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Balendran T, Lim K, Hamilton JA, Achuthan AA. Targeting transcription factors for therapeutic benefit in rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1196931. [PMID: 37457726 PMCID: PMC10339812 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1196931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a destructive inflammatory autoimmune disease that causes pain and disability. Many of the currently available drugs for treating RA patients are aimed at halting the progression of the disease and alleviating inflammation. Further, some of these treatment options have drawbacks, including disease recurrence and adverse effects due to long-term use. These inefficiencies have created a need for a different approach to treating RA. Recently, the focus has shifted to direct targeting of transcription factors (TFs), as they play a vital role in the pathogenesis of RA, activating key cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and enzymes. In light of this, synthetic drugs and natural compounds are being explored to target key TFs or their signaling pathways in RA. This review discusses the role of four key TFs in inflammation, namely NF-κB, STATs, AP-1 and IRFs, and their potential for being targeted to treat RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thivya Balendran
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Keith Lim
- Department of Medicine, Western Health, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - John A. Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Adrian A. Achuthan
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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2
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Gong B, He M, Shen X, Tan L, Zha Z. Silencing of IRF7 ameliorates osteoarthritis by inhibiting chondrocyte pyroptosis via targeting FGF21. Cytokine 2023; 165:156168. [PMID: 36963293 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease which can lead to serious disability. Interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) is a member of the interferon regulatory factor family. This study aimed to explore the function and potential mechanism of IRF7 in OA. Our results found that IRF7 was increased in LPS-stimulated C28/I2 chondrocytes and in OA mice established with medial menisco-tibial ligament (MMTL) transection. IRF7 silencing enhanced cell viability, reduced IL-18 and IL-1β levels and suppressed cell apoptosis. IRF7 knockdown decreased ROS and LDH levels, and inhibited pyroptosis in LPS-treated chondrocytes. IRF7 negatively regulated FGF21 expression. FGF21 overexpression alleviated pyroptosis in LPS-stimulated chondrocytes. Knockdown of IRF7 improved OA injury in mice. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that silencing of IRF7 alleviates OA by inhibiting chondrocyte pyroptosis via upregulation of FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Gong
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Institute of Orthopedic Diseases, The First Afliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, PR China; Department of Orthopedics, Changsha Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Meng He
- Department of Orthopedics, Changsha Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Xiang Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Changsha Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Liming Tan
- Department of Orthopedics, Changsha Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, Hunan Province, PR China.
| | - Zhengang Zha
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Institute of Orthopedic Diseases, The First Afliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, PR China.
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Haubruck P, Pinto MM, Moradi B, Little CB, Gentek R. Monocytes, Macrophages, and Their Potential Niches in Synovial Joints - Therapeutic Targets in Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis? Front Immunol 2021; 12:763702. [PMID: 34804052 PMCID: PMC8600114 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.763702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synovial joints are complex structures that enable normal locomotion. Following injury, they undergo a series of changes, including a prevalent inflammatory response. This increases the risk for development of osteoarthritis (OA), the most common joint disorder. In healthy joints, macrophages are the predominant immune cells. They regulate bone turnover, constantly scavenge debris from the joint cavity and, together with synovial fibroblasts, form a protective barrier. Macrophages thus work in concert with the non-hematopoietic stroma. In turn, the stroma provides a scaffold as well as molecular signals for macrophage survival and functional imprinting: “a macrophage niche”. These intricate cellular interactions are susceptible to perturbations like those induced by joint injury. With this review, we explore how the concepts of local tissue niches apply to synovial joints. We introduce the joint micro-anatomy and cellular players, and discuss their potential interactions in healthy joints, with an emphasis on molecular cues underlying their crosstalk and relevance to joint functionality. We then consider how these interactions are perturbed by joint injury and how they may contribute to OA pathogenesis. We conclude by discussing how understanding these changes might help identify novel therapeutic avenues with the potential of restoring joint function and reducing post-traumatic OA risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Haubruck
- Centre for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Marlene Magalhaes Pinto
- Centre for Inflammation Research & Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Babak Moradi
- Clinic of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christopher B Little
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Rebecca Gentek
- Centre for Inflammation Research & Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Lu J, Liu D, Tan Y, Li R, Wang X, Deng F. Thalidomide Attenuates Colitis and Is Associated with the Suppression of M1 Macrophage Polarization by Targeting the Transcription Factor IRF5. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:3803-3812. [PMID: 34085173 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-021-07067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease. The TNF-α inhibitor thalidomide is reported to be effective for inducing remission in pediatric Crohn's disease (CD) and adults with refractory CD. The mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of thalidomide are unclear. METHODS Histological assessments were firstly performed in thalidomide treated UC patients. Then the effect of thalidomide in vivo was detected in DSS-induced murine colitis. The mechanism involving IRF5, and M1 macrophage polarization was investigated by using plasmid transfection, western blotting, and real-time PCR. Finally, AOM/DSS model was used to detect the role of thalidomide in colitis associated cancer. RESULTS We first found that treatment with thalidomide could ameliorate colon inflammation for 8 weeks and promote mucosal healing in human UC. Moreover, treatment with thalidomide protected mice from dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced acute colitis, with treated mice presenting with a higher body weight, lower histological score, and lower DAI. Concomitantly, in comparison with control mice, mice treated with thalidomide showed accelerated recovery following colitis after 10 days of thalidomide treatment. Mechanistically, we observed that thalidomide could increase epithelial cell self-renewal capacity and modulate M1/M2 polarization by decreasing M1 markers CD86 and CCR7 and increasing M2 protein signatures CD206 and Arg-1. Thalidomide controls M1 macrophage polarization by targeting the transcription factor IRF5. Finally, by using the classical AOM/DSS model, we found that thalidomide-treated mice presented with a lower incidence and growth of colitis-associated carcinoma (CAC) than negative control mice. CONCLUSIONS In summary, thalidomide suppresses M1 polarization in the inflammatory microenvironment, which not only attenuates colonic inflammation to facilitate mucosal healing after DSS-induced injury but also represses the progression of CAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Research Center of Digestive Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Deliang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Research Center of Digestive Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yuyong Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Research Center of Digestive Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Research Center of Digestive Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Xuehong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Research Center of Digestive Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Feihong Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China. .,Research Center of Digestive Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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Chang Q, Hao Y, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Zhuo H, Zhao G. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal microRNA-125a promotes M2 macrophage polarization in spinal cord injury by downregulating IRF5. Brain Res Bull 2021; 170:199-210. [PMID: 33609602 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) may cause loss of locomotor function, and macrophage is a major cell type in response to SCI with M1- and M2-phenotypes. The protective role of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSC)-derived exosomes (B-Exo) in SCI has been underscored, while their regulation on M2 macrophage polarization and the mechanism remain to be clarified. METHODS A rat model of SCI was developed and treated with extracted B-Exo. Recovery of motor function was assessed by Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) score. The apoptosis and degeneration of neurons, and macrophage polarization were evaluated. Subsequently, genes differentially expressed in the rat spinal cord after B-Exo treatment were analyzed. Later, the relationships between B-Exo and interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) or macrophage polarization were clarified. Later, the upstream microRNAs (miRNAs) of IRF5 were validated by bioinformatics prediction and dual-luciferase experiments. Finally, the role of miR-125a in the neuroprotection of SCI was verified by rescue experiments. RESULTS B-Exo promoted the recovery of locomotor function and M2-phenotype polarization, whereas inhibited neuronal apoptosis and degeneration and the inflammatory response caused by SCI in rats. In addition, IRF5 expression was reduced after B-Exo treatment. IRF5 promoted macrophage polarization towards M1-phenotype and secretion of inflammatory factors. There is a binding relationship between miR-125a and IRF5. Knockdown of miR-125a in B-Exo increased IRF5 expression in spinal cord tissues of SCI rats and attenuated the neuroprotective effect of B-Exo against SCI. CONCLUSION Exosomal miR-125a derived from BMMSC exerts neuroprotective effects by targeting and negatively regulating IRF5 expression in SCI rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chang
- Department Two of Spine, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital of Henan Province (Henan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital), Luoyang, 471000, Henan, PR China
| | - Yupeng Hao
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, PR China
| | - Yingjie Zhou
- Department Two of Spine, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital of Henan Province (Henan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital), Luoyang, 471000, Henan, PR China
| | - Hanjie Zhuo
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, PR China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department Two of Spine, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital of Henan Province (Henan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital), Luoyang, 471000, Henan, PR China.
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An Emerging Target in the Battle against Osteoarthritis: Macrophage Polarization. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228513. [PMID: 33198196 PMCID: PMC7697192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent chronic joint diseases worldwide, which causes a series of problems, such as joint pain, muscle atrophy, and joint deformities. Benefiting from some advances in the clinical treatment of OA, the quality of life of OA patients has been improved. However, the clinical need for more effective treatments for OA is still very urgent. Increasing findings show that macrophages are a critical breakthrough in OA therapy. Stimulated by different factors, macrophages are differentiated into two phenotypes: the pro-inflammatory M1 type and anti-inflammatory M2 type. In this study, various therapeutic reagents for macrophage-dependent OA treatment are summarized, including physical stimuli, chemical compounds, and biological molecules. Subsequently, the mechanisms of action of various approaches to modulating macrophages are discussed, and the signaling pathways underlying these treatments are interpreted. The NF-κB signaling pathway plays a vital role in the occurrence and development of macrophage-mediated OA, as NF-κB signaling pathway agonists promote the occurrence of OA, whereas NF-κB inhibitors ameliorate OA. Besides, several signaling pathways are also involved in the process of OA, including the JNK, Akt, MAPK, STAT6, Wnt/β-catenin, and mTOR pathways. In summary, macrophage polarization is a critical node in regulating the inflammatory response of OA. Reagents targeting the polarization of macrophages can effectively inhibit inflammation in the joints, which finally relieves OA symptoms. Our work lays the foundation for the development of macrophage-targeted therapeutic molecules and helps to elucidate the role of macrophages in OA.
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Ganguly P, Burska AN, Davis CL, El-Jawhari JJ, Giannoudis PV, Jones EA. Intrinsic Type 1 Interferon (IFN1) Profile of Uncultured Human Bone Marrow CD45 lowCD271 + Multipotential Stromal Cells (BM-MSCs): The Impact of Donor Age, Culture Expansion and IFNα and IFNβ Stimulation. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8070214. [PMID: 32679782 PMCID: PMC7399891 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8070214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal aging is associated with reduced proliferative potential of bone marrow (BM) multipotential stromal cells (MSCs). Recent data suggest the involvement of type 1 interferon (IFN1) signalling in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) senescence. Considering that BM-HSCs and BM-MSCs share the same BM niche, we investigated IFN1 expression profile in human BM-MSCs in relation to donor age, culture-expansion and IFN1 (α and β) stimulation. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting was used to purify uncultured BM-MSCs from younger (19-41, n = 6) and older (59-89, n = 6) donors based on the CD45lowCD271+ phenotype, and hematopoietic-lineage cells (BM-HLCs, CD45+CD271-) were used as controls. Gene expression was analysed using integrated circuits arrays in sorted fractions as well as cultured/stimulated BM-MSCs and Y201/Y202 immortalised cell lines. IFN1 stimulation led to BM-MSC growth arrest and upregulation of many IFN1-stimulated genes (ISGs), with IFNβ demonstrating stronger effects. Uncultured MSCs were characterised by a moderate-level ISG expression similar to Y201 cells. Age-related changes in ISG expression were negligible in BM-MSCs compared to BM-HLCs, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in BM-MSCs did not significantly correlate with donor age. Antiaging genes Klotho and SIRT6 correlated with more ISGs in BM-MSCs than in BM-HLCs. In patients with osteoarthritis (OA), BM-MSCs expressed considerably lower levels of several ISGs, indicating that their IFN1 signature is affected in a pathological condition. In summary, BM-MSCs possess homeostatic IFN1 gene expression signature in health, which is sensitive to in vitro culture and external IFN1 stimulation. IFN signalling may facilitate in vivo BM-MSC responses to DNA damage and combating senescence and aberrant immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Ganguly
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; (P.G.); (A.N.B.); (C.L.M.D.); (P.V.G.)
| | - Agata N. Burska
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; (P.G.); (A.N.B.); (C.L.M.D.); (P.V.G.)
- Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Centre, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK
| | - Charlotte L.M. Davis
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; (P.G.); (A.N.B.); (C.L.M.D.); (P.V.G.)
| | - Jehan J. El-Jawhari
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NF, UK;
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Peter V. Giannoudis
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; (P.G.); (A.N.B.); (C.L.M.D.); (P.V.G.)
- Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Centre, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK
| | - Elena A. Jones
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; (P.G.); (A.N.B.); (C.L.M.D.); (P.V.G.)
- Correspondence:
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