Isorhamnetin ameliorates LPS-induced inflammatory response through downregulation of NF-κB signaling

Rujin Jiedu decoction protects against influenza virus infection by modulating gut microbiota

Background

Rujin Jiedu decoction (RJJDD) is a classical prescription of Traditional Chinese Medicine that has long been applied to treat pneumonia caused by external infection, but whether and how it benefits influenza virus therapy remains largely unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of RJJDD on the mouse model of influenza and to explore its potential mechanism.

Methods

The mice were mock-infected with PBS or infected with PR8 virus followed by treatment with RJJDD or antiviral oseltamivir. The weight loss and morbidity of mice were monitored daily. Network pharmacology is used to explore the potential pathways that RJJDD may modulate. qRT-PCR and ELISA were performed to assess the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the lung tissue and macrophages. The intestinal feces were collected for 16S rDNA sequencing to assess the changes in gut microbiota.

Results

We demonstrate that RJJDD protects against IAV-induced pneumonia. Comprehensive network pharmacology analyses of the Mass Spec-identified components of RJJDD suggest that RJJDD may act through down-regulating key signaling pathways producing inflammatory cytokines, which was experimentally confirmed by cytokine expression analysis in IAV-infected mouse lung tissues and IAV single-strand RNA mimic R837-induced macrophages. Furthermore, gut microbiota analysis indicates that RJJDD prevented IAV-induced dysbiosis of host intestinal flora, thereby offering a mechanistic explanation for RJJDD's efficacy in influenza pneumonia.

Conclusion

This study defines a previously uncharacterized role for RJJDD in protecting against influenza likely by maintaining homeostasis of gut microbiota, and provides a new therapeutic option for severe influenza.

The experimental significance of isorhamnetin as an effective therapeutic option for cancer: A comprehensive analysis

Isorhamnetin (C16H12O7), a 3'-O-methylated derivative of quercetin from the class of flavonoids, is predominantly present in the leaves and fruits of several plants, many of which have traditionally been employed as remedies due to its diverse therapeutic activities. The objective of this in-depth analysis is to concentrate on Isorhamnetin by addressing its molecular insights as an effective anticancer compound and its synergistic activity with other anticancer drugs. The main contributors to Isorhamnetin's anti-malignant activities at the molecular level have been identified as alterations of a variety of signal transduction processes and transcriptional agents. These include ROS-mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, inhibition of mTOR and P13K pathway, suppression of MEK1, PI3K, NF-κB, and Akt/ERK pathways, and inhibition of Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF)-1α expression. A significant number of in vitro and in vivo research studies have confirmed that it destroys cancerous cells by arresting cell cycle at the G2/M phase and S-phase, down-regulating COX-2 protein expression, PI3K, Akt, mTOR, MEK1, ERKs, and PI3K signaling pathways, and up-regulating apoptosis-induced genes (Casp3, Casp9, and Apaf1), Bax, Caspase-3, P53 gene expression and mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis pathway. Its ability to suppress malignant cells, evidence of synergistic effects, and design of drugs based on nanomedicine are also well supported to treat cancer patients effectively. Together, our findings establish a crucial foundation for understanding Isorhamnetin's underlying anti-cancer mechanism in cancer cells and reinforce the case for the requirement to assess more exact molecular signaling pathways relating to specific cancer and in vivo anti-cancer activities.

Research status of pathogenesis of anxiety or depression after percutaneous coronary intervention and Traditional Chinese Medicine intervention

ETHNIC PHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Anxiety or depression after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a common clinical disease. Currently, conventional pharmacotherapy primarily involves the administration of anxiolytic or antidepressant medications in conjunction with anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, and other cardiovascular drugs. However, challenges such as drug dependence, adverse reactions and related concerns persist in the treatment of this disease. Numerous pertinent studies have demonstrated that Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) exhibits significant therapeutic efficacy and distinctive advantages in managing post-PCI anxiety or depression.

AIM OF THIS REVIEW

This review attempted to summarize the characteristics of TCM for treating anxiety or depression after PCI, including single Chinese herbs, Chinese medicine monomers, compound TCM prescriptions, TCM patented drugs, and other TCM-related treatment methods, focusing on the analysis of the relevant mechanism of TCM treatment of this disease.

METHODS

By searching the literature on treating anxiety or depression after PCI with TCM in PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, and other relevant databases, this review focuses on the latest research progress of TCM treatment of this disease.

RESULTS

In the treatment of anxiety or depression after PCI, TCM exerts significant pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-anxiety or anti-depression, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular protection, and neuroprotection, mainly by regulating the levels of related inflammatory factors, oxidative stress markers, neurotransmitter levels, and related signaling pathways. TCM has a good clinical effect in treating anxiety or depression after PCI with individualized treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

TCM has terrific potential and good prospects in the treatment of anxiety or depression after PCI. The main direction of future exploration is the study of the mechanism related to Chinese medicine monomers and the large sample clinical study related to compound TCM prescriptions.

Discovery of anti-inflammatory natural flavonoids: Diverse scaffolds and promising leads for drug discovery

Natural products have been utilized for medicinal purposes for millennia, endowing them with a rich source of chemical scaffolds and pharmacological leads for drug discovery. Among the vast array of natural products, flavonoids represent a prominent class, renowned for their diverse biological activities and promising therapeutic advantages. Notably, their anti-inflammatory properties have positioned them as promising lead compounds for developing novel drugs combating various inflammatory diseases. This review presents a comprehensive overview of flavonoids, highlighting their manifold anti-inflammatory activities and elucidating the underlying pathways in mediating inflammation. Furthermore, this review encompasses systematical classification of flavonoids, related anti-inflammatory targets, involved in vitro and in vivo test models, and detailed statistical analysis. We hope this review will provide researchers engaged in active natural products and anti-inflammatory drug discovery with practical information and potential leads.

CircSLCO3A1 depletion ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and apoptosis of human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells through the miR-424-5p/HMGB3 pathway

Background

Recent studies have shown the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI) involves circular RNA (circRNA). However, there are no data on the role of circSLCO3A1 in ALI and the underlying mechanism.

Objective

ALI-like cell injury was induced by stimulating human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (HPAEpiCs) using lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The expression of circSLCO3A1, miR-424-5p and high mobility group box 3 (HMGB3) was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Cell viability and cell apoptosis were assessed by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and flow cytometry analysis, respectively. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to determine the production of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1). Caspase-3 activity was detected by caspase-3 activity assay. Protein expression of inducible NOS (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), p-p65 and p65 was analyzed by Western blot. The interactions among circSLCO3A1, miR-424-5p and HMGB3 were identified by dual-luciferase reporter assay, RNA immunoprecipitation assay and RNA pull-down assay.

Results

CircSLCO3A1 and HMGB3 expression were significantly increased, while miR-424-5p was decreased in LPS-treated HPAEpiCs and the serum of septic ALI patients in comparison with controls. CircSLCO3A1 knockdown assuaged LPS-induced HPAEpiC inflammation and apoptosis. Besides, circSLCO3A1 targeted miR-424-5p and regulated LPS-triggered HPAEpiC inflammation and apoptosis by binding to miR-424-5p. Under the treatment of LPS, miR-424-5p mediated HPAEpiC disorders by targeting HMGB3. Importantly, circSLCO3A1 modulated HMGB3 production by interacting with miR-424-5p.

Conclusion

CircSLCO3A1 absence assuaged LPS-induced HPAEpiC inflammation and apoptosis through the miR-424-5p/HMGB3 axis.

Highlights

CircSLCO3A1 expression was upregulated in LPS-induced HPAEpiCs and sepsis-induced ALI patients.CircSLCO3A1 depletion protected against LPS-induced HPAEpiC disorders.CircSLCO3A1 bound to miR-424-5p in HPAEpiCs.MiR-424-5p targeted HMGB3 in HPAEpiCs.CircSLCO3A1 regulated HMGB3 expression through miR-424-5p.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13273-023-00341-6.

Lipid-lowering, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective effects of isorhamnetin on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice

Isorhamnetin is a hepatoprotective flavonoid molecule derived from the leaves and fruits of Hippophae rhamnoides L. However, the protective effect of isorhamnetin on acetaminophen (APAP) induced hepatotoxicity is still unknown. Thus, we aimed to investigate the lipid-lowering, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective effects of isorhamnetin on APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Hepatotoxicity was induced by a single injection of APAP (300 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Isorhamnetin (50 or 100 mg/kg, orally) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) (200 mg/kg, orally), or vehicle control, were administered 1 h before the administration of APAP. Total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidative status (TOS) of liver tissue and levels of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) were analyzed by ELISA. Lipid profiles and liver function parameters were measured using an autoanalyzer. In addition, liver tissue was examined histopathologically. Isorhamnetin treatment significantly reduced the APAP-induced increase in the liver weight and liver index; it also reduced the APAP-induced increase in serum liver parameters (ALT, AST, ALP, and LDH) (p < 0.05). Isorhamnetin significantly reduced APAP-induced oxidative stress and inflammation by increasing TAS levels and decreasing TOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels (p < 0.05). Moreover, isorhamnetin treatment significantly regulated lipid profiles (TG, T-C, LDL-C, and HDL-C levels) that changed in response to APAP administration (p < 0.05). In histopathological examination, liver degeneration observed in the APAP group was significantly reduced in the NAC and isorhamnetin-treated groups (p < 0.05). This study suggests that isorhamnetin has a significant protective effect on APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in mice through its lipid-lowering, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects.

Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Attenuates LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury With Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Apoptotic Effects

INTRODUCTION

Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is a nucleotide that is commonly recognized for its role as an intermediate of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) biosynthesis with multiple pharmacological effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI).

METHODS

We investigated the effect of NMN on ALI-induced inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis. The ALI mouse model was performed by injecting LPS intratracheally at a dose of 10 mg/kg in 50 μL saline. Flow cytometry was used to detect neutrophil infiltration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and ELISA was used to detect the contents of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in BALF. Oxidative stress was evaluated by determining the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in lung tissue. ROS formation was analyzed by immunofluorescence. Western blotting was performed to detect apoptotic levels and p38MAPK/NF-κB phosphorylation levels in lung tissue.

RESULTS

In the ALI mouse model, NMN showed a significant therapeutic effect compared to the LPS group. NMN attenuated the pathological damage and cell apoptosis in lung tissue, decreased the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in BALF, and reduced the number of total cells and neutrophils in BALF. In addition, NMN attenuated the LPS-induced elevation of dry-to-wet ratio, MDA content, p38 MAPK and p65 NF-κB phosphorylation levels, and the SOD activity was increased by NMN treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, the present study showed that NMN exerted a protective effect on LPS-induced ALI with anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antiapoptotic effects.

Role of Plant-Derived Compounds in the Molecular Pathways Related to Inflammation

Inflammation is the primary response to infection and injury. Its beneficial effect is an immediate resolution of the pathophysiological event. However, sustained production of inflammatory mediators such as reactive oxygen species and cytokines may cause alterations in DNA integrity and lead to malignant cell transformation and cancer. More attention has recently been paid to pyroptosis, which is an inflammatory necrosis that activates inflammasomes and the secretion of cytokines. Taking into consideration that phenolic compounds are widely available in diet and medicinal plants, their role in the prevention and support of the treatment of chronic diseases is apparent. Recently, much attention has been paid to explaining the significance of isolated compounds in the molecular pathways related to inflammation. Therefore, this review aimed to screen reports concerning the molecular mode of action assigned to phenolic compounds. The most representative compounds from the classes of flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids, and phenolic glycosides were selected for this review. Our attention was focused mainly on nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Literature searching was performed using Scopus, PubMed, and Medline databases. In conclusion, based on the available literature, phenolic compounds regulate NF-κB, Nrf2, and MAPK signaling, which supports their potential role in chronic inflammatory disorders, including osteoarthritis, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular, and pulmonary disorders.

Mechanisms and Effects of Isorhamnetin on Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasiform Dermatitis in Mice

Isorhamnetin (IRh), which has a wide range of pharmacological effects, is one of the most significant active components in the fruits of Hippophae rhamnoides L. and the leaves of Ginkgo biloba L. It protects the heart and brain, in addition to possessing anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, organ protection, and anti-obesity properties. We sought to assess IRh's anti-psoriatic activity, explore its immunomodulatory properties in reducing the severity of psoriatic symptoms, and evaluate its potential immunotherapeutic effects. We used IRh to treat imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis in BALB/C mice and examined the underlying mechanisms. The outcomes demonstrated that IRh reduced epidermal hyperplasia, lowered PASI scores, and improved histopathological psoriasiform lesions in IMQ-induced mice. IRh attenuated the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA), and also reversed the reduction caused by IMQ of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in skin tissues. Additionally, IRh effectively inhibited IMQ's ability to increase proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17A, and transcription factor NF-κB. Furthermore, IRh significantly reduced the percentage of Th1 and Th17 in the spleens of mice treated with IMQ and suppressed the maturation of splenic dendritic cells. Overall, our research suggests that IRh protects against oxidative stress and inflammation in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, with potential for the development of new and potent medication for the treatment of psoriasis.

Comparison of metabolism and biological properties among positional isomers of quercetin glucuronide in LPS- and RANKL-challenged RAW264.7 cells

The major quercetin metabolite, quercetin-3-glucuronide, exerts various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to evaluate the metabolic profiles and biological properties of the positional isomers of quercetin monoglucuronides (Q3G, Q7G, Q3'G, and Q4'G) in activated macrophages. In addition to quercetin aglycone, Q7G was more cytotoxic than the other quercetin monoglucuronides (QGs), which corresponded to its lower stability under neutral pH conditions. Q3G was most effective in inhibiting both LPS-dependent induction of IL-6 and RANKL-dependent activation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase; however, Q3'G and Q4'G may also help exert biological activities without potential cytotoxicity. The deconjugation efficacy to generate quercetin aglycone differed among QGs, with the highest efficacy in Q3G. These results suggest that the chemical or biological properties and metabolic profiles may depend on the stability of QGs to generate quercetin aglycone using β-glucuronidase.

Qingfei Litan Decoction Against Acute Lung Injury/Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: The Potential Roles of Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidative Effects

Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) is an acute respiratory failure syndrome characterized by progressive arterial hypoxemia and dyspnea. Qingfei Litan (QFLT) decoction, as a classic prescription for the treatment of acute respiratory infections, is effective for the treatment of ALI/ARDS. In this study, the compounds, hub targets, and major pathways of QFLT in ALI/ARDS treatment were analyzed using Ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) and systemic pharmacology strategies. UHPLC-MS identified 47 main components of QFLT. To explore its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative mechanisms, gene ontology (Go) analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment and network pharmacological analysis were conducted based on the main 47 components. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that TNF signaling pathway and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway may be the key pathways of ALI/ARDS. We explored the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative pharmacological effects of QFLT in treatment of ALI/ARDS in vivo and in vitro. QFLT suppressed the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and alleviated oxidative stress in LPS-challenged mice. In vitro, QFLT decreased the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β secreted by LPS-activated macrophages, increased GSH level and decreased the LPS-activated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lung epithelial A549 cells. This study suggested that QFLT may have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects on ALI/ARDS, combining in vivo and in vitro experiments with systemic pharmacology, providing a potential therapeutic strategy option.

Studies on Anemone nemorosa L. extracts; polyphenols profile, antioxidant activity, and effects on Caco-2 cells by in vitro and in silico studies

In this study, two polar extracts (aqueous and ethanolic) from the aerial part of Anemone nemorosa L. (dried plant) were assessed to reveal their polyphenols profile, antioxidant activity, cytotoxic, and antiproliferative activity on Caco-2 (ATCC-HTB-37) cell line. In silico studies on two key compounds, protoanemonin and anemonin, on four molecular targets – cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2, and human tankyrase 1 and human tankyrase 2 in relation to human colon cancer cell development have also been achieved. The results are as follows: caffeic acid esters and quercetin glycosides, including (iso)rhamnetin derivates, are the major polyphenol compounds in wood anemone polar extracts; the two polar extracts indicated very strong antioxidant activity in the interval from 0.1 to 5 µg [GAE] per 1 mL sample (IC50 < 0.290 µg GAE/mL), and in vitro studies on Caco-2 cells have revealed their simultaneous stimulatory and protective activity exactly in the concentration area with the strongest antioxidant activity. In silico studies have revealed moderate inhibitory activity of the two key compounds, anemonin and protoanemonin, on the four molecular targets studied; it was concluded having particular benefits of the wood anemone polar extracts in managing postoperative intestinal recovery, and generally in regenerative medicine.

Isorhamnetin Alleviates Airway Inflammation by Regulating the Nrf2/Keap1 Pathway in a Mouse Model of COPD

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a severely disabling chronic lung disease characterized by persistent airway inflammation, which leads to limited expiratory airflow that deteriorates over time. Isorhamnetin (Iso) is one of the most important active components in the fruit of Hippophae rhamnoides L. and leaves of Ginkgo biloba L, which is widely used in many pulmonary disease studies because of its anti-inflammatory effects. Here, we investigated the pharmacological action of Iso in CS-induced airway inflammation and dissected the anti-inflammation mechanisms of Iso in COPD mice. A mouse model of COPD was established by exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) and intratracheal inhalation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Our results illustrated that Iso treatment significantly reduced leukocyte recruitment and excessive secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) in BALF of CS-induced COPD mice in a dose-dependent manner. This improved airway collagen deposition and emphysema, and further alleviated the decline in lung functions and systemic symptoms of hypoxia and weight loss. Additionally, Iso treatment obviously improves the T lymphocyte dysregualtion in peripheral blood of COPD mice. Mechanistically, Iso may degrade Keap1 through ubiquitination of p62, thereby activating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) pathway to increase the expression of protective factors, such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1, and SOD2, in lungs of CS-exposed mice, which plays an anti-inflammatory role in COPD. In conclusion, our study indicates that Iso significantly alleviates the inflammatory response in CS-induced COPD mice mainly by affecting the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway. More importantly, Iso exhibited anti-inflammatory effects comparable with Dex in COPD and we did not observe discernible side effects of Iso. The high safety profile of Iso may make it a potential drug candidate for COPD.

Isorhamnetin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting mTOR signaling pathway

Aim: Acute Lung Injury (ALI) is an acute hypoxic respiratory insufficiency caused by various traumatic factors, manifested as progressive hypoxemia and respiratory distress, and lung imaging shows a heterogeneous osmotic outbreak. Isorhamnetin (ISO) is a flavonoid compound isolated and purified from medicinal plants, such as Hippophae rhamnoides L. and Ginkgo, and has multiple pharmacological functions, such as anti-tumor, anti-myocardial hypoxia, and cardiovascular protection. Our previous study has shown that ISO could attenuate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury in mice, but its mechanism is not clear.Methods: In this study, we used LPS-induced mouse and cell models to research the mechanism of ISO alleviating acute lung injury.Results: The results showed that ISO could attenuate the injury of type II alveolar epithelial cells by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Further studies showed that ISO could inhibit the activation of mTOR signal in vivo and in vitro and promote autophagy in alveolar epithelial cells to reduce lung injury caused by LPS. In addition, ISO could inhibit LPS-induced epithelial cell apoptosis.Conclusion: Overall, ISO could suppress injury and apoptosis of epithelial cells and activate autophagy to protect epithelial cells via inhibiting mTOR signal and attenuating LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice.

Chinese herbal decoction astragalus and angelica exerts its therapeutic effect on renal interstitial fibrosis through the inhibition of MAPK, PI3K-Akt and TNF signaling pathways

Astragalus and Angelica decoction (A&A) has been clinically used as a classical traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula in China for many years for the treatment of kidney diseases, especially renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF). However, the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of A&A on RIF remains poorly understood. In the present study, systematic network pharmacology and effective experimental verification were utilized for the first time to elucidate the pharmacological efficacy and potential mechanism. The outcomes indicated that 22 active components and 87 target genes of A&A were identified and cross-referenced with RIF-associated genes, contributing to confirmation of 74 target genes of A&A for RIF. Pathway and functional enrichment analyses revealed that A&A had substantial effects on MAPK, PI3K-Akt and TNF signaling pathways. In addition, seven core targets with relatively higher betweenness and degree were identified in the constructed Chinese medicine material-chemical component-target-signal pathway network. Moreover, we verified the potential therapeutic effect of A&A in vivo (using a mouse model of RIF), confirming that A&A could effectively protect the kidney by regulating these target genes. The therapeutic effect of A&A on RIF could be attributed to its role in regulating the cell cycle, limiting the apoptosis, and inhibiting the inflammation.

Exploring the mechanism of Danggui Buxue Decoction in regulating atherosclerotic disease network based on integrated pharmacological methods

OBJECTIVE

To explore the mechanism of Danggui Buxue Decoction (DGBXD) in regulating Atherosclerosis (AS) network based on integrated pharmacological methods.

METHODS

The active ingredients and targets of DGBXD are obtained from TCMSP database and ETCM. AS-related targets were collected from the Genecards and OMIM databases. The drug-disease protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed by Cytoscape. Meanwhile, it was used to screen out densely interacting regions, namely clusters. Finally, Gene Ontology (GO) annotations are performed on the targets and genes in the cluster to obtain biological processes, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotations are performed on the targets of the PPI network to obtain signaling pathways.

RESULTS

A total of 212 known targets, 265 potential targets and 229 AS genes were obtained. The 'DGBXD known-AS PPI network' and 'DGBXD-AS PPI Network' were constructed and analyzed. DGBXD can regulate inflammation, platelet activation, endothelial cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, vascular smooth muscle proliferation, angiogenesis, TNF, HIF-1, FoxO signaling pathway, etc. The experimental data showed that compared with the model group, the expressions of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and interleukin (IL)-1β protein and mRNA in the DGBXD group decreased (P<0.05). However, plasma IL-1β, TNF-α, and MCP-1 in the DGBXD group were not significantly different from the model group (P>0.05).

CONCLUSION

The mechanism of DGBXD in the treatment of AS may be related to the improvement of extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in the blood vessel wall and the anti-vascular local inflammatory response, which may provide a reference for the study of the mechanism of DGBXD.

Influence of fruit-based beverages on efficacy of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG) against DSS-induced intestinal inflammation

Different lines of evidences from clinical, epidemiological and biochemical studies have established that optimal nutrition including probiotic and fruit phenolics can mitigate the risk and morbidity associated with some chronic diseases. The basis for this observation is the potential synergies that may exist between probiotic strains and different bioactive components of food matrices. This study was conceptualized to compare the efficiency of a probiotic strain in two different fruit matrices. Two fruits, viz., sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) (SBT) and apples (Malus pumila) (APJ) were chosen and the anti-inflammatory effects of L. rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) (LR) fortified in SBT and APJ were analysed against dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) induced colitis in zebrafish (Danio rerio). The results showed that administration of probiotic (LR) fortified, malt supplemented SBT beverage (SBT + M + LR) had better restorative potential on the intestinal barrier function and mucosal damage, in comparison to LR fortified, malt supplemented APJ beverage (APJ + M + LR). SBT + M + LR demonstrated adequate anti-oxidant potential by enhancing the CAT, SOD, GPx and GSH activities, impaired due to DSS administration. The increase in the expressions of toll like receptor (TLR)-2, TLR-4 and TLR-5 induced by DSS were significantly inhibited by SBT + M + LR administration. Gene expression of pro-inflammatory markers, (NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, CCL20, MPO and MMP9) were attenuated by SBT + M + LR treatment in intestinal tissues of DSS-treated zebrafishes. Notably, SBT + M + LR increased the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10. The study provides evidence that specific interactions between fruit matrix and probiotic strain can provide adjunct therapeutic strategy to manage intestinal inflammation.

Immune Mechanism, Gene Module, and Molecular Subtype Identification of Astragalus Membranaceus in the Treatment of Dilated Cardiomyopathy: An Integrated Bioinformatics Study

Astragalus membranaceus has complex components as a natural drug and has multilevel, multitarget, and multichannel effects on dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). However, the immune mechanism, gene module, and molecular subtype of astragalus membranaceus in the treatment of DCM are still not revealed. Microarray information of GSE84796 was downloaded from the GEO database, including RNA sequencing data of seven normal cardiac tissues and ten DCM cardiac tissues. A total of 4029 DCM differentially expressed genes were obtained, including 1855 upregulated genes and 2174 downregulated genes. GO/KEGG/GSEA analysis suggested that the activation of T cells and B cells was the primary cause of DCM. WGCNA was used to obtain blue module genes. The blue module genes are primarily ADCY7, BANK1, CD1E, CD19, CD38, CD300LF, CLEC4E, FLT3, GPR18, HCAR3, IRF4, LAMP3, MRC1, SYK, and TLR8, which successfully divided DCM into three molecular subtypes. Based on the CIBERSORT algorithm, the immune infiltration profile of DCM was analyzed. Many immune cell subtypes, including the abovementioned immune cells, showed different levels of increased infiltration in the myocardial tissue of DCM. However, this infiltration pattern was not obviously correlated with clinical characteristics, such as age, EF, and sex. Based on network pharmacology and ClueGO, 20 active components of Astragalus membranaceus and 40 components of DMCTGS were obtained from TCMSP. Through analysis of the immune regulatory network, we found that Astragalus membranaceus effectively regulates the activation of immune cells, such as B cells and T cells, cytokine secretion, and other processes and can intervene in DCM at multiple components, targets, and levels. The above mechanisms were verified by molecular docking results, which confirmed that AKT1, VEGFA, MMP9, and RELA are promising potential targets of DCM.

Synthesis of 3'-O-Alkyl Homologues and a Biotin Probe of Isorhamnetin and Evaluation of Cytotoxic Efficacy on Cancer Cells

Isorhamnetin is a natural flavonoid which shows a variety of biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumor. In order to identify the cellular binding protein of isorhamnetin as potential anti-cancer target, we first synthesized 3'-O-substituted quercetin as isorhamnetin homologues and evaluated the growth inhibitory activity of these derivatives on breast, colon and prostate cancer cell lines. The preliminary results showed that the 3'-O modification did not affect the cytotoxic activity of the scaffold. Analysis of the co-crystal structure and the docking pose of isorhamnetin with reported binding protein of isorhamnetin or quercetin indicated the 3'-O-substitution groups located outside of the binding pocket, which is in accordance with activity of 3'-O derivatives. Then a biotin conjugate of isorhamnetin with a tetraethylene glycol (PEG)₄ linker at the 3' position was synthesized and the resulting probe retained the anti-proliferative activity on cancer cell lines, while the cellular fluorescence analysis showed the distribution of probe inside the cells which indicated the probe had limited cell permeability. Finally, pull down assay both in situ inside cells and in the cell lysates indicated the isorhamnetin biotin probe was capable of protein labeling in cell lysates. These findings provide the isorhamnetin 3'-O-biotin probe as a tool to reveal the target proteins of isorhamnetin.

Therapeutic Effects and Molecular Mechanisms of Bioactive Compounds Against Respiratory Diseases: Traditional Chinese Medicine Theory and High-Frequency Use

Respiratory diseases, especially the pandemic of respiratory infectious diseases and refractory chronic lung diseases, remain a key clinical issue and research hot spot due to their high prevalence rates and poor prognosis. In this review, we aimed to summarize the recent advances in the therapeutic effects and molecular mechanisms of key common bioactive compounds from Chinese herbal medicine. Based on the theories of traditional Chinese medicine related to lung diseases, we searched several electronic databases to determine the high-frequency Chinese medicines in clinical application. The active compounds and metabolites from the selected medicines were identified using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database (TCMSP) by analyzing oral bioavailability and drug similarity index. Then, the pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of the selected bioactive compounds in the viral and bacterial infections, inflammation, acute lung injury (ALI), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, and lung cancer were summarized. We found that 31 bioactive compounds from the selected 10 common Chinese herbs, such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), kaempferol, isorhamnetin, quercetin, and β-sitosterol, can mainly regulate NF-κB, Nrf2/HO-1, NLRP3, TGF-β/Smad, MAPK, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways to inhibit infection, inflammation, extracellular matrix deposition, and tumor growth in a series of lung-related diseases. This review provides novel perspectives on the preclinical study and clinical application of Chinese herbal medicines and their bioactive compounds against respiratory diseases.

Isorhamnetin Ameliorates Dry Eye Disease via CFTR Activation in Mice

Dry eye disease is one of the most common diseases, with increasing prevalence in many countries, but treatment options are limited. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a major ion channel that facilitates fluid secretion in ocular surface epithelium and is a potential target of therapeutic agent for the treatment of dry eye disease. In this study, we performed a cell-based, high-throughput screening for the identification of novel natural products that activate CFTR and restore the aqueous deficiency in dry eye. Screening of 1000 natural products revealed isorhamnetin, a flavonol aglycone, as a novel CFTR activator. Electrophysiological studies showed that isorhamnetin significantly increased CFTR chloride current, both wild type and ∆F508-CFTR. Isorhamnetin did not alter intracellular cAMP levels and the activity of other ion channels, including ANO1, ENaC, and hERG. Notably, application of isorhamnetin on mouse ocular surface induced CFTR activation and increased tear volume. In addition, isorhamnetin significantly reduced ocular surface damage and expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in an experimental mouse model of dry eye. These data suggest that isorhamnetin may be used to treat dry eye disease.

Methoxylated flavonols from Vellozia dasypus Seub ethyl acetate active myeloperoxidase extract: in vitro and in silico assays

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a methoxylated fraction from Vellozia dasypus Seub on myeloperoxidase (MPO)-chlorinating activity and subsequent in silico assays for binding profile prediction. Therefore, the ethyl acetate extract of aerial parts from Vellozia dasypus Seub was fractionated on open-column chromatography containing SiO₂ and eluted with solvent in crescent polarity to yield a fraction with a mixture of flavonols quercetin 3-O-methyl ether (1) and 6-C-methyl quercetin 3-O-methyl ether (2). Their chemical structures were proposed by HPLC coupled to photodiode array (HPLC-DAD) and mass spectrometer using electrospray ionization multistage analysis (HPLC-MS/MS). The fraction enriched with compounds 1 and 2 inhibited more efficiently the in vitro MPO-chlorinating activity (IC₅₀ = 40 µg/mL) than the ethyl acetate extract (IC₅₀ = 64.0 µg/mL). Molecular docking studies revealed that these compounds interact with MPO active pocket similarly to trifluoromethyl-substituted aromatic hydroxamate, a well-known MPO inhibitor, co-crystallized at the MPO binding site (PDB ID: 4C1M). Molecular dynamics trajectories confirmed that these two molecules interact with the MPO binding site with a similar energetic pattern when compared to the crystallographic ligand. Taken together, these data expand the sources of phenolic natural compounds that may be further investigated against inflammation-related diseases.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Sosiho-Tang, a Traditional Herbal Formula, on Acute Lung Injury in LPS-Sensitized Mice and -Raw 264.7 Cells

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a series of syndromes with persistent inflammation and abnormally increased vascular permeability. Sosiho-tang (SSHT), a traditional herbal formula consisting of a mixture of seven herbs, has been used to treat allergic reactions and chronic hepatitis disease in East Asia. In this study, we determined whether SSHT has an inhibitory effect against lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice. 0.05, 0.55, and 5.55 mg/kg of SSHT were orally administered to C57BL/6J mice for 7 days prior to the administration of LPS. After 2 h of LPS sensitization, lung tissues were collected to confirm the lung histology and ALI-related inflammatory factors. SSHT ameliorated the LPS-induced alveolar hemorrhage, alveolar wall thickening, and the shrinkage of the alveolar spaces in the ALI mice model. Proinflammatory cytokines including IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ in the lung tissue were significantly regulated in the SSHT-treated groups compared to the LPS only-treated group. Also, increases of IL-6 and TNF-α and decrease of IFN-γ expressions were dose-dependently modulated by SSHT treatment in LPS-induced raw 264.7 cells. Additionally, the translocation of NF-κB into nucleus and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase were significantly attenuated by the treatment of SSHT in LPS-sensitized ALI mice. SSHT showed anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines and NF-κB signaling in LPS-induced ALI. This study demonstrates that SSHT has preventive effects on LPS-induced ALI by regulating inflammatory responses as an alternative for treating lung diseases.

Fimbristylis ovata extract and its ability to encounter AGEs-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y

Abstract

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) upon binding to its receptor (receptor for AGEs, RAGE) trigger several pathological processes involving oxidative stress and inflammatory pathway which play a pivotal role in various degenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease. Fimbristylis ovata (F. ovata) has long been reported to be used as a traditional herbal medicine; nonetheless, very few studies have been reported. In this study, the protective effects of F. ovata extract on neurotoxicity of hippocampal neuronal cells (SH-SY5Y) was investigated. When compared to normal control, AGEs treatment significantly induced oxidative stress level and enhanced NF-κB translocation to nucleus in the neuronal cells (p < 0.05). The increase in NF-κB translocation leads to increase in transcription level of the target genes including RAGE and pro-inflammatory cytokines which include interleukin 1 beta (IL1B), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFA) and interleukin 6 (IL6). Pre-treatment of SH-SY5Y with the extracts of F. ovata shows favorable results by significantly suppressing oxidative stress level (p < 0.05) as well transcriptional level of RAGE (p < 0.05) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (p < 0.05). Chemical analysis of F. ovata extracts using High Resolution Liquid Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (HR-LCMS) and Gas Chromatograph with high resolution Mass Spectrometer (GC-HRMS) suggested some potential active phytochemical compounds. The results from this study may provide possible alternative treatment for prevention and/or therapy of neurodegenerative disorders by targeting the above-mentioned pathways. The role of the phytochemical active ingredient (s) in inhibiting the AGEs-triggered signaling inflammatory pathway should be investigated in future study.

Graphic abstract

Isorhamnetin Enhances the Radiosensitivity of A549 Cells Through Interleukin-13 and the NF-κB Signaling Pathway

Isorhamnetin (ISO), a naturally occurring plant flavonoid, is widely used as a phytomedicine. The major treatment modality for non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is radiotherapy. However, radiotherapy can induce radioresistance in cancer cells, thereby resulting in a poor response rate. Our results demonstrated that pretreatment with ISO induced radiosensitizing effect in A549 cells using colony formation, micronucleus, and γH2AX foci assays. In addition, ISO pretreatment significantly enhanced the radiation-induced incidence of apoptosis, the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential, and the expressions of proteins associated with cellular apoptosis and suppressed the upregulation of NF-κBp65 induced by irradiation in A549 cells. Interestingly, the expression of interleukin-13 (IL-13), an anti-inflammatory cytokine, was positively correlated with the ISO-mediated radiosensitization of A549 cells. The knockdown of IL-13 expression by RNA interference decreased the IL-13 level and thus reduced ISO-mediated radiosensitivity in cells. We also found that the IR-induced NF-κB signaling activation was inhibited by ISO pretreatment, and it was abrogated in IL-13 silenced cells. We speculated that ISO may confer radiosensitivity on A549 cells via increasing the expression of IL-13 and inhibiting the activation of NF-κB. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating the effects of ISO treatment on the responsiveness of lung cancer cells to irradiation through IL-13 and the NF-κB signaling pathway. In summary, ISO is a naturally occurring radiosensitizer with a potential application in adjuvant radiotherapy.

Natural product derived phytochemicals in managing acute lung injury by multiple mechanisms

Acute lung injury (ALI) and its more severe form, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) as common life-threatening lung diseases with high mortality rates are mostly associated with acute and severe inflammation in lungs. With increasing in-depth studies of ALI/ARDS, significant breakthroughs have been made, however, there are still no effective pharmacological therapies for treatment of ALI/ARDS. Especially, the novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) is ravaging the globe, and causes severe respiratory distress syndrome. Therefore, developing new drugs for therapy of ALI/ARDS is in great demand, which might also be helpful for treatment of COVID-19. Natural compounds have always inspired drug development, and numerous natural products have shown potential therapeutic effects on ALI/ARDS. Therefore, this review focuses on the potential therapeutic effects of natural compounds on ALI and the underlying mechanisms. Overall, the review discusses 159 compounds and summarizes more than 400 references to present the protective effects of natural compounds against ALI and the underlying mechanism.

Isorhamnetin: A review of pharmacological effects

Isorhamnetin is one of the most important active ingredients in the fruits of Hippophae rhamnoides L. and the leaves of Ginkgo biloba L., which possesses extensive pharmacological activities. At present, there have been numerous investigations on isorhamnetin, which has the effects of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular protection, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, organ protection, prevention of obesity, etc. The related mechanisms involve the regulation of PI3K/AKT/PKB, NF-κB, MAPK and other signaling pathways as well as the expression of related cytokines and kinases. Isorhamnetin has a high value of development and application. However, the investigations on its mechanism of action are limited and lack of detailed scientific validation. The manuscript reviewed the pharmacological effects of isorhamnetin and related mechanisms of action for the development of its medicinal properties further.

Dapk1 improves inflammation, oxidative stress and autophagy in LPS-induced acute lung injury via p38MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the impact of death-associated protein kinase 1 (Dapk1) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) via p38MAPK/NF-κB pathway.

METHODS

Dapk1^+/+ and Dapk1^-/- mice were randomized into Control, LPS, SB203580 (a p38MAPK pathway inhibitor) + LPS, and PDTC (a NF-κB pathway inhibitor) + LPS groups. Cell counts, lung wet to dry weight ratio (W/D weight ratio), as well as indicators of oxidative stress were determined followed by the detection with HE staining, ELISA, qRT-PCR, Western blotting and Immunofluorescence. Besides, to explore whether the effect of Dapk1 on ALI directly mediated via p38MAPK/NF-κB pathway, mice were injected with TC-DAPK 6 (a Dapk1 inhibitor) with or without SB203580/PDTC before LPS administration.

RESULTS

LPS induced lung injury with increased lung W/D weight ratio, which could be partly reversed by SB203580 and PDTC in LPS-induced mice with activated p38MAPK/NF-κB pathway in lung tissues, especially in Dapk1^-/- mice. SB203580 and PDTC reduced total cells and neutrophils in BALF in LPS-induced mice, accompanying with decreased levels of TNF-α, IL-6, MPO, LPO and MDA and the expressions of beclin-1, Atg5 and LC3II, but with the up-regulated activities of SOD and GSH-Px, as well as p62 protein expression. Besides, TC-DAPK 6 aggravated the pathologic injury in LPS-induced ALI with more serious inflammatory response, oxidative stress and autophagy as well as the activated p38MAPK/NF-κB pathway, which were reversed by SB203580 or PDTC.

CONCLUSION

Dapk1 improved oxidative stress, inhibited autophagy, and reduce inflammatory response of LPS-induced ALI mice by inhibiting p38MAPK/NF-κB pathway.

Astragalus membranaceus improves therapeutic efficacy of asthmatic children by regulating the balance of Treg/Th17 cells

Astragalus membranaceus may be a potential therapy for childhood asthma but its driving mechanism remains elusive. The main components of A. membranaceus were identified by HPLC. The children with asthma remission were divided into two combination group (control group, the combination of budesonide and terbutaline) and A. membranaceus group (treatment group, the combination of budesonide, terbutaline and A. membranaceus). The therapeutic results were compared between two groups after 3-month therapy. Porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from venous blood by using density gradient centrifugation on percoll. The levels of FoxP3, EGF-β, IL-17 and IL-23 from PBMCs and serum IgE were measured. The relative percentage of Treg/Th17 cells was determined using flow cytometry. The main components of A. membranaceus were calycosin-7-O-glucoside, isoquercitrin, ononin, calycosin, quercetin, genistein, kaempferol, isorhamnetin and formononetin, all of which may contribute to asthma therapy. Lung function was significantly improved in the treatment group when compared with a control group (P < 0.05). The efficacy in preventing the occurrence of childhood asthma was higher in the treatment group than the control group (P < 0.05). The levels of IgE, IL-17 and IL-23 were reduced significantly in the treatment group when compared with the control group, while the levels of FoxP3 and TGF-β were increased in the treatment group when compared with the control group (P < 0.05). A. membranaceus increased the percentage of Treg cells and reduced the percentage of Th17 cells. A. membranaceus is potential natural product for improving the therapeutic efficacy of combination therapy of budesonide and terbutaline for the children with asthma remission by modulating the balance of Treg/Th17 cells.

Inonotus sanghuang Polyphenols Attenuate Inflammatory Response Via Modulating the Crosstalk Between Macrophages and Adipocytes

Aims: Obesity is characterized as a chronic state of low-grade inflammation with progressive immune cell infiltration into adipose tissue. Adipose tissue macrophages play a critical role in the establishment of chronic inflammatory states and metabolic dysfunctions. Inonotus (I.) sanghuang and its extract polyphenols exhibit anti-carcinogenesis, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant activities. However, the action of I. sanghuang polyphenols in obesity-related inflammation has not been reported. The aim of this study was to explore the anti-inflammatory action of polyphenols from I. sanghuang extract (ISE) in macrophages and the interaction between macrophages and adipocytes.

Materials and Methods: RAW264.7 macrophages were stimulated with LPS or conditioned medium of hypertrophied 3T3-L1 adipocytes or cocultured with differentiated adipocytes in the presence of different doses of ISE. The inflammatory cytokines were evaluated by ELISA, the MAPK, NF-κB, and IL-6/STAT3 signals were determined by immunoblotting, and the migrated function of macrophages was determined by migration assay.

Results: ISE suppressed the inflammatory mediators including NO, TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 induced by either LPS or conditioned medium derived from 3T3-L1 adipocytes. ISE also decreased the production of these inflammatory mediators in cocultures of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, ISE blocked RAW264.7 macrophages migration toward 3T3-L1 adipocytes in cocultures. Finally, this effect of ISE might be mediated via inhibiting ERK, p38, and STAT3 activation.

Conclusions: Our findings indicate the possibility that ISE suppresses the interaction between macrophages and adipocytes, attenuates chronic inflammation in adipose tissue and improves obesity-related insulin resistance and complication, suggesting that ISE might be a valuable medicinal food effective in improving insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome.

Isorhamnetin enhanced cortico-hippocampal learning and memory capability in mice with scopolamine-induced amnesia: Role of antioxidant defense, cholinergic and BDNF signaling

Isorhamnetin (IRN), a 3'-O-methylated metabolite of quercetin has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. In this study, we investigated the learning and memory enhancing effects of IRN on spatial and non-spatial learning and memory deficits induced by scopolamine (3 mg/kg, i.p; muscarinic antagonist) using the novel object recognition test (NORT) and Morris water maze (MWM) task. IRN (1, 5 or 50 mg/kg, p.o.) or vehicle was administered to male albino for 3 consecutive days, scopolamine was given 1 h after last administration on day 3. Five minutes post scopolamine administration the behavioural test of cognitive function was carried out. One hour after probe test (MWM task) on day 7, the brains were isolated to assay for oxidative stress, cholinesterase activity and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HIPPO). IRN treatment significantly improved scopolamine-induced learning and memory impairment in behavioural tests. IRN reduced malondialdehyde and nitrite generation induced by scopolamine through increase in glutathione (GSH) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. In addition, IRN attenuates scopolamine induced cholinesterase activity and BDNF level in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of mice. Findings from this study showed that IRN possesses cognition and memory enhancing properties possibly through enhancement of antioxidant defense system, cholinergic signaling and synaptic plasticity.

Isorhamnetin and its new derivatives isolated from sea buckthorn berries prevent H2O2/Fe - Induced oxidative stress and changes in hemostasis

The objective of this study is to investigate the biological effects of phenolic compounds extracted from the sea buckthorn berries on oxidative stress and hemostasis. The sea buckthorn (Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson) berries are rich in flavonoids and non-polar compounds. In this study, the activity of the phenolic fraction from the sea buckthorn berries was evaluated in vitro in comparison with three phenolic compounds: isorhamnetin (compound 1) and its two new derivatives: compound 2 (isorhamnetin 3-O-beta-glucoside-7-O-alfa-rhamnoside) and compound 3 (isorhamnetin 3-O-beta-glucoside-7-O-alfa-(3"'-isovaleryl)-rhamnoside). The impact of these phenolic compounds and the phenolic fraction against the effect of the donor of hydroxyl radicals - H₂O₂/Fe on proteins and lipids in human plasma was measured. Additionally, the aim of the study was to determine the effect of these phenolic compounds and the phenolic fraction on various typical hemostasis parameters. Our results show that the used derivatives of isorhamnetin possess different biological properties (e.g. antioxidant, anti-platelet and anticoagulant). The tested compounds can be seen as new natural beneficial compounds to be used in prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Quercetin and kaempferol increase the intestinal absorption of isorhamnetin coexisting in Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson (Elaeagnaceae) extracts via regulating multidrug resistance-associated protein 2

BACKGROUND

Isorhamnetin (IS) is a flavonoid component with many biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer, which is also the main active component in total flavones of Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson (Elaeagnaceae) (TFH); however, the interaction between IS and other components in TFH is unclear.

PURPOSE

The aim of the present study was to investigate the enhancement of quercetin (QU) or kaempferol (KA) on the intestinal absorption of IS coexisting in TFH, and then preliminarily illuminate the related mechanisms.

METHODS

Firstly, the intestinal absorption of IS in the presence or absence of QU or KA was conducted by in vivo pharmacokinetics model, in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion model (SPIP), and MDCK II-MRP2 monolayer cell model to confirm the enhancement of QU or KA on IS absorption. Secondly, the effects of multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) inhibitors on the IS intestinal absorption were investigated to ascertain the mediation of MRP2 on IS absorption. Finally, the effects of QU or KA on MRP2 activity, protein expression, and mRNA level were performed by SPIP, everted-gut sacs, western blotting, and real-time polymerase chain reaction experiments to elucidate the related mechanisms.

RESULTS

QU or KA increased IS intestinal absorption according to the increased AUC_0-96h, C_max, and P_eff of IS after co-administrated with QU or KA to rats; the oral absorption of IS was mediated by MRP2 based on the facts that the average plasma concentration, AUC_0-96h, and P_eff of IS were increased when co-administrated with PR or MK571 (MRP2 inhibitors) as well as the P_ratio(BL/AP) of IS was decreased by MK571 in MDCK II-MRP2 cell monolayer; the activity, protein expression, and mRNA level of MRP2 were inhibited or down-regulated by QU or KA because of the increased P_eff of MRP2 substrate calcein (CA) and the down-regulated relative protein and mRNA intensity after co-treated with QU or KA.

CONCLUSION

QU and KA increased the intestinal absorption of IS in TFH by regulating the activity and expression of MRP2, which provides useful information for the investigation of the transporter-mediated interaction of flavonoid components in herbal extracts.

Isorhamnetin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in BV2 microglia by inactivating NF-κB, blocking the TLR4 pathway and reducing ROS generation

Isorhamnetin, which is a flavonoid predominantly found in fruits and leaves of various plants, including Hippophae rhamnoides L. and Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC, is known to possess various pharmacological effects. However, the anti‑inflammatory potential of isorhamnetin remains poorly studied. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the inhibitory potential of isorhamnetin against inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑stimulated BV2 microglia. To measure the effects of isorhamnetin on inflammatory mediators and cytokines, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, the following methods were used: cell viability assay, griess assay, ELISA, reverse transcriptase‑polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. The results revealed that isorhamnetin significantly suppressed LPS‑induced secretion of pro‑inflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2, without exhibiting significant cytotoxicity. Consistent with these results, isorhamnetin inhibited LPS‑stimulated expression of regulatory enzymes, including inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase‑2 in BV2 cells. Isorhamnetin also downregulated LPS‑induced production and expression of pro‑inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor‑α and interleukin‑1β. The mechanism underlying the anti‑inflammatory effects of isorhamnetin was subsequently evaluated; this flavonoid inhibited the nuclear factor (NF)‑κB signaling pathway by disrupting degradation and phosphorylation of inhibitor κB‑α in the cytoplasm and blocking translocation of NF‑κB p65 into the nucleus. In addition, isorhamnetin effectively suppressed LPS‑induced expression of Toll‑like receptor 4 (TLR4) and myeloid differentiation factor 88. It also suppressed the binding of LPS with TLR4 in BV2 cells. Furthermore, isorhamnetin markedly reduced LPS‑induced generation of ROS in BV2 cells, thus indicating a strong antioxidative effect. Collectively, these results suggested that isorhamnetin may suppress LPS‑mediated inflammatory action in BV2 microglia through inactivating the NF‑κB signaling pathway, antagonizing TLR4 and eliminating ROS accumulation. Further studies are required to fully understand the anti‑inflammatory effects associated with the antioxidant capacity of isorhamnetin; however, the findings of the present study suggested that isorhamnetin may have potential benefits in inhibiting the onset and treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases.

Anti-proliferative effect of isorhamnetin on HeLa cells through inducing G2/M cell cycle arrest

As a major cancer type in females, cervical cancer has been explored in depth by researchers. HeLa is a cervical cancer cell line. Isorhamnetin is an O-methylated flavonol that is primarily extracted from sea buckthorn. In the present study, the anti-proliferative effect of isorhamnetin on HeLa cells was evaluated using a Trypan blue dye exclusion assay. Isorhamnetin inhibited the cell proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometric analysis of the cell cycle distribution revealed that isorhamnetin inhibited the cell cycle progression of HeLa by causing G2/M phase arrest and decreasing the proportion of cells in G1 phase. In addition, western blot analysis was performed to evaluate the presence of certain cell cycle-associated proteins. It was demonstrated that isorhamnetin inhibited the protein expression of cyclin B1, cell division cycle 25C (Cdc25C) and Cdc2, but enhanced checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2), Cdc25C and Cdc2 phosphorylation. In addition, tubulin depolymerization participated in the isorhamnetin-induced cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase. In conclusion, the present results indicated that the anti-proliferative action of isorhamnetin is associated with arrest of the cell cycle in G2/M phase, which is a consequence of activation of the ataxia telangiectasia mutated Chk2 pathway and disruption of microtubule function.

Anti-inflammatory effect of stem bark of Paulownia tomentosa Steud. in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and LPS-induced murine model of acute lung injury

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The leaves, bark, and flowers of Paulownia tomentosa Steud. have been widely used as a traditional medicine in East Asia to treat inflammatory and infectious diseases.

AIM OF THE STUDY

We investigated the protective effect of the methanol stem bark extract of P. tomentosa using an animal model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The UPLC Q-TOF-MS profiles for the methanol extract of P. tomentosa stem bark showed that verbascoside and isoverbascoside were the predominant compounds. Raw 264.7 cells were used for inhibitory effects of cytokine production in vitro. C57BL/6N mice were administered intranasally with LPS (10μg/per mouse) to induce ALI. H&E staining was used to evaluate histological changes in the lung.

RESULTS

Treatment with P. tomentosa stem bark extract (PTBE) suppressed the production of IL-6 and TNF-α in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, and the recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages in the BALF of mice with LPS-induced ALI. PTBE also decreased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the BALF. PTBE reduced the levels of nitric oxide (NO) in the serum and of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the lung of ALI mice. PTBE also attenuated the infiltration of inflammatory cells and the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in the lung. In addition, PTBE suppressed the activation of NF-κB and the reduced expression of superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) in the lung.

CONCLUSION

The results suggest that PTBE has a protective effect on LPS-induced ALI.

Cancer chemoprevention revisited: Cytochrome P450 family 1B1 as a target in the tumor and the microenvironment

Cancer chemoprevention is the use of synthetic, natural or biological agents to prevent or delay the development or progression of malignancies. Intriguingly, many phytochemicals with anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic effects, recently proposed as chemoprevention strategies, are inhibitors of Cytochrome P450 family 1B1 (CYP1B1), an enzyme overexpressed in a wide variety of tumors and associated with angiogenesis. In turn, pro-inflammatory cytokines were reported to boost CYP1B1 expression, suggesting a key role of CYP1B1 in a positive loop of inflammatory angiogenesis. Other well-known pro-tumorigenic activities of CYP1B1 rely on metabolic bioactivation of xenobiotics and steroid hormones into their carcinogenic derivatives. In contrast to initial in vitro observations, in vivo studies demonstrated a protecting role against cancer for the other CYP1 family members (CYP1A1 and CYP1A2), suggesting that the specificity of CYP1 family inhibitors should be carefully taken into account for developing potential chemoprevention strategies. Recent studies also proposed a role of CYP1B1 in multiple cell types found within the tumor microenvironment, including fibroblasts, endothelial and immune cells. Overall, our review of the current literature suggests a positive loop between inflammatory cytokines and CYP1B1, which in turn may play a key role in cancer angiogenesis, acting on both cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment. Strategies aiming at specific CYP1B1 inhibition in multiple cell types may translate into clinical chemoprevention and angioprevention approaches.

Isorhamnetin inhibits IL‑1β‑induced expression of inflammatory mediators in human chondrocytes

Isorhamnetin (ISH) is a flavonoid primarily obtained from the fruit of Hippophae rhamnoides L., which possesses anti‑inflammatory properties. However, the effect of ISH on the expression of inflammatory mediators in response to interleukin (IL)‑1β stimulation has not been elucidated. The present study investigated the effects of ISH on the expression of inflammatory mediators in human chondrocytes, induced by IL‑1β. The results of the present study demonstrated that pretreatment with ISH inhibited the expression of stromelysin‑1 and collagenase 3 in chondrocytes, induced by IL‑1β. Pretreatment with ISH inhibited the IL‑1β‑stimulated synthesis of NO and prostaglandin E2 induced by IL‑1β, in addition to the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 in chondrocytes. Additionally, ISH inhibited the expression of nuclear factor (NF)‑κB and transcription factor p65, and the degradation of NF‑κB inhibitor α induced by IL‑1β in chondrocytes. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated that ISH exhibited anti‑inflammatory and chondroprotective effects in IL‑1β‑stimulated chondrocytes. The results of the present study suggest that ISH may be a potential agent in the future treatment of osteoarthritis.

Recombinant CC16 protein inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines via NF-κB and p38 MAPK pathways in LPS-activated RAW264.7 macrophages

Accumulating evidence indicates that Clara cell protein-16 (CC16) has anti-inflammatory functions, although the involved molecular pathways have not been completely elucidated. Here, we evaluated the effect of recombinant rat CC16 (rCC16) on the expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-8 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse macrophages (RAW264.7 cells) and explored the underlying molecular mechanisms. It was found that rCC16 inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 expression at both the messenger ribonucleicacid (mRNA) level and protein level in a concentration-dependent manner, as demonstrated by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Such suppressive effects were accompanied by the inhibition of transcriptional activity and the deoxyribonucleic acid binding activity of nuclear factor (NF)-κB but not activator protein (AP)-1. Western blot analysis further revealed that rCC16 inhibited the increase of nuclear NF-κB and the reduction of cytosolic NF-κB, the phosphorylation and reduction of NF-κB inhibitory protein IκBα, and the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent NF-κB activation by phosphorylation at Ser276 of its p65 subunit. Furthermore, rCC16 was found to have no effect on the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, c-Jun, or the nuclear translocation of c-Jun. In addition, reduction of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 were reversed when the level of endogenous uteroglobin-binding protein was reduced by RNA interference in rCC16- and LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. Our data suggest that rCC16 suppresses LPS-mediated inflammatory mediator TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 production by inactivating NF-κB and p38 MAPK but not AP-1 in RAW264.7 cells.