of the transporters was analyzed using pregnant Wistar rats. RESULTS PUFAs (AA, EPA, and DHA) increased cystine/glutamate transporter xCT/SLC7A11, which mediates the cellular uptake of cystine coupled with the efflux of glutamate in human placental choriocarcinoma BeWo cells. These PUFAs also increased [14C]-cystine uptake in BeWo cells. PUFA-induced xCT/SLC7A11 mRNA expression was not blocked by nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (NRF2) knockdown. Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR analysis indicated that xCT/Slc7a11 mRNA was detected in rat placenta and the expression level at gestational day (GD) 12 was higher than that at GD 20. CONCLUSION These results indicate that PUFAs promoted cystine uptake in placental cells by inducing xCT/SLC7A11 expression and NRF2 did not contribute to upregulation of xCT/SLC7A11 by PUFAs. Furthermore, xCT expression in rat placenta may change during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Ono
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Ayako Furugen
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yuko Kurosawa
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Naoko Jinno
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Katsuya Narumi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Masaki Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kita-14-jo, Nishi-5-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8648, Japan
| | - Ken Iseki
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kita-14-jo, Nishi-5-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8648, Japan.
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Moi IM, Leow ATC, Ali MSM, Rahman RNZRA, Salleh AB, Sabri S. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in marine bacteria and strategies to enhance their production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:5811-26. [PMID: 29749565 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9063-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play an important role in human diet. Despite the wide-ranging importance and benefits from heart health to brain functions, humans and mammals cannot synthesize PUFAs de novo. The primary sources of PUFA are fish and plants. Due to the increasing concerns associated with food security as well as issues of environmental contaminants in fish oil, there has been considerable interest in the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids from alternative resources which are more sustainable, safer, and economical. For instance, marine bacteria, particularly the genus of Shewanella, Photobacterium, Colwellia, Moritella, Psychromonas, Vibrio, and Alteromonas, are found to be one among the major microbial producers of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Recent developments in the area with a focus on the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids from marine bacteria as well as the metabolic engineering strategies for the improvement of PUFA production are discussed.
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Saini RK, Keum YS. Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: Dietary sources, metabolism, and significance - A review. Life Sci 2018; 203:255-267. [PMID: 29715470 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 536] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Linoleic acid (LA) (n-6) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) (n-3) are essential fatty acids (EFAs) as they cannot be synthesized by humans or other higher animals. In the human body, these fatty acids (FAs) give rise to arachidonic acid (ARA, n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, n-3) that play key roles in regulating body homeostasis. Locally acting bioactive signaling lipids called eicosanoids derived from these FAs also regulate diverse homeostatic processes. In general, ARA gives rise to pro-inflammatory eicosanoids whereas EPA and DHA give rise to anti-inflammatory eicosanoids. Thus, a proportionally higher consumption of n-3 PUFAs can protect us against inflammatory diseases, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and other chronic diseases. The present review summarizes major sources, intake, and global consumption of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs. Their metabolism to biosynthesize long-chain PUFAs and eicosanoids and their roles in brain metabolism, cardiovascular disease, obesity, cancer, and bone health are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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Aussant J, Guihéneuf F, Stengel DB. Impact of temperature on fatty acid composition and nutritional value in eight species of microalgae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:5279-5297. [PMID: 29696337 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae are considered a sustainable source of high-value products with health benefits. Marine algae-derived omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are considered dietary elements with effects on mental health, cognition enhancement, and cardiovascular protection. This study investigated the temperature effect on omega-3 LC-PUFA production in eight species of microalgae from various taxonomic groups, with a focus on achieving an optimal balance between omega-3 accumulation and efficient growth performance. Samples were batch-cultivated at four different temperatures, with constant light, and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were analyzed by gas chromatography. Several nutritional indices were calculated to assess the potential value of biomass produced for human consumption. Two promising candidates were identified suitable for batch cultivation and large-scale production: Nannochloropsis oculata for EPA and Isochrysis galbana for DHA production, with optimum productivities obtained between 14 and 20 °C, and nutritional indices falling within the range required for nutritional benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Aussant
- Botany and Plant Science, School of Natural Sciences, Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Freddy Guihéneuf
- Botany and Plant Science, School of Natural Sciences, Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Dagmar B Stengel
- Botany and Plant Science, School of Natural Sciences, Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Hu H, Wang HF, Ma LL, Shen XF, Zeng RJ. Effects of nitrogen and phosphorous stress on the formation of high value LC-PUFAs in Porphyridium cruentum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:5763-5773. [PMID: 29671003 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8943-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This study systematically examined the effect of nitrogen and phosphorous stress on the formation of linoleic acid (LA), arachidonic acid (ARA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in Porphyridium cruentum gy-h56. P. cruentum was cultivated in six different media conferring different conditions of nitrogen (N) sufficiency/deprivation and phosphorous (P) sufficiency/limitation/deprivation. Over a 16-day cultivation process, the dry-weight content, proportion of total fatty acids (TFAs), and the concentration in the medium of linoleic acid (LA) were greatly improved by a maximum of 2.5-, 1.6-, and 1.1-fold, respectively, under conditions of N or P deprivation compared with N and P sufficiency. In contrast, levels of EPA or ARA were not enhanced under N or P stress conditions. Additionally, the results showed that N deprivation weakened the impact of P deficiency on the content and proportions of LA and EPA, while P deprivation enhanced the impact of N starvation on the content and proportions of LA and EPA. The conditions of N sufficiency and P deprivation (N+P-) were the optimal conditions for the production of LA, while the optimal conditions for EPA, ARA, and TFAs production were N sufficiency and P limitation (N+P-lim). This study suggests the potential application of combining N removal from saline wastewater with the production of LA, ARA, EPA, and biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China.,Anhui Water Conservancy College, Hefei, 231603, People's Republic of China
| | - Hou-Feng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Lin Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China.,Advanced Laboratory for Environmental Research and Technology, USTC-CityU, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Fei Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China.,Advanced Laboratory for Environmental Research and Technology, USTC-CityU, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Raymond Jianxiong Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China. .,Advanced Laboratory for Environmental Research and Technology, USTC-CityU, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
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Su KP, Yang HT, Chang JPC, Shih YH, Guu TW, Kumaran SS, Gałecki P, Walczewska A, Pariante CM. Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids have different effects on peripheral phospholipase A2 gene expressions in acute depressed patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018. [PMID: 28648567 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been proven critical in the development and management of major depressive disorder (MDD) by a number of epidemiological, clinical and preclinical studies, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this therapeutic action are yet to be understood. Although eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) seems to be the active component of omega-3 PUFAs' antidepressant effects, the biological research about the difference of specific genetic regulations between EPA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the two main components of omega-3 PUFAs, is still lacking in human subjects. METHODS We conducted a 12-week randomized-controlled trial comparing the effects of EPA and DHA on gene expressions of phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), serotonin transporter (5HTT), and Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH-2) in 27 MDD patients. In addition, the erythrocyte PUFA compositions and the candidate gene expressions were also compared between these 27 MDD patients and 22 healthy controls. RESULTS EPA was associated with a significant decrease in HAM-D scores (CI: -13 to -21, p<0.001) and significant increases in erythrocyte levels of EPA (CI: +1.0% to +2.9%, p=0.001) and DHA (CI: +2.9% to +5.6%, p=0.007). DHA treatment was associated with a significant decrease in HAM-D scores (CI: -6 to -14, p<0.001) and a significant increase in DHA levels (CI: +0.2% to +2.3%, p=0.047), but not of EPA levels. The cPLA2 gene expression levels were significantly increased in patients received EPA (1.9 folds, p=0.038), but not DHA (1.08 folds, p=0.92). There was a tendency for both EPA and DHA groups to decrease COX-2 gene expressions. The gene expressions of COX-2, cPLA2, TPH-2 and 5-HTT did not differ between MDD cases and healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS EPA differentiates from DHA in clinical antidepressant efficacy and in upregulating cPLA2 gene regulations, which supports the clinical observation showing the superiority of EPA's antidepressant effects. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02615405.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Pin Su
- Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab) & Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK; College of Medicine & Brain Disease Research Center (BDRC), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Ting Yang
- College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jane Pei-Chen Chang
- Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab) & Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK; College of Medicine & Brain Disease Research Center (BDRC), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Hua Shih
- Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab) & Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; College of Medicine & Brain Disease Research Center (BDRC), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Wei Guu
- Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab) & Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Satyanarayanan Senthil Kumaran
- Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab) & Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Oshima Y, Watanabe T, Endo S, Hata S, Watanabe T, Osada K, Takenaka A. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on anxiety-like behavior in socially isolated rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 82:716-723. [PMID: 29191085 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1403888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The effects of fish oil for improving mental health have been reported. The present study was undertaken to compare the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on anxiety-like behavior using a rat model. Experimental diets enriched in EPA or DHA as glycerides were prepared. Rats were exposed to social isolation stress and fed the experimental diet for 14 days. The results of behavioral tests revealed that rats fed the EPA-enriched diet exhibited less anxiety-like behavior than rats fed the control or DHA-enriched diets. Furthermore, EPA suppressed anxiety-like behavior only in socially isolated rats. The increase in EPA contents in the brain phospholipid fraction by feeding EPA-enriched diet was more significant than that of DHA by feeding DHA-enriched diet. These results suggest that dietary EPA is more anxiolytic than DHA in rats exposed to social isolation stress and is effective in increasing EPA content in brain membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyo Oshima
- a Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture , Meiji University , Kawasaki , Japan
| | - Tasuku Watanabe
- a Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture , Meiji University , Kawasaki , Japan
| | - Shun Endo
- a Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture , Meiji University , Kawasaki , Japan
| | | | | | - Kyoichi Osada
- a Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture , Meiji University , Kawasaki , Japan
| | - Asako Takenaka
- a Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture , Meiji University , Kawasaki , Japan
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Populations with significant dietary fish intake tend to have lower cardiovascular (CV) risk and demonstrable physiologic differences including lower lipid/lipoprotein levels and other direct and indirect effects on the arterial wall and inhibiting factors that promote atherosclerosis. Treatment with high doses of pharmacologic-grade omega-3 fatty acid (n-3FA) supplements achieves significant reductions in triglycerides (TG), non-high-density lipoprotein- (non-HDL-) and TG-rich lipoprotein- (TRL-) cholesterol levels. n-3FA supplements have significant effects on markers of atherosclerosis risk including endothelial function, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation, cellular and humoral markers of inflammation, hemodynamic factors, and plaque stabilization. This review summarizes the lipid and cardiometabolic effects of prescription-grade n-3FAs and will discuss clinical trials, national/organizational guidelines, and expert opinion on the impact of supplemental n-3FAs on CV health and disease. RECENT FINDINGS Clinical trial evidence supports use of n-3FAs in individuals with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), but the data either does not support or is lacking for other types of cardiometabolic risk including prevention of stroke, treatment in patients with heart failure, diabetes mellitus and prediabetes, and for primary prevention in the general population. Despite inconsistent findings to support widespread benefit, there is persistent population-wide enthusiasm for n-3FA as a dietary supplement for its cardiometabolic benefits. Fortunately, there are ongoing clinical trials to assess whether the lipid/lipoprotein benefits may be extended to other at-risk populations and whether lower-dose therapy may provide background benefit for primary prevention of ASCVD.
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Rodriguez-Santana Y, Ochoa JJ, Lara-Villoslada F, Kajarabille N, Saavedra-Santana P, Hurtado JA, Peña M, Diaz-Castro J, Sebastian-Garcia I, Machin-Martin E, Villanueva M, Ramirez-Garcia O, Peña-Quintana L. Cytokine distribution in mothers and breastfed children after omega-3 LCPUFAs supplementation during the last trimester of pregnancy and the lactation period: A randomized, controlled trial. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2017; 126:32-38. [PMID: 29031393 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether maternal diet supplementation with omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 LC-PUFAs) during the last trimester of pregnancy and the breastfeeding period influences the levels of inflammatory cytokines in mother and infants. MATERIAL AND METHOD This registered, double-blind randomized study included 46 pregnant women, who were randomly allocated to either an experimental group receiving 400mL/day of a fish oil-enriched dairy drink [320mg docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) + 72mg eicoapentaenoic acid] (FO group, n = 24) or to a control group receiving 400mL/day of a non-supplemented dairy drink (CT group, n = 22), from week 28 of pregnancy until the fourth month of lactation. During the study, maternal dietary patterns were monitored by a nutritionist, who encouraged compliance with current recommendations of fatty acids intake. DHA concentrations and cytokine levels (GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, INF-γ and TNF-α) were measured in maternal plasma at the moment of recruitment and in maternal (n = 46) and infant (n = 46) plasma at birth and 2.5 months after birth. RESULTS Maternal plasmatic IL-4 levels were higher in FO than in CT subjects (p = 0.009). Additionally, a tendency was observed to higher IL-10 and IL-2 in the FO group. Plasmatic IL-6 however, was higher in CT mothers (p = 0.001). TNF-α was higher in CT infants at birth and 2.5 months after birth (p = 0.005). An analysis of possible relationships between DHA and the concentrations of different cytokines revealed negative correlation between maternal plasmatic IL-6 and DHA (higher plasmatic DHA corresponded to lower IL-6). CONCLUSIONS Maternal dietary omega-3 LC-PUFAs supplementation during critical periods like pregnancy, lactation and early newborn development may influence the levels of certain inflammatory cytokines, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines and promoting an anti-inflammatory "environment".
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Rodriguez-Santana
- Unit of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil de Canarias, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - J J Ochoa
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - F Lara-Villoslada
- Department of Research and Development, Lactalis Puleva, Granada, Spain
| | - N Kajarabille
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - P Saavedra-Santana
- Department of Mathematics, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - J A Hurtado
- Department of Neonatology, Hospital Materno Infantil Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - M Peña
- Department of Neonatology, Hospital Materno Infantil Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - J Diaz-Castro
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - I Sebastian-Garcia
- Unit of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil de Canarias, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - E Machin-Martin
- Service of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil de Canarias, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - M Villanueva
- Service of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil de Canarias, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - O Ramirez-Garcia
- Service of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil de Canarias, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - L Peña-Quintana
- Unit of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil de Canarias, Las Palmas, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; CIBER OBN, Spain.
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Paixão EMDS, Oliveira ACDM, Pizato N, Muniz-Junqueira MI, Magalhães KG, Nakano EY, Ito MK. The effects of EPA and DHA enriched fish oil on nutritional and immunological markers of treatment naïve breast cancer patients: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Nutr J 2017; 16:71. [PMID: 29061183 PMCID: PMC5653994 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-017-0295-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the effects of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids enriched fish oil (FO) on nutritional and immunological parameters of treatment naïve breast cancer patients. METHODS In a randomized double blind controlled trial, the FO group (FG) patients were supplemented with 2 g/ day of FO concentrate containing 1.8 g of n-3 fatty acids during 30 days. The placebo group (PG) received 2 g/ day of mineral oil. At baseline and after the intervention, plasma levels of n-3 fatty acids, dietary intake, weight, body composition, biochemical and immunological markers were assessed. RESULTS At the end of the intervention period, no between group differences were observed regarding anthropometric parameters. There was a significant increase in the plasma phospholipid EPA (p = 0.004), DHA (p = 0.007) of the FG patients. In FG patients the percentages of peripheral blood CD4+ T lymphocytes and serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels were maintained while in PG patients there was a significant increase in hsCRP (p = 0.024). We also observed a significant reduction in the percentage of CD4+ T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood (p = 0.042) of PG patients. No changes in serum proinflammatory cytokine and prostaglandin E2 levels were observed. CONCLUSIONS Supplementation of newly diagnosed breast cancer patients with EPA and DHA led to a significant change in the composition of plasma fatty acids, maintained the level of CD4+ T cells and serum levels of hsCRP, suggestive of a beneficial effect on the immune system and less active inflammatory response. TRIAL REGISTRATION Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry (REBEC): RBR-2b2hqh. Registered 29 April 2013, retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Carolina de M. Oliveira
- Post Graduate Program in Human Nutrition, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Federal District 70910-900 Brazil
| | - Nathalia Pizato
- Post Graduate Program in Human Nutrition, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Federal District 70910-900 Brazil
| | - Maria Imaculada Muniz-Junqueira
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Federal District 70910-900 Brazil
| | - Kelly G. Magalhães
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Federal District 70910-900 Brazil
| | - Eduardo Yoshio Nakano
- Department of Statistics, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Federal District 70910-900 Brazil
| | - Marina K. Ito
- Post Graduate Program in Human Nutrition, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Federal District 70910-900 Brazil
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Qin Y, Nyheim H, Haram EM, Moritz JM, Hustvedt SO. A novel self-micro-emulsifying delivery system (SMEDS) formulation significantly improves the fasting absorption of EPA and DHA from a single dose of an omega-3 ethyl ester concentrate. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:204. [PMID: 29037249 PMCID: PMC5644165 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0589-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Absorption of EPA and DHA from Omega-3-acid ethyl ester (EE) concentrate supplements occurs most efficiently when taken in context of a fatty meal; adequate fat intake is required to release bile salts that emulsify and pancreatic enzymes that digest omega-3-containing lipids in the intestine. Current guidelines recommend reduction in fat intake and therefore there is a need to optimize the absorption of Omega-3 in those consuming low-fat or no-fat meals. To this end, BASF has developed an Absorption Acceleration Technology, a novel self-micro-emulsifying delivery system (SMEDS) formulation of highly concentrated Omega-3-acid EE which enables rapid emulsification and microdroplet formation upon entering the aqueous environment of the gut therefore enhances the absorption. METHODS Two separate single dose, crossover studies were conducted to determine the relative bioavailability of omega-3-acid EE concentrate, either as a novel SMEDS formulation (PRF-021) or as control, in healthy fasted male and female adults at two dose levels (Study 1 "low dose": 630 mg EPA + DHA in PRF-021 vs. 840 mg EPA + DHA in control; Study 2 "high dose": 1680 mg EPA + DHA in PRF-021 vs. 3360 mg EPA + DHA in control). Blood samples were collected immediately before supplementation and at defined time intervals for 48 h. Plasma concentration of total EPA and DHA were determined for pharmacokinetic analysis, area under the curve (AUC) and maximum observed concentration (Cmax) was determined. RESULTS Total EPA plus DHA absorption from SMEDS formulation PRF-021 were 6.4 and 11.5 times higher compared to control in low- and high-dose studies respectively, determined as the ratio of baseline corrected, dose normalized AUC0-24h of PRF-021 over that of control. EPA and DHA individually showed differing levels of enhancement: the AUC0-24h ratio for EPA was 23.8 and 25.7 in low and high dose studies, respectively, and the AUC0-24h ratio for DHA was 3.6 and 5.6 in low and high dose studies, respectively. Cmax was also increased for both EPA and DHA 2.7- to 9.2-fold. CONCLUSION PRF-021 is a novel SMEDS formulation of Omega-3-acid EE demonstrating a marked improvement in absorption of a single dose of EPA and DHA EE under fasted conditions. This allows adequate absorption of Omega-3 from the supplement without the requirement of a high-fat meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qin
- Pronova Biopharma Norge AS, part of BASF, P.O. Box 420, NO-1327 Lysaker, Norway
| | - Hilde Nyheim
- Pronova Biopharma Norge AS, part of BASF, P.O. Box 420, NO-1327 Lysaker, Norway
| | - Else Marie Haram
- Pronova Biopharma Norge AS, part of BASF, P.O. Box 420, NO-1327 Lysaker, Norway
| | | | - Svein Olaf Hustvedt
- Pronova Biopharma Norge AS, part of BASF, P.O. Box 420, NO-1327 Lysaker, Norway
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Büyükuslu N, Ovalı S, Altuntaş ŞL, Batırel S, Yiğit P, Garipağaoğlu M. Supplementation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) / Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in a ratio of 1/1.3 during the last trimester of pregnancy results in EPA accumulation in cord blood. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2017; 125:32-36. [PMID: 28987719 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA), specifically DHA, are associated with fetal growth and development. We aimed to determine the levels of DHA and EPA in cord serum after n-3 FA supplementation during the last trimester of pregnancy. Among 55 women, 23 were administered daily one capsule of n-3 FA supplement, involving DHA/EPA in a ratio of 1/1.3. Twenty nine women were enrolled as control group. Blood samples were collected at 22-24 weeks of gestation and at delivery. Fatty acids were analyzed with the method of GC-MS. Cord DHA level increased and EPA level decreased in both groups between the days of 22-24 and delivery. However, decrease in cord EPA level was significant in control group (p < 0.001) but not in supplement group (p > 0.05). Supplementation of DHA/EPA in a ratio of 1/1.3 during the last trimester of pregnancy caused higher cord EPA level compared to control group indicating an accumulation in umbilical cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihal Büyükuslu
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, Istanbul Medipol University, Kavacık Mah. Ekinciler Cad. No.19 Kavacık Kavşağı-Beykoz, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Sema Ovalı
- Medipol Koşuyolu Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Saime Batırel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pakize Yiğit
- Department of Statistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muazzez Garipağaoğlu
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, Istanbul Medipol University, Kavacık Mah. Ekinciler Cad. No.19 Kavacık Kavşağı-Beykoz, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey
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Steinrücken P, Erga SR, Mjøs SA, Kleivdal H, Prestegard SK. Bioprospecting North Atlantic microalgae with fast growth and high polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content for microalgae-based technologies. ALGAL RES 2017; 26:392-401. [PMID: 28989862 DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are considered to be an important and sustainable alternative to fish oil as a source for the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Due to their health benefits, there is an increasing interest in the commercial application of these fatty acids (FA) to health and dietary products, and to aquaculture feeds. However, FA from microalgae are still expensive to produce compared to fish or plant oils. With only a few microalgal strains being cultivated on a large scale for commercial PUFA production, prospecting for new, robust and fast-growing strains with increased PUFA content is essential in order to reduce production costs. Microalgae from northern high latitudes, exposed to cold temperatures, may be especially promising candidates as previous studies have shown increasing unsaturation of FA in response to decreasing growth temperatures in different microalgae, most likely to maintain membrane fluidity and function. We have designed a screening pipeline, targeting a focused search and selection for marine microalgal strains from extreme North Atlantic locations with high robustness and biomass production, and increased levels of EPA and DHA. The pipeline includes a rational sampling plan, isolation and cultivation of clonal strains, followed by a batch growth experiment designed to obtain information on robustness, growth characteristics, and the FA content of selected isolates during both nutrient replete exponential cultivation and nutrient limited stationary cultivation. A number of clonal cultures (N = 149) have been established, and twenty of these strains have been screened for growth and FA content and composition. Among those strains, three showed growth rates ≥ 0.7 d− 1 at temperatures of 15 °C or below, and high amounts of EPA (> 3% DW), suggesting their potential as candidates for large scale production. Fast growing microalgae with high EPA and DHA levels were prospected in North Atlantic waters. A number of 149 clonal stock cultures were established, mostly represented by diatoms. Three out of 20 strains showed fast growth together with high EPA content. Highest EPA content of 4.6% of dry weight was found in an Arctic diatom. Microalgae from northern high latitudes reveal potential for biotechnological applications.
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Tesei A, Crippa A, Ceccarelli SB, Mauri M, Molteni M, Agostoni C, Nobile M. The potential relevance of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid to the etiopathogenesis of childhood neuropsychiatric disorders. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 26:1011-30. [PMID: 27988864 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-016-0932-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 15 years, considerable interest has been given to the potential role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for understanding pathogenesis and treatment of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. This review aims to systematically investigate the scientific evidence supporting the hypothesis on the omega-3 PUFAs deficit as a risk factor shared by different pediatric neuropsychiatric disorders. Medline PubMed database was searched for studies examining blood docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) status in children with neuropsychiatric disorders. Forty-one published manuscripts were compatible with the search criteria. The majority of studies on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism found a significant decrease in DHA levels in patients versus healthy controls. For the other conditions examined-depression, juvenile bipolar disorder, intellectual disabilities, learning difficulties, and eating disorders (EDs)-the literature was too limited to draw any stable conclusions. However, except EDs, findings in these conditions were in line with results from ADHD and autism studies. Results about EPA levels were too inconsistent to conclude that EPA could be associated with any of the conditions examined. Finally, correlational data provided, on one hand, evidence for a negative association between DHA and symptomatology, whereas on the other hand, evidence for a positive association between EPA and emotional well-being. Although the present review underlines the potential involvement of omega-3 PUFAs in the predisposition to childhood neuropsychiatric disorders, more observational and intervention studies across different diagnoses are needed, which should integrate the collection of baseline PUFA levels with their potential genetic and environmental influencing factors.
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Oscarsson J, Hurt-Camejo E. Omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and their mechanisms of action on apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in humans: a review. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:149. [PMID: 28797250 PMCID: PMC5553798 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0541-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiological and genetic studies suggest that elevated triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoprotein levels in the circulation increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Prescription formulations of omega-3 fatty acids (OM3FAs), mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), reduce plasma TG levels and are approved for the treatment of patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia. Many preclinical studies have investigated the TG-lowering mechanisms of action of OM3FAs, but less is known from clinical studies. Methods We conducted a review, using systematic methodology, of studies in humans assessing the mechanisms of action of EPA and DHA on apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, including TG-rich lipoproteins and low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). A systematic search of PubMed retrieved 55 articles, of which 30 were used in the review; 35 additional arrticles were also included. Results In humans, dietary DHA is retroconverted to EPA, while production of DHA from EPA is not observed. Dietary DHA is preferentially esterified into TGs, while EPA is more evenly esterified into TGs, cholesterol esters and phospholipids. The preferential esterification of DHA into TGs likely explains the higher turnover of DHA than EPA in plasma. The main effects of both EPA and DHA are decreased fasting and postprandial serum TG levels, through reduction of hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-TG production. The exact mechanism for reduced VLDL production is not clear but does not include retention of lipids in the liver; rather, increased hepatic fatty acid oxidation is likely. The postprandial reduction in TG levels is caused by increased lipoprotein lipase activity and reduced serum VLDL-TG concentrations, resulting in enhanced chylomicron clearance. Overall, no clear differences between the effects of EPA and DHA on TG levels, or on turnover of TG-rich lipoproteins, have been observed. Effects on LDL are complex and may be influenced by genetics, such as APOE genotype. Conclusions EPA and DHA diminish fasting circulating TG levels via reduced production of VLDL. The mechanism of reduced VLDL production does not involve hepatic retention of lipids. Lowered postprandial TG levels are also explained by increased chylomicron clearance. Little is known about the specific cellular and biochemical mechanisms underlying the TG-lowering effects of EPA and DHA in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Oscarsson
- AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83, Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Eva Hurt-Camejo
- AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83, Mölndal, Sweden
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Pan CY, Liu YH, Gong HY, Chen JY. Transcriptome analysis of the effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids against Vibrio vulnificus infection in Oreochromis niloticus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2017; 62:153-163. [PMID: 28108339 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus infection causes severe economic losses in Oreochromis niloticus aquaculture by inducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, that lead to inflammation and mortality. Omega-3 fatty acids, such as Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), have been reported for their anti-inflammatory and antibacterial abilities in murine and zebrafish models. However, the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial functions of DHA and EPA in commercial aquaculture organisms such as Oreochromis niloticus remain unknown. The present study demonstrates antibacterial function and transcriptional modulation of inflammation-associated genes by DHA and EPA in Vibrio vulnificus infection in Oreochromis niloticus fish models. The administration of EPA or DHA improved the Oreochromis niloticus survival rate against Vibrio vulnificus infection. The induction of proinflammatory cytokines, Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 by Vibrio vulnificus was suppressed in fish that were administered DHA. Bacterial membrane disruption and the killing of Vibrio vulnificus by EPA and DHA was observed using SEM, TEM, and cytoplasm leakage studies. In silico analysis of the transcription profile in Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software showed that DHA may enhance anti-Vibrio vulnificus activity in Oreochromis niloticus via the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) to inhibit nuclear factor kappa B and suppress hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 α (HNF4α). In summary, the results of the present study demonstrated that DHA and EPA reduce the severity of Vibrio vulnificus infection and increase the survival rate of Oreochromis niloticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Yu Pan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hao Liu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Yi Gong
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Yih Chen
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Road, Jiaushi, Ilan 262, Taiwan.
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Takahashi M, Ando J, Shimada K, Nishizaki Y, Tani S, Ogawa T, Yamamoto M, Nagao K, Hirayama A, Yoshimura M, Daida H, Nagai R, Komuro I. The ratio of serum n-3 to n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with diabetes mellitus in patients with prior myocardial infarction: a multicenter cross-sectional study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2017; 17:41. [PMID: 28125968 PMCID: PMC5270364 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-017-0479-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In prior myocardial infarction (PMI) patients, diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia, and hypertension increase the risk of secondary cardiovascular events. Although a decreased ratio of serum eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) to arachidonic acid (AA; EPA/AA) has been shown to significantly correlate with the onset of acute coronary syndrome, the associations between polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels and coronary risk factors in PMI patients have not been evaluated thoroughly. This study aimed to assess the associations between PUFAs levels and the risk factors in PMI patients. Methods We enrolled 1733 patients with known PUFA levels who were treated in five divisions of cardiology in a metropolitan area of Japan, including 303 patients with PMI. EPA/AA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to AA level ratio (DHA/AA) in patients with and without PMI were analyzed according to presence of coronary risk factors. Results Diabetes patients with PMI had significantly lower EPA/AA and DHA/AA than diabetes patients without PMI (EPA/AA: P <0.01; DHA/AA: P =0.003), with no such differences in dyslipidemia and hypertension patients. In DM patients with high high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels (>0.1 mg/dL), EPA/AA was low in individuals who also had PMI, whereas DHA/AA was not (EPA/AA, with PMI: 0.43 ± 0.24; without PMI: 0.53 ± 0.30, P < 0.05). Moreover, patients on statins had significantly lower DHA/AA ratios, whereas the EPA/AA ratio did not depend on statin use. Multiple regression analysis revealed that statin use in DM patients was associated with low DHA/AA but not EPA/AA. Conclusion PMI patients with DM have low EPA/AA and DHA/AA. EPA/AA and DHA/AA are differently related to hs-CRP level in DM patients with PMI. Statin use can potentially affect DHA/AA but not EPA/AA, and therefore EPA/AA ratio is a better marker of assessment for cardiovascular events. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12872-017-0479-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Takahashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Jiro Ando
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kazunori Shimada
- Department of Cardiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 3-1-3, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8431, Japan
| | - Yuji Nishizaki
- Department of Cardiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 3-1-3, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8431, Japan
| | - Shigemasa Tani
- Department of Cardiology, Nihon University Hospital, 1-6 Kanda Surugadai Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8309, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ogawa
- Divison of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Nishishinbashi 3-19-18, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8471, Japan
| | - Masato Yamamoto
- Department of Cardiology, Sempo Takanawa Hospital, Takanawa 3-10-11, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8606, Japan
| | - Ken Nagao
- Department of Cardiology, Nihon University Hospital, 1-6 Kanda Surugadai Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8309, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hirayama
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1Ohyaguchi Kamichou Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Michihiro Yoshimura
- Divison of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Nishishinbashi 3-19-18, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8471, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Daida
- Department of Cardiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 3-1-3, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8431, Japan
| | - Ryozo Nagai
- Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji 3311-159, Shimotsuke city, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Issei Komuro
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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Messamore E, Almeida DM, Jandacek RJ, McNamara RK. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and recurrent mood disorders: Phenomenology, mechanisms, and clinical application. Prog Lipid Res 2017; 66:1-13. [PMID: 28069365 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A body of evidence has implicated dietary deficiency in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in the pathophysiology and etiology of recurrent mood disorders including major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder. Cross-national and cross-sectional evidence suggests that greater habitual intake of n-3 PUFA is associated with reduced risk for developing mood symptoms. Meta-analyses provide strong evidence that patients with mood disorders exhibit low blood n-3 PUFA levels which are associated with increased risk for the initial development of mood symptoms in response to inflammation. While the etiology of this n-3 PUFA deficit may be multifactorial, n-3 PUFA supplementation is sufficient to correct this deficit and may also have antidepressant effects. Rodent studies suggest that n-3 PUFA deficiency during perinatal development can recapitulate key neuropathological, neurochemical, and behavioral features associated with mood disorders. Clinical neuroimaging studies suggest that low n-3 PUFA biostatus is associated with abnormalities in cortical structure and function also observed in mood disorders. Collectively, these findings implicate dietary n-3 PUFA insufficiency, particularly during development, in the pathophysiology of mood dysregulation, and support implementation of routine screening for and treatment of n-3 PUFA deficiency in patients with mood disorders.
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O'Connell TD, Block RC, Huang SP, Shearer GC. ω3-Polyunsaturated fatty acids for heart failure: Effects of dose on efficacy and novel signaling through free fatty acid receptor 4. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 103:74-92. [PMID: 27986444 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) affects 5.7 million in the U.S., and despite well-established pharmacologic therapy, the 5-year mortality rate remains near 50%. Furthermore, the mortality rate for HF has not declined in years, highlighting the need for new therapeutic options. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3-PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are important regulators of cardiovascular health. However, questions of efficacy and mechanism of action have made the use of ω3-PUFAs in all cardiovascular disease (CVD) controversial. Here, we review recent studies in animal models of HF indicating that ω3-PUFAs, particularly EPA, are cardioprotective, with the results indicating a threshold for efficacy. We also examine clinical studies suggesting that ω3-PUFAs improve outcomes in patients with HF. Due to the relatively small number of clinical studies of ω3-PUFAs in HF, we discuss EPA concentration-dependency on outcomes in clinical trials of CVD to gain insight into the perceived questionable efficacy of ω3-PUFAs clinically, with the results again indicating a threshold for efficacy. Ultimately, we suggest that the main failing of ω3-PUFAs in clinical trials might be a failure to reach a therapeutically effective concentration. We also examine mechanistic studies suggesting that ω3-PUFAs signal through free fatty acid receptor 4 (Ffar4), a G-protein coupled receptor (GPR) for long-chain fatty acids (FA), thereby identifying an entirely novel mechanism of action for ω3-PUFA mediated cardioprotection. Finally, based on mechanistic animal studies suggesting that EPA prevents interstitial fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction, we speculate about a potential benefit for EPA-Ffar4 signaling in heart failure preserved with ejection fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D O'Connell
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, The University of Minnesota, United States.
| | - Robert C Block
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, United States
| | - Shue P Huang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, United States
| | - Gregory C Shearer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, United States.
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Chandravanshi B, Bhonde R. Small molecules exert anti-apoptotic effect and reduce oxidative stress augmenting insulin secretion in stem cells engineered islets against hypoxia. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 791:424-432. [PMID: 27614129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of pancreatic islets is the most reliable treatment for Type 1 diabetes. However cell death mediated by hypoxia is considered as one of the main difficulties hindering success in islet transplantation. The aim of our experiment was to investigate the role of small molecules in survival of Islet like cell aggregates (ICAs) engineered from umbilical cord matrix under oxygen deprived condition (<5% O2). ICAs were analyzed for cell death via fluoroscein diacetate/propidium iodide (FDA/PI) staining, estimation of Caspase 3 and free radical release in presence and absence of small molecules. The samples were also analyzed for the presence of hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) at both transcriptional and translational level. The addition of small molecules showed profound defensive effect on ICAs under hypoxic environment as evidenced by their viability and insulin secretion compared to untreated ICAs. The combinations of Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), Docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) and metformin and EPA, DHAandγ amino butyric acid (GABA) acted as anti-apoptotic agents for human ICAs when exposed to 1% O2 for 48h. The combinations of the small molecules reduced the total reactive oxygen species and malonaldehyde (MDA) levels and enhanced the production of glutathione peroxidise (GPx) enzyme under hypoxic conditions. Finally the increase in HIF1α at both protein and gene level confirmed the defensive effect of the additives in hypoxia. These results suggest that the combination of small molecules maintained the viability and functionality of the ICAs in hypoxia by up-regulating HIF1α expression and down regulating the Caspase 3 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Chandravanshi
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal University, GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Allalasandra, Yelahanka, 560065 Bangalore, India
| | - Ramesh Bhonde
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal University, GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Allalasandra, Yelahanka, 560065 Bangalore, India.
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Phillips MA, Childs CE, Calder PC, Rogers PJ. Lower omega-3 fatty acid intake and status are associated with poorer cognitive function in older age: A comparison of individuals with and without cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 15:271-7. [PMID: 22824373 DOI: 10.1179/1476830512y.0000000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Various strands of evidence suggest that low intake of omega-3 fatty acids increases risk of cognitive decline and dementia. The present study investigated differences in dietary intake and blood plasma content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) in individuals with cognitive impairment no dementia (CIND), individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and healthy volunteers (HV). METHODS A total of 135 individuals aged between 55 and 91 years (19 AD, 55 CIND, and 61 HV) were assessed predominantly within a hospital setting. RESULTS Compared with age and sex-matched HV, individuals with AD or CIND performed poorly on a majority of tests of cognitive function. Impairment was greatest for delayed and verbal recognition memory. CIND individuals were less impaired than AD individuals. Omega-3 intake and the percentage of EPA and DHA in plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC) showed a similar pattern (AD < HV, with intermediate scores for CIND). Across the whole sample, and after controlling for age, years of education, level of socio-economic deprivation, and gender, omega-3 intake, plasma PC DHA, and plasma PC EPA were all significant positive predictors of memory functioning. DISCUSSION These results are consistent with the possibility that omega-3 fatty acid nutrition has an impact on cognitive decline, but could equally be explained by dietary changes that occurred after onset of cognitive decline. It is also possible that the results could be explained by unknown confounding factors.
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Yamagishi K, Ikeda A, Chei CL, Noda H, Umesawa M, Cui R, Muraki I, Ohira T, Imano H, Sankai T, Okada T, Tanigawa T, Kitamura A, Kiyama M, Iso H. Serum α-linolenic and other ω-3 fatty acids, and risk of disabling dementia: Community-based nested case-control study. Clin Nutr 2016; 36:793-797. [PMID: 27265182 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS It has been hypothesized that ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have anti-atherosclerotic and neuronal protective functions and may benefit prevention of dementia, but the epidemiological evidence, especially for α-linolenic acid, is quite limited. The aim of this study was to examine whether serum ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are associated with risk of dementia. METHODS We performed an intracohort case-control study nested in a community-based cohort, the Circulatory Risk in Communities Study, involving 7586 Japanese individuals aged 40-74 years at the baseline period of 1984-1994. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid constituents (α-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids) in serum total lipid were measured in 315 cases of incident disabling dementia in the above-mentioned cohort between 1999 and 2004, and in 630 controls whose age, sex, area, and baseline year were matched with the cases. RESULTS As we had postulated, serum α-linolenic acid was inversely associated with risk of disabling dementia: the multivariate odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 0.57 (0.39-0.85), 0.51 (0.34-0.76), and 0.61 (0.41-0.90) for persons with the second, third, and highest quartiles of serum α-linolenic acid, respectively, as compared with the lowest quartile (P for trend = 0.01). Associations of other ω-3 fatty acids with disabling dementia were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Serum α-linolenic acid was inversely associated with risk of disabling dementia. Although the causality needs to be confirmed by randomized control trials, we identified serum α-linolenic acid as a biomarker that predicts future dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Yamagishi
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Osaka Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Ai Ikeda
- Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Choy-Lye Chei
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hiroyuki Noda
- Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Mitsumasa Umesawa
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Department of Public Health, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Japan
| | - Renzhe Cui
- Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Isao Muraki
- Osaka Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ohira
- Department of Epidemiology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hironori Imano
- Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Tomoko Sankai
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takeo Okada
- Osaka Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Akihiko Kitamura
- Osaka Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Osaka, Japan; Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kiyama
- Osaka Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Iso
- Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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