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Panchal J, Jaiswal S, Jain S, Kumawat J, Sharma A, Jain P, Jain S, Verma K, Dwivedi J, Sharma S. Development of novel bosentan analogues as endothelin receptor antagonists for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 259:115681. [PMID: 37515921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Since decades, bosentan has been in use for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, chronic exposure to bosentan leads to the development of resistance, tolerance, and serious adverse effects that have restricted its usage in clinical practices. To surmount these limitations, some new bosentan derivatives have been synthesized and evaluated for their therapeutic efficacy in PAH. Molecular docking analyses of all the synthesized derivatives were carried out using the endothelin (ET) receptor. In addition, the inhibitory ability of synthesized derivatives was determined in in vitro assay employing an ET-1 human ELISA kit. Among the synthesized derivatives, three derivatives namely 17d, 16j, and 16h with higher docking scores and lower IC50 values were selected for determination of the magnitude of the binding force between the derivative and ET receptor using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations study. Further, these derivatives were subjected to in vivo studies using monocrotaline (MCT) induced PAH in rat model. Results of in vivo studies inferred that the derivatives exhibit impressive ability to reduce PAH. Besides, its protective role was also evidenced in hemodynamic and right ventricular hypertrophy analyses, histological analysis, cardiac biomarkers, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α) levels, and biochemical studies. Furthermore, gene quantification by quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis was also performed to examine its effect on the expression of key proteins in PAH. Notably, amongst three, derivative 16h exhibited the most encouraging results in molecular docking analysis, in vitro, in vivo, histopathological, biochemical, protein expression, and MD studies. Besides, derivative 16h also showed impressive pharmacokinetic features in ADMET analysis. In conclusion, derivative 16 h could act as a reliable ET receptor antagonist and requires further exploration to attain its therapeutic utility in PAH management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigar Panchal
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shivangi Jaiswal
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sonika Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, 304022, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Jyoti Kumawat
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ashima Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, Punjab, India
| | - Pankaj Jain
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Smita Jain
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Kanika Verma
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Jaya Dwivedi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, 304022, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Swapnil Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, 304022, Rajasthan, India.
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Xue J, Zhang Z, Sun Y, Jin D, Guo L, Li X, Zhao D, Feng X, Qi W, Zhu H. Research Progress and Molecular Mechanisms of Endothelial Cells Inflammation in Vascular-Related Diseases. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:3593-3617. [PMID: 37641702 PMCID: PMC10460614 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s418166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are widely distributed inside the vascular network, forming a vital barrier between the bloodstream and the walls of blood vessels. These versatile cells serve myriad functions, including the regulation of vascular tension and the management of hemostasis and thrombosis. Inflammation constitutes a cascade of biological responses incited by biological, chemical, or physical stimuli. While inflammation is inherently a protective mechanism, dysregulated inflammation can precipitate a host of vascular pathologies. ECs play a critical role in the genesis and progression of vascular inflammation, which has been implicated in the etiology of numerous vascular disorders, such as atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, diabetes mellitus, and sepsis. Upon activation, ECs secrete potent inflammatory mediators that elicit both innate and adaptive immune reactions, culminating in inflammation. To date, no comprehensive and nuanced account of the research progress concerning ECs and inflammation in vascular-related maladies exists. Consequently, this review endeavors to synthesize the contributions of ECs to inflammatory processes, delineate the molecular signaling pathways involved in regulation, and categorize and consolidate the various models and treatment strategies for vascular-related diseases. It is our aspiration that this review furnishes cogent experimental evidence supporting the established link between endothelial inflammation and vascular-related pathologies, offers a theoretical foundation for clinical investigations, and imparts valuable insights for the development of therapeutic agents targeting these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Xue
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuting Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Di Jin
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liming Guo
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaochun Feng
- Department of Nephropathy and Rheumatology in Children, Children’s Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenxiu Qi
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haoyu Zhu
- Department of Nephropathy and Rheumatology in Children, Children’s Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang Y, Li G, Xiao F, Wang B, Li J, Jia X, Sun Y, Chen H. Relationship between serum fibroblast growth factor 19 and vascular endothelial growth factor and soluble klotho protein in type 1 diabetic children. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:120. [PMID: 36927328 PMCID: PMC10018886 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-03938-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) takes part in maintaining the balance of glycolipids and may be involved in complications of type 1 diabetes(T1D) in children. This study aimed at at evaluating the relationship among the levels of serum FGF19 and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)and soluble klotho protein(sklotho) in type 1 diabetic children. METHODS In a cross-section single center study samples were obtained from 96 subjects: 66 T1D and 30 healthy children.Serum FGF19 and VEGF and sklotho concentrations were measured by ELISA. And 66 type 1 diabetes participants were divided into two groups according to T1D duration or three groups according to HbA1c.Furthermore,we compared the serum levels of FGF19 and VEGF and sklotho in different groups. RESULTS The concentration of FGF19 was lower in T1D than in the controls(226.52 ± 20.86pg/mu vs.240.08 ± 23.53 pg/L, p = 0.03),while sklotho was also lower in T1D than in the controls (2448.67 ± 791.92pg/mL vs. 3083.55 ± 1113.47pg/mL, p = 0.011). In contrast, VEGF levels were higher in diabetic patients than in controls (227.95 ± 48.65pg/mL vs. 205.92 ± 28.27 pg/mL, p = 0.016). In T1D, FGF19 and VEGF and sklotho was not correlated with the duration of diabetes. FGF19 and VEGF and sklotho were correlated with HbA1c (r=-0.349, p = 0.004 and r = 0.302, p = 0.014 and r=-0.342, p = 0.005, respectively), but not with blood glucose and lipid. Among subjects in the T1D group, concentrations of FGF19,VEGF and sklotho protein were different between different groups according to the degree of HbA1c(P < 0.005).Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between the serum FGF19 concentration and sklotho levels (r = 0.247,p = 0.045), and a negative correlation between the serum FGF19 concentration and VEGF level(r=-0.335,P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS The serum FGF19 levels have a close relation with serum VEGF levels and sklotho levels among T1D subjects. FGF19 may be involved in the development of complications in children with type 1 diabetes through interaction with VEGF and sklotho.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, 9677 Jingshi Road, Lixia Area, 250021, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Bin Zhou Medical University Hospital, 661 Huangheer Road, 256603, Bin cheng Area, Bin Zhou, Shandong, China
| | - Guimei Li
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, 9677 Jingshi Road, Lixia Area, 250021, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 9677 Jingshi Road, Lixia Area, 250021, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Feifei Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Bin Zhou Medical University Hospital, 661 Huangheer Road, 256603, Bin cheng Area, Bin Zhou, Shandong, China
| | - Bang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Bin Zhou Medical University Hospital, 661 Huangheer Road, 256603, Bin cheng Area, Bin Zhou, Shandong, China
| | - Jianchang Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Bin Zhou Medical University Hospital, 661 Huangheer Road, 256603, Bin cheng Area, Bin Zhou, Shandong, China
| | - Xiuhong Jia
- Department of Pediatrics, Bin Zhou Medical University Hospital, 661 Huangheer Road, 256603, Bin cheng Area, Bin Zhou, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, 9677 Jingshi Road, Lixia Area, 250021, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 9677 Jingshi Road, Lixia Area, 250021, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hongye Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Bin Zhou Medical University Hospital, 661 Huangheer Road, 256603, Bin cheng Area, Bin Zhou, Shandong, China
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Impact of Uremic Toxins on Endothelial Dysfunction in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23010531. [PMID: 35008960 PMCID: PMC8745705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at a highly increased risk of cardiovascular complications, with increased vascular inflammation, accelerated atherogenesis and enhanced thrombotic risk. Considering the central role of the endothelium in protecting from atherogenesis and thrombosis, as well as its cardioprotective role in regulating vasorelaxation, this study aimed to systematically integrate literature on CKD-associated endothelial dysfunction, including the underlying molecular mechanisms, into a comprehensive overview. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of literature describing uremic serum or uremic toxin-induced vascular dysfunction with a special focus on the endothelium. This revealed 39 studies analyzing the effects of uremic serum or the uremic toxins indoxyl sulfate, cyanate, modified LDL, the advanced glycation end products N-carboxymethyl-lysine and N-carboxyethyl-lysine, p-cresol and p-cresyl sulfate, phosphate, uric acid and asymmetric dimethylarginine. Most studies described an increase in inflammation, oxidative stress, leukocyte migration and adhesion, cell death and a thrombotic phenotype upon uremic conditions or uremic toxin treatment of endothelial cells. Cellular signaling pathways that were frequently activated included the ROS, MAPK/NF-κB, the Aryl-Hydrocarbon-Receptor and RAGE pathways. Overall, this review provides detailed insights into pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction in CKD. Targeting these pathways may provide new therapeutic strategies reducing increased the cardiovascular risk in CKD.
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Uremic serum damages endothelium by provoking excessive neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21439. [PMID: 34728714 PMCID: PMC8563801 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00863-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction is a key CKD-specific risk factor; however, the mechanisms by which uremia harms the endothelium are still unclear. We report a role for excessive neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation induced by uremic serum on EC injury. Level of plasma nucleosome and myeloperoxidase-DNA, established in vivo markers of NETs, as well as intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 were measured in hemodialysis (HD) patients and healthy volunteers (HV) and their prognostic role evaluated. For in vitro studies, HV-derived neutrophils and differentiated HL-60 cells by retinoic acid were used to determine the effect of uremic serum-induced NETs on human umbilical vein EC (HUVEC). The level of in vivo NETs was significantly higher in incident HD patients compared to HV, and these markers were strongly associated with ICAM-1. Specifically, nucleosome and ICAM-1 levels were independent predictors of a composite endpoint, all-cause mortality, or vascular access failure. In vitro, HD-derived uremic serum significantly increased NET formation both in dHL-60 and isolated neutrophils compared to control serum, and these NETs decreased EC viability and induced their apoptosis. In addition, the level of ICAM-1, E-selectin and von Willebrand factor in HUVEC supernatant was significantly increased by uremic serum-induced NETs compared to control serum-induced NETs. Dysregulated neutrophil activities in the uremic milieu may play a key role in vascular inflammatory responses. The high mortality and CVD rates in ESRD may be explained in part by excessive NET formation leading to EC damage and dysfunction.
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Deng S, Jiang Q, Lu X, Zhang Y. Study on Damage Mechanism and Repair of Vascular Endothelial Cells Based on Ultrasound Technology. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6680356. [PMID: 33791374 PMCID: PMC7984879 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6680356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To detect the endothelial function of external iliac artery in rats with different stages of atherosclerosis by high-resolution ultrasound, so as to provide experimental methodological basis for evaluating the function of vascular endothelial cells by ultrasound. METHODS The animals were randomly divided into the control group (n = 6) and the atherosclerosis model group (n = 15). The atherosclerosis group was further divided into 4-week group, 8-week group, and 12-week group, with 5 animals in each group. After separating and grinding rat spleen, the obtained cells were cultured by density gradient centrifugation. After the cells adhered, the morphology of the cells was observed under a microscope and identified by DiI-Ac-LDL and FITC-UEA-I double staining. The activities of LDH and SOD, the contents of MDA and GSH, and the contents of NO in plasma were detected by biochemical methods. RESULTS The protective effect of rosanilin on brain injury in rats with acute hypobaric hypoxia and its regulation on the expression of pAkt protein; ox-LDL inhibited the proliferation activity of EPCs in a concentration-dependent manner. The expression of KLF2 and S1PR1 in HAEC can be knocked down by small interfering RNA, and knocking down KLF2 can not only downregulate the expression of S1PR1 but also downregulate HAVEN. With the development of atherosclerosis, the endothelium-dependent relaxation function and endothelium-independent relaxation function of the control group and the atherosclerosis model at 4, 8, and 12 weeks were damaged in different degrees and gradually aggravated. CONCLUSION Atherosclerosis is a disease with both morphological and functional damage, and vascular endothelial function is damaged in the early stage with corresponding pathological changes. Ultrasound is an effective method to evaluate vascular endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhao Deng
- Department of Ultrasound, Pudong New Area People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201299, China
| | - Quan Jiang
- Department of Ultrasound, Pudong New Area People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201299, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Radiology, Pudong New Area People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201299, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, Pudong New Area People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, 490 Chuanhuan South Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China
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Renal Replacement Modality Affects Uremic Toxins and Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/6622179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, the high prevalence of kidney diseases and their related complications, including endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease, represents one of the leading causes of death in patients with chronic kidney diseases. Renal failure leads to accumulation of uremic toxins, which are the main cause of oxidative stress development. The renal replacement therapy appears to be the best way to lower uremic toxin levels in patients with end-stage renal disease and reduce oxidative stress. At this moment, despite the increasing number of recognized toxins and their mechanisms of action, it is impossible to determine which of them are the most important and which cause the greatest complications. There are many different types of renal replacement therapy, but the best treatment has not been identified yet. Patients treated with diffusion methods have satisfactory clearance of small molecules, but the clearance of medium molecules appears to be insufficient, but treatment with convection methods cleans medium molecules better than small molecules. Hence, there is an urgent need of new more validated, appropriate, and reliable information not only on toxins and their role in metabolic disorders, including oxidative stress, but also on the best artificial renal replacement therapy to reduce complications and prolong the life of patients with chronic kidney disease.
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Uremic Toxins, Oxidative Stress, Atherosclerosis in Chronic Kidney Disease, and Kidney Transplantation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6651367. [PMID: 33628373 PMCID: PMC7895596 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6651367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at a high risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), and approximately half of all deaths among patients with CKD are a direct result of CVD. The premature cardiovascular disease extends from mild to moderate CKD stages, and the severity of CVD and the risk of death increase with a decline in kidney function. Successful kidney transplantation significantly decreases the risk of death relative to long-term dialysis treatment; nevertheless, the prevalence of CVD remains high and is responsible for approximately 20-35% of mortality in renal transplant recipients. The prevalence of traditional and nontraditional risk factors for CVD is higher in patients with CKD and transplant recipients compared with the general population; however, it can only partly explain the highly increased cardiovascular burden in CKD patients. Nontraditional risk factors, unique to CKD patients, include proteinuria, disturbed calcium, and phosphate metabolism, anemia, fluid overload, and accumulation of uremic toxins. This accumulation of uremic toxins is associated with systemic alterations including inflammation and oxidative stress which are considered crucial in CKD progression and CKD-related CVD. Kidney transplantation can mitigate the impact of some of these nontraditional factors, but they typically persist to some degree following transplantation. Taking into consideration the scarcity of data on uremic waste products, oxidative stress, and their relation to atherosclerosis in renal transplantation, in the review, we discussed the impact of uremic toxins on vascular dysfunction in CKD patients and kidney transplant recipients. Special attention was paid to the role of native and transplanted kidney function.
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Leng M, Peng Y, Pan M, Wang H. Experimental Study on the Effect of Allogeneic Endothelial Progenitor Cells on Wound Healing in Diabetic Mice. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:9962877. [PMID: 34722777 PMCID: PMC8553455 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9962877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are involved in the neovascularization in traumatic and ischemic sites, but EPCs are "detained" in bone marrow under diabetic conditions, which results in reduction of the number of EPCs and their biological activity in peripheral blood. Based on our previous study to mobilize autologous bone marrow EPCs by administering AMD3100+G-CSF to realize the optimal effect, our present study is aimed at exploring the effects of transplanting EPCs locally in a wound model of diabetic mice. First, we prepared and identified EPCs, and the biological functions and molecular characteristics were compared between EPCs from DB/+ and DB/DB mice. Then, we performed full-thickness skin resection in DB/DB mice and tested the effect of local transplantation of EPCs on skin wound healing. The wound healing process was recorded using digital photographs. The animals were sacrificed on postoperative days 7, 14, and 17 for histological and molecular analysis. Our results showed that DB/+ EPCs were biologically more active than those of DB/DB EPCs. When compared with the control group, local transplantation of EPCs accelerated wound healing in DB/DB mice by promoting wound granulation tissue formation, angiogenesis, and collagen fiber deposition, but there was no significant difference in wound healing between DB/+ EPCs and DB/DB EPCs transplanted into the wound. Furthermore, local transplantation of EPCs promoted the expression of SDF-1, CXCR4, and VEGF. We speculated that EPC transplantation may promote wound healing through the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis. This point is worth exploring further. Present data are of considerable significance because they raise the possibility of promoting wound healing by isolating autologous EPCs from the patient, which provides a new approach for the clinical treatment of diabetic wounds in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Leng
- Department of Burns, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, 374 Dian Burma Road, Wuhua District, Kunming 650000, China
- Department of Burns and Plastic, Dazhou Central Hospital, 56 Nanyuemiao Street, Tongchuan District, Dazhou 635000, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Department of Burns, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, 374 Dian Burma Road, Wuhua District, Kunming 650000, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical Uiversity, 1168 Chunrong West Road, Yuhua Street, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Manchang Pan
- Department of Burns, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, 374 Dian Burma Road, Wuhua District, Kunming 650000, China
- Department of Burns, The Changzhou Geriatric Hospital Affiliated with Soochow University, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Burns, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, 374 Dian Burma Road, Wuhua District, Kunming 650000, China
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Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Cardiovascular Toxicity of Specific Uremic Solutes. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092024. [PMID: 32887404 PMCID: PMC7565564 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence strongly suggests a causal link between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Compared with non-CKD patients, patients with CKD suffer disproportionately from CVD and derive suboptimal benefits from interventions targeting conventional CVD risk factors. Uremic toxins (UTs), whose plasma levels rapidly rise as CKD progresses, represent a unique risk factor in CKD, which has protean manifestations on CVD. Among the known UTs, tryptophan metabolites and trimethylamine N-oxide are well-established cardiovascular toxins. Their molecular mechanisms of effect warrant special consideration to draw translational value. This review surveys current knowledge on the effects of specific UTs on different pathways and cell functions that influence the integrity of cardiovascular health, with implication for CVD progression. The effect of UTs on cardiovascular health is an example of a paradigm in which a cascade of molecular and metabolic events induced by pathology in one organ in turn induces dysfunction in another organ. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying such cross-organ pathologies will help uncover therapeutic targets to improve the management of CVD in patients with CKD.
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How do Uremic Toxins Affect the Endothelium? Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060412. [PMID: 32575762 PMCID: PMC7354502 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Uremic toxins can induce endothelial dysfunction in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Indeed, the structure of the endothelial monolayer is damaged in CKD, and studies have shown that the uremic toxins contribute to the loss of cell–cell junctions, increasing permeability. Membrane proteins, such as transporters and receptors, can mediate the interaction between uremic toxins and endothelial cells. In these cells, uremic toxins induce oxidative stress and activation of signaling pathways, including the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. The activation of these pathways leads to overexpression of proinflammatory (e.g., monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, E-selectin) and prothrombotic (e.g., tissue factor) proteins. Uremic toxins also induce the formation of endothelial microparticles (EMPs), which can lead to the activation and dysfunction of other cells, and modulate the expression of microRNAs that have an important role in the regulation of cellular processes. The resulting endothelial dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and thrombotic events. Therefore, uremic toxins as well as the pathways they modulated may be potential targets for therapies in order to improve treatment for patients with CKD.
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Diaz-Ricart M, Torramade-Moix S, Pascual G, Palomo M, Moreno-Castaño AB, Martinez-Sanchez J, Vera M, Cases A, Escolar G. Endothelial Damage, Inflammation and Immunity in Chronic Kidney Disease. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060361. [PMID: 32492843 PMCID: PMC7354562 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients have an accelerated atherosclerosis, increased risk of thrombotic-ischemic complications, and excessive mortality rates when compared with the general population. There is also evidence of an endothelial damage in which the proinflammatory state, the enhanced oxidative stress, or the accumulation of toxins due to their reduced renal clearance in uremia play a role. Further, there is evidence that uremic endothelial cells are both involved in and victims of the activation of the innate immunity. Uremic endothelial cells produce danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPS), which by binding to specific pattern recognition receptors expressed in multiple cells, including endothelial cells, induce the expression of adhesion molecules, the production of proinflammatory cytokines and an enhanced production of reactive oxygen species in endothelial cells, which constitute a link between immunity and inflammation. The connection between endothelial damage, inflammation and defective immunity in uremia will be reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Diaz-Ricart
- Hematopathology, Pathology Department, Center for Biomedical Diagnosis (CDB), Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (S.T.-M.); (M.P.); (A.B.M.-C.); (J.M.-S.); (G.E.)
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Endothelium Team, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Sergi Torramade-Moix
- Hematopathology, Pathology Department, Center for Biomedical Diagnosis (CDB), Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (S.T.-M.); (M.P.); (A.B.M.-C.); (J.M.-S.); (G.E.)
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Marta Palomo
- Hematopathology, Pathology Department, Center for Biomedical Diagnosis (CDB), Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (S.T.-M.); (M.P.); (A.B.M.-C.); (J.M.-S.); (G.E.)
- Barcelona Endothelium Team, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Hospital Clinic/University of Barcelona Campus, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Belen Moreno-Castaño
- Hematopathology, Pathology Department, Center for Biomedical Diagnosis (CDB), Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (S.T.-M.); (M.P.); (A.B.M.-C.); (J.M.-S.); (G.E.)
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Endothelium Team, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julia Martinez-Sanchez
- Hematopathology, Pathology Department, Center for Biomedical Diagnosis (CDB), Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (S.T.-M.); (M.P.); (A.B.M.-C.); (J.M.-S.); (G.E.)
- Barcelona Endothelium Team, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Hospital Clinic/University of Barcelona Campus, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Vera
- Nephrology Department. Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.V.); (A.C.)
| | - Aleix Cases
- Nephrology Department. Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.V.); (A.C.)
| | - Gines Escolar
- Hematopathology, Pathology Department, Center for Biomedical Diagnosis (CDB), Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (S.T.-M.); (M.P.); (A.B.M.-C.); (J.M.-S.); (G.E.)
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Endothelium Team, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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