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Weian W, Yunxin Y, Ziyan W, Qianzhou J, Lvhua G. Gallic acid: design of a pyrogallol-containing hydrogel and its biomedical applications. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:1405-1424. [PMID: 38372381 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01925j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Polyphenol hydrogels have garnered widespread attention due to their excellent adhesion, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. Gallic acid (GA) is a typical derivative of pyrogallol that is used as a hydrogel crosslinker or bioactive additive and can be used to make multifunctional hydrogels with properties superior to those of widely studied catechol hydrogels. Furthermore, compared to polymeric tannic acid, gallic acid is more suitable for chemical modification, thus broadening its range of applications. This review focuses on multifunctional hydrogels containing GA, aiming to inspire researchers in future biomaterial design. We first revealed the interaction mechanisms between GA molecules and between GA and polymers, analyzed the characteristics GA imparts to hydrogels and compared GA hydrogels with hydrogels containing catechol. Subsequently, in this paper, various methods of integrating GA into hydrogels and the applications of GA in biomedicine are discussed, finally assessing the current limitations and future development potential of GA. In summary, GA, a natural small molecule polyphenol with excellent functionality and diverse interaction modes, has great potential in the field of biomedical hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Weian
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Medical University, China.
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, China
| | - Ye Yunxin
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Medical University, China.
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, China
| | - Wang Ziyan
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Medical University, China.
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, China
| | - Jiang Qianzhou
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Medical University, China.
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, China
| | - Guo Lvhua
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Medical University, China.
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, China
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Zheng Y, Li Y, Li M, Wang R, Jiang Y, Zhao M, Lu J, Li R, Li X, Shi S. COVID-19 cooling: Nanostrategies targeting cytokine storm for controlling severe and critical symptoms. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:738-811. [PMID: 37990647 DOI: 10.1002/med.21997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
As severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants continue to wreak havoc worldwide, the "Cytokine Storm" (CS, also known as the inflammatory storm) or Cytokine Release Syndrome has reemerged in the public consciousness. CS is a significant contributor to the deterioration of infected individuals. Therefore, CS control is of great significance for the treatment of critically ill patients and the reduction of mortality rates. With the occurrence of variants, concerns regarding the efficacy of vaccines and antiviral drugs with a broad spectrum have grown. We should make an effort to modernize treatment strategies to address the challenges posed by mutations. Thus, in addition to the requirement for additional clinical data to monitor the long-term effects of vaccines and broad-spectrum antiviral drugs, we can use CS as an entry point and therapeutic target to alleviate the severity of the disease in patients. To effectively combat the mutation, new technologies for neutralizing or controlling CS must be developed. In recent years, nanotechnology has been widely applied in the biomedical field, opening up a plethora of opportunities for CS. Here, we put forward the view of cytokine storm as a therapeutic target can be used to treat critically ill patients by expounding the relationship between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and CS and the mechanisms associated with CS. We pay special attention to the representative strategies of nanomaterials in current neutral and CS research, as well as their potential chemical design and principles. We hope that the nanostrategies described in this review provide attractive treatment options for severe and critical COVID-19 caused by CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Mao Li
- Health Management Centre, Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rujing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhong Jiang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengnan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Sanjun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Zamudio-Cuevas Y, Martínez-López V, López-Macay A, Montaño-Armendáriz N, Lozada-Pérez CA, Martínez-Flores K, Hernández-Valencia CG, Sánchez-Sánchez R, Gimeno M, Fernández-Torres J. Antiphagocytic Properties of Polygallic Acid with Implications in Gouty Inflammation. Inflammation 2023; 46:1952-1965. [PMID: 37470914 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01852-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Polygallic acid (PGAL) has been used in vitro to protect synoviocytes from monosodium urate (MSU) crystals due to its anti-inflammatory properties. However, MSU crystals can also activate other cells of the synovial fluid (SF). We studied the impact of PGAL on the phagocytosis of MSU crystals, inflammation, and oxidative stress using an in vitro model with SF leukocytes and THP-1 monocyte cells. SF leukocytes were stimulated with PGAL and MSU crystals, proinflammatory cytokines and phagocytosis were assessed. In THP-1 cells, the effect of PGAL on the phagocytosis of MSU crystals and the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated. PGAL was added to THP-1 cultures 24 h before MSU crystal addition as a pre-treatment, and IL-1β was measured. One-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test was performed, and a P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. PGAL (100 µg/mL) decreased phagocytosis in SF leukocytes by 14% compared to cells exposed to crystals without PGAL. In THP-1 cells, 100 and 200 µg/mL PGAL reduced phagocytosis by 17% and 15%, respectively. In SF cells, there was a tendency to decrease IL-1β and IL-6. In THP-1 cells, decreases in IL-1β and TNF-α, as well as a slight decrease in ROS, were identified. PGAL pre-treatment resulted in a reduction of IL-1β. PGAL inhibits MSU phagocytosis by exerting an anti-inflammatory effect on cells exposed to crystals. The use of PGAL before an acute attack of gout suggests an important protective factor to control the inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yessica Zamudio-Cuevas
- Laboratorio de Líquido Sinovial, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Valentín Martínez-López
- Unidad de Ingeniería de Tejidos Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ambar López-Macay
- Laboratorio de Líquido Sinovial, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nathalie Montaño-Armendáriz
- División de Reconstrucción Articular de Cadera y Rodilla, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Alberto Lozada-Pérez
- División de Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karina Martínez-Flores
- Laboratorio de Líquido Sinovial, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carmen G Hernández-Valencia
- Unidad de Ingeniería de Tejidos Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Alimentos y Biotecnología, Facultad de Química, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Roberto Sánchez-Sánchez
- Unidad de Ingeniería de Tejidos Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Mexico City, Mexico
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Departamento de Bioingeniería, Instituto Tecnólogico de Monterrey, C. Puente No 222, Colonia Arboledas Sur, 14380, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miquel Gimeno
- Departamento de Alimentos y Biotecnología, Facultad de Química, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Javier Fernández-Torres
- Laboratorio de Líquido Sinovial, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Mexico City, Mexico.
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Zhang H, Luo P, Huang X. Engineered nanomaterials enhance drug delivery strategies for the treatment of osteosarcoma. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1269224. [PMID: 37670948 PMCID: PMC10475588 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1269224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common malignant bone tumor in adolescents, and the clinical treatment of OS mainly includes surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, the side effects of chemotherapy drugs are an issue that clinicians cannot ignore. Nanomedicine and drug delivery technologies play an important role in modern medicine. The development of nanomedicine has ushered in a new turning point in tumor treatment. With the emergence and development of nanoparticles, nanoparticle energy surfaces can be designed with different targeting effects. Not only that, nanoparticles have unique advantages in drug delivery. Nanoparticle delivery drugs can not only reduce the toxic side effects of chemotherapy drugs, but due to the enhanced permeability retention (EPR) properties of tumor cells, nanoparticles can survive longer in the tumor microenvironment and continuously release carriers to tumor cells. Preclinical studies have confirmed that nanoparticles can effectively delay tumor growth and improve the survival rate of OS patients. In this manuscript, we present the role of nanoparticles with different functions in the treatment of OS and look forward to the future treatment of improved nanoparticles in OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haorui Zhang
- Department of Spine, Trauma Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Guangyuan, Guangyuan, China
| | - Ping Luo
- Science and Technology Education Section, The First People’s Hospital of Guangyuan, Guangyuan, China
| | - Xiaojun Huang
- Department of Spine, Trauma Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Guangyuan, Guangyuan, China
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Farooq MA, Ali S, Sulayman R, Hassan A, Tahir HM, Shahzad H, Fiaz U, Mughal TA, Liaqat I, Mumtaz S, Nauroze T, Mumtaz S. Therapeutic Applications of Garlic and Turmeric for the Diabetic Wound Healing in Mice. J Burn Care Res 2023; 44:800-809. [PMID: 36331804 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irac169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is involved in delayed wound healing that can be cured by natural products such as garlic, turmeric, and fibroin extracts. Alloxan monohydrate is used for inducing diabetes in mice. The percent wound contraction of garlic (150 mg/ml), turmeric (100 mg/ml), and fibroin (50 mg/ml), individually and in combinations garlic (150 mg/ml) + fibroin (50 mg/ml), turmeric (100 mg/ml) + fibroin (50 mg/ml), garlic (150 mg/ml) + turmeric (100 mg/ml), and garlic (150 mg/ml) + turmeric (100 mg/ml) + fibroin (50 mg/ml) was checked by evaluating the healing time, % wound contraction and histological analysis. The serum level of MMPs (MMP 2, MMP7, MMP 9), pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8), and TIMPs were evaluated. With the combination of three extracts (Ga+Tu+Fi) garlic (150 mg/ml), turmeric (100 mg/ml) and fibroin (50 mg/ml), wounds healed in 12 days and had 97.3 ± 2.2% wound contraction. While the positive control (polyfax) and diabetic control (saline) wounds healed in 17- and 19-days with wound contraction of 96.7 ± 1.4% and 96.3 ± 1.1%, respectively. Histological analysis showed that the combination of Ga+Tu+Fi exhibited an increase in the growth of collagen fibers, fibroblasts number, and keratinocytes, and lessened inflammation of blood vessels. The combination of Ga+Tu+Fi significantly alleviated the serum concentration of TNF-α (14.2 ± 0.7 pg/ml), IL-6 (10.0 ± 1.0 pg/ml), IL-8 (16.0 ± 1.5 pg/ml), MMP2 (228.0 ± 18.1 pg/ml), MMP7 (271.0 ± 9.9 pg/ml), and MMP9 (141.0 ± 5.3 pg/ml) to diabetic control. The level of TIMPs (193.0 ± 9.1 pg/ml) was increased significantly with respect to diabetic control. We conclude that the combination of these biomaterials possessed high regenerative and healing capabilities and can be an effective remedy in the healing of chronic wounds in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A Farooq
- Applied Entomology and Medical Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shaukat Ali
- Applied Entomology and Medical Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rida Sulayman
- Applied Entomology and Medical Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ali Hassan
- Applied Entomology and Medical Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz M Tahir
- Applied Entomology and Medical Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hafsa Shahzad
- Applied Entomology and Medical Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Umaima Fiaz
- Applied Entomology and Medical Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tafail A Mughal
- Department of Zoology, Women University of Azad Jammu Kashmir, Bagh, Pakistan
| | - Irfana Liaqat
- Applied Entomology and Medical Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Samaira Mumtaz
- Applied Entomology and Medical Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tooba Nauroze
- Applied Entomology and Medical Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shumaila Mumtaz
- Applied Entomology and Medical Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
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Liu K, Zhang L, Lu H, Wen Y, Bi B, Wang G, Jiang Y, Zeng L, Zhao J. Enhanced mild-temperature photothermal therapy by pyroptosis-boosted ATP deprivation with biodegradable nanoformulation. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:64. [PMID: 36823540 PMCID: PMC9948333 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01818-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mild-temperature photothermal therapy (mild PTT) is a safe and promising tumor therapeutic modality by alleviating the damage of healthy tissues around the tumor due to high temperature. However, its therapeutic efficiency is easily restricted by heat shock proteins (HSPs). Thus, exploitation of innovative approaches of inhibiting HSPs to enhance mild PTT efficiency is crucial for the clinical application of PTT. RESULTS Herein, an innovative strategy is reported: pyroptosis-boosted mild PTT based on a Mn-gallate nanoformulation. The nanoformulation was constructed via the coordination of gallic acid (GA) and Mn2+. It shows an acid-activated degradation and releases the Mn2+ and GA for up-regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial dysfunction and pyroptosis, which can result in cellular ATP deprivation via both the inhibiton of ATP generation and incresed ATP efflux. The reduction of ATP and accumulation of ROS provide a powerful approach for inhibiting the expression of HSPs, which enables the nanoformulation-mediated mild PTT. CONCLUSIONS Our in-vitro and in-vivo results demonstrate that this strategy of pyroptosis-assited PTT can achieve efficient mild PTT efficiency for osteosarcoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyuan Liu
- grid.24516.340000000123704535School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- grid.24516.340000000123704535School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hengli Lu
- grid.24516.340000000123704535School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingfei Wen
- grid.511083.e0000 0004 7671 2506Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Bi
- grid.511083.e0000 0004 7671 2506Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guocheng Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Research Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong China
| | - Yingying Jiang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China.
| | - Leli Zeng
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Zhao
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China. .,School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, People's Republic of China.
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Gallic acid diminishes pro-inflammatory interferon-γ- and interleukin-17-producing sub-populations in vitro in patients with psoriasis. Immunol Res 2023; 71:475-487. [PMID: 36754913 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-023-09361-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is an inflammation of the skin mediated via the IL-23/Thl17/IL-17 pathway. We have previously demonstrated that the anthocyanin delphinidin diminishes in vitro the IL-17 and IFN-γ production of peripheral monocytes isolated by psoriasis patients (PBMCs). The degradation product of delphinidin is gallic acid (GA). This phenolic acid compound found in fruits, red wine, or green tea exerts pleiotropic antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Previous research has demonstrated the inhibitory effect of GA on pro-inflammatory transcription factors, such as STAT3, RORγt, and NF-κB, or cytokines as IL-1β and TNF, which contribute to psoriasis development. We investigated the effect of GA in vitro on PBMCs, which were stimulated ex vivo, from 40 individuals (28 diagnosed with psoriasis vulgaris and 12 healthy controls (HCs)). In our experiments, PBMCs were cultured untreated or were activated in the presence of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate/ionomycin with or without GA. We utilized multicolor flow cytometry to assess the production of inteleukin-17 (IL-17) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in T and NK cells. GA did not alter the fractions of IL-17- or IFN-γ-producing T and IFN-γ-producing NK cells in HCs. However, in psoriasis patients, the effect of GA on that cell population was significant. Specifically, GA decreased the frequency of IL-17-producing cells within the CD3+ (T) and CD3+CD4+ (Th) compartment; the frequency of IFN-γ-producing cells within the CD3+, CD3+CD4+, and CD3+CD4- (Tc) compartment, and the frequency of IFN-γ-producing cells within the CD3-CD56+ (NK) compartment. Whether GA's effect also appears in vivo needs to be investigated in future.
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Buhre JS, Becker M, Ehlers M. IgG subclass and Fc glycosylation shifts are linked to the transition from pre- to inflammatory autoimmune conditions. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1006939. [PMID: 36405742 PMCID: PMC9669588 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1006939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A crucial factor for the development of inflammatory autoimmune diseases is the occurrence of antibodies directed against self-tissues and structures, which leads to damage and inflammation. While little is known about the cause of the development of mis-directed, disease-specific T and B cells and resulting IgG autoantibody responses, there is increasing evidence that their induction can occur years before disease symptoms appear. However, a certain proportion of healthy individuals express specific IgG autoantibodies without disease symptoms and not all subjects who generate autoantibodies may develop disease symptoms. Thus, the development of inflammatory autoimmune diseases seems to involve two steps. Increasing evidence suggests that harmless self-directed T and B cell and resulting IgG autoantibody responses in the pre-autoimmune disease stage might switch to more inflammatory T and B cell and IgG autoantibody responses that trigger the inflammatory autoimmune disease stage. Here, we summarize findings on the transition from the pre-disease to the disease stage and vice versa, e.g. by pregnancy and treatment, with a focus on low-/anti-inflammatory versus pro-inflammatory IgG autoantibody responses, including IgG subclass and Fc glycosylation features. Characterization of biomarkers that identify the transition from the pre-disease to the disease stage might facilitate recognition of the ideal time point of treatment initiation and the development of therapeutic strategies for re-directing inflammatory autoimmune conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Sophia Buhre
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mareike Becker
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology, and Venereology, University of Lübeck and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marc Ehlers
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- *Correspondence: Marc Ehlers,
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Chen YJ, Cheng HW, Yen WY, Tsai JH, Yeh CY, Chen CJ, Liu JT, Chen SY, Chang SJ. The Treatment of Keloid Scars via Modulating Heterogeneous Gelatin-Structured Composite Microneedles to Control Transdermal Dual-Drug Release. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4436. [PMID: 36298014 PMCID: PMC9607586 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Keloid scarring is an abnormal scar disease characterised by excessive proliferation of fibroblasts and over-deposition of collagen during wound healing. Although various treatments for keloid scars have been developed, preventive medicine is believed to be a promising strategy. The skin barrier limits the gentle topical administration of medicaments such as creams and hydrogel dressings, resulting in reduced therapeutic efficacy. In recent years, microneedles (MNs) have been regarded as an appreciable device for topical administration without inducing side effects, and they are painless and do not cause bleeding. In this study, an MN patch with controlled transdermal dual-drug release was developed to achieve combinatory treatment of keloid scars using a heterogeneous gelatin-structured composite MN. Gelatin hydrogel was used as a substrate to load gallic acid (GA) and quercetin-loaded amphiphilic gelatin nanoparticles to fabricate dual-drug heterogeneous composite MNs. The results of the insertion test and mechanical properties of the MNs showed that the heterogeneous composite MN patches could be self-pressed into the stratum corneum and control dual-drug release at different time periods. GA was released at an earlier stage to retard the proliferation of fibroblasts, and quercetin was released at a later stage as a strong antioxidant to erase the generation of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction data indicated that the gene expression of fibroblasts (such as Col I and III) was downregulated in the dual-drug system. The above results demonstrate that using heterogeneous composite MNs with the combination of dual-drug pharmacology is beneficial for preventing keloid scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ji Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wei Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Yu Yen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hao Tsai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Yi Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Jung Chen
- Research Center for Materials Science and Opti-Electronic Technology, School of Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jen Tsai Liu
- Research Center for Materials Science and Opti-Electronic Technology, College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - San-Yuan Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Shwu-Jen Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
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Jiang B, Zhong S, Yu H, Chen P, Li B, Li D, Liu C, Feng Z. Covalent and Noncovalent Complexation of Phosvitin and Gallic Acid: Effects on Protein Functionality and In Vitro Digestion Properties. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:11715-11726. [PMID: 36095172 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of different binding modes on the structure, function, and digestive properties of the phosvitin (Pv) and gallic acid (GA) complex, Pv was covalently and noncovalently combined with different concentrations of GA (0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 mM). The structural characterization of the two Pv-GA complexes was performed by Fourier transform infrared, circular dichroism, and LC-MS/MS to investigate the covalent and noncovalent binding of Pv and GA. In addition, the microstructure of the two Pv-GA complexes was investigated by super-resolution microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The particle size and zeta potential results showed that the addition of GA increased the particle size and the absolute potential of Pv. The determination of protein digestibility, polyphenol content, SH and S-S group levels, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and antioxidant capacity of the digests indicated that noncovalent complexes had greater antioxidant and protective effects on polyphenols. Molecular docking revealed that GA was conjugated with Pv through hydrogen bond interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaojing Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Yu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Peifeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoyun Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibiao Feng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China
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11
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Hernández-Valencia CG, Hernández-Valdepeña MA, Vázquez A, Cedeño-Caero L, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Sánchez-Sánchez R, Gimeno M. Enzymatic poly(gallic acid)-grafted α-l-lysine inhibits Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli strains with no cytotoxicity for human cells. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 138:212960. [PMID: 35913230 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The α-l-Lysine (LL) grafting onto the enzymatic poly(gallic acid) (PGAL) produces a helicoidal brush-like antimicrobial polymer containing outer positive-charged moieties. Best results are found with ca. 16 mol% α-LL-grafting for the inhibition of gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Escherichia coli strains. Membrane permeability, confocal and scanning electron microscopy studies suggest a pore-formation and translocation mechanisms by initial electrostatic interaction of positive charged polymer at the negatively charged bacterial membranes. The attained polymer displays high concentration of hemolysis (Hc) in erythrocytes, and no lymphocyte mitochondrial activity. Interestingly, PGAL-LL is not cytotoxic on human dermal fibroblast. The antioxidant activity after the LL hybridization is also demonstrated by DPPH, ORAC, FRAP and hydroxyl radical scavenging, which enhances the preservation of human cells in addition to antimicrobial for this polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen G Hernández-Valencia
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Alimentos y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Miguel A Hernández-Valdepeña
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Alimentos y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Vázquez
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Luis Cedeño-Caero
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Roberto Sánchez-Sánchez
- Unidad de Ingeniería de Tejidos Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Ciudad de México, Mexico; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Departamento de Bioingeniería, Instituto Tecnológico de Monterrey, Puente 222, Col. Arboledas del Sur, C.P. 14380 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Miquel Gimeno
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Alimentos y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
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12
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Wen L, Tang L, Zhang M, Wang C, Li S, Wen Y, Tu H, Tian H, Wei J, Liang P, Yang C, Li G, Gao Y. Gallic Acid Alleviates Visceral Pain and Depression via Inhibition of P2X7 Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116159. [PMID: 35682841 PMCID: PMC9181225 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic visceral pain can occur in many disorders, the most common of which is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Moreover, depression is a frequent comorbidity of chronic visceral pain. The P2X7 receptor is crucial in inflammatory processes and is closely connected to developing pain and depression. Gallic acid, a phenolic acid that can be extracted from traditional Chinese medicine, has been demonstrated to be anti-inflammatory and anti-depressive. In this study, we investigated whether gallic acid could alleviate comorbid visceral pain and depression by reducing the expression of the P2X7 receptor. To this end, the pain thresholds of rats with comorbid visceral pain and depression were gauged using the abdominal withdraw reflex score, whereas the depression level of each rat was quantified using the sucrose preference test, the forced swimming test, and the open field test. The expressions of the P2X7 receptor in the hippocampus, spinal cord, and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) were assessed by Western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR. Furthermore, the distributions of the P2X7 receptor and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the hippocampus and DRG were investigated in immunofluorescent experiments. The expressions of p-ERK1/2 and ERK1/2 were determined using Western blotting. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was utilized to measure the concentrations of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10 in the serum. Our results demonstrate that gallic acid was able to alleviate both pain and depression in the rats under study. Gallic acid also reduced the expressions of the P2X7 receptor and p-ERK1/2 in the hippocampi, spinal cords, and DRGs of these rats. Moreover, gallic acid treatment decreased the serum concentrations of IL-1β and TNF-α, while raising IL-10 levels in these rats. Thus, gallic acid may be an effective novel candidate for the treatment of comorbid visceral pain and depression by inhibiting the expressions of the P2X7 receptor in the hippocampus, spinal cord, and DRG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lequan Wen
- Joint Program of Nanchang University and Queen Mary University of London, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Avenue, Nanchang 330006, China; (L.W.); (L.T.); (H.T.); (C.Y.)
| | - Lirui Tang
- Joint Program of Nanchang University and Queen Mary University of London, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Avenue, Nanchang 330006, China; (L.W.); (L.T.); (H.T.); (C.Y.)
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Avenue, Nanchang 330006, China; (M.Z.); (Y.W.); (G.L.)
| | - Congrui Wang
- Second Clinic Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Avenue, Nanchang 330006, China; (C.W.); (S.L.); (P.L.)
| | - Shujuan Li
- Second Clinic Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Avenue, Nanchang 330006, China; (C.W.); (S.L.); (P.L.)
| | - Yuqing Wen
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Avenue, Nanchang 330006, China; (M.Z.); (Y.W.); (G.L.)
| | - Hongcheng Tu
- Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Avenue, Nanchang 330006, China; (H.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Haokun Tian
- Joint Program of Nanchang University and Queen Mary University of London, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Avenue, Nanchang 330006, China; (L.W.); (L.T.); (H.T.); (C.Y.)
| | - Jingyi Wei
- Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Avenue, Nanchang 330006, China; (H.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Peiwen Liang
- Second Clinic Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Avenue, Nanchang 330006, China; (C.W.); (S.L.); (P.L.)
| | - Changsen Yang
- Joint Program of Nanchang University and Queen Mary University of London, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Avenue, Nanchang 330006, China; (L.W.); (L.T.); (H.T.); (C.Y.)
| | - Guodong Li
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Avenue, Nanchang 330006, China; (M.Z.); (Y.W.); (G.L.)
| | - Yun Gao
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Avenue, Nanchang 330006, China; (M.Z.); (Y.W.); (G.L.)
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, 461 Bayi Avenue, Nanchang 330006, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-791-86360586
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13
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Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Effect of Poly-gallic Acid (PGAL) in an In Vitro Model of Synovitis Induced by Monosodium Urate Crystals. Inflammation 2022; 45:2066-2077. [PMID: 35505045 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01676-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Gout is a chronic and degenerative disease that affects the joints and soft tissues because of the crystalline deposit of monosodium urate. The interaction between monosodium urate crystals (MSU) and synoviocytes generates oxidative and inflammatory states. These physiological characteristics have promoted the study of poly-gallic acid (PGAL), a poly-oxidized form of gallic acid reported to be effective in in vitro models of inflammation. The effect of PGAL in an in vitro model of oxidation and synovial inflammation induced by MSU was evaluated after 24 h of stimulation through the morphological changes, the determination of oxidative stress (OS), IL-1β, and the phagocytosis of the MSU. A 20% reduction in synovial viability and the generation of vesicles were observed when they were exposed to MSU. When PGAL was used at 100 and 200 µg/ml, cell death was reduced by 30% and 17%, respectively. PGAL both doses reduce the vesicles generated by MSU. OS generation in synoviocytes exposed to 100 µg/ml and 200 µg/ml PGAL decreased by 1.28 and 1.46 arbitrary fluorescence units (AFU), respectively, compared to the OS in synoviocytes exposed to MSU (1.9 AFU). PGAL at 200 µg/ml inhibited IL-1β by 100%, while PGAL at 100 µg/ml inhibited IL-1β by 66%. The intracellular MSU decreased in synoviocytes stimulated with 100 µg/ml PGAL. The PGAL has a cytoprotective effect against damage caused by MSU in synoviocytes and can counteract the oxidative and inflammatory response induced by the crystals probably because it exerts actions at the membrane level that prevent phagocytosis of the crystals.
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14
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Baharmi S, Kalantari H, Kalantar M, Goudarzi M, Mansouri E, Kalantar H. Pretreatment with Gallic Acid Mitigates Cyclophosphamide Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Mice. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 15:204-212. [PMID: 34061011 DOI: 10.2174/1874467214666210531162741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclophosphamide (CP) as an alkylating compound has been widely applied to treat cancer and autoimmune diseases. CP is observed to be nephrotoxic in humans and animals because it produces reactive oxygen species. Gallic acid (GA), a polyhydroxy phenolic compound, is reported to exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. OBJECTIVE The current research aimed at evaluating the GA effect on CP-related renal toxicity. METHODS In total, 35 male mice were assigned to 5 groups. Group1: receiving normal saline, group 2: CP group, receiving one CP injection (200 mg/kg; i.p.) on day 6. Groups 3 and 4: GA+CP, GA (10 and 30 mg/kg; p.o.; respectively) received through six consecutive days plus CP on the 6th day 2 hr after the last dose of GA, group 5: received GA (30 mg/kg; p.o.) for six consecutive days. Then on day 7, blood samples were collected for determining creatinine (Cr), serum kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) concentrations. Malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) concentration, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, and IL-1β, TNF-α levels were assessed in renal tissue. RESULTS CP administration significantly increases KIM-1, NGAL, Cr, BUN, MDA, NO, IL-1β, and TNF-α level. It also decreases GSH concentration, SOD, GPx, and CAT function. Pretreatment with GA prevented these changes. Histopathological assessments approved the GA protective effect. CONCLUSION Our results showed that GA is possibly effective as a protective agent in cyclophosphamide-associated toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Baharmi
- Toxicology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Heibatullah Kalantari
- Toxicology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Goudarzi
- Medicinal Plant Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Esrafil Mansouri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hadi Kalantar
- Toxicology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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15
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Peter AE, Sandeep BV, Rao BG, Kalpana VL. Calming the Storm: Natural Immunosuppressants as Adjuvants to Target the Cytokine Storm in COVID-19. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:583777. [PMID: 33708109 PMCID: PMC7941276 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.583777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a global health crisis, with no specific antiviral to treat the infection and the absence of a suitable vaccine to prevent it. While some individuals contracting the SARS-CoV-2 infection exhibit a well coordinated immune response and recover, others display a dysfunctional immune response leading to serious complications including ARDS, sepsis, MOF; associated with morbidity and mortality. Studies revealed that in patients with a dysfunctional immune response, there is a massive cytokine and chemokine release, referred to as the ‘cytokine storm’. As a result, such patients exhibit higher levels of pro-inflammatory/modulatory cytokines and chemokines like TNFα, INFγ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, G-CSF, GM-CSF, MCSF, HGF and chemokines CXCL8, MCP1, IP10, MIP1α and MIP1β. Targeting this cytokine storm is a novel, promising treatment strategy to alleviate this excess influx of cytokines observed at the site of infection and their subsequent disastrous consequences. Natural immunosuppressant compounds, derived from plant sources like curcumin, luteolin, piperine, resveratrol are known to inhibit the production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. This inhibitory effect is mediated by altering signal pathways like NF-κB, JAK/STAT, MAPK/ERK that are involved in the production and release of cytokines and chemokines. The use of these natural immunosuppressants as adjuvants to ameliorate the cytokine storm; in combination with antiviral agents and other treatment drugs currently in use presents a novel, synergistic approach for the treatment and effective cure of COVID-19. This review briefly describes the immunopathogenesis of the cytokine storm observed in SARS-CoV-2 infection and details some natural immunosuppressants that can be used as adjuvants in treating COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela E Peter
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - B V Sandeep
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - B Ganga Rao
- Andhra University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - V Lakshmi Kalpana
- Department of Human Genetics, College of Science and Technology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
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