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Case TI, Stevenson RJ. Evaluating the Presence of Disgust in Animals. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:264. [PMID: 38254434 PMCID: PMC10812441 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The emotion of disgust in humans is widely considered to represent a continuation of the disease-avoidance behavior ubiquitous in animals. The extent to which analogs of human disgust are evident in nonhuman animals, however, remains unclear. The scant research explicitly investigating disgust in animals has predominantly focused on great apes and suggests that disgust might be present in a highly muted form. In this review, we outline the main approaches to disgust. We then briefly discuss disease-avoidance behavior in nonhuman animals, proposing a set of criteria against which evidence for the presence or absence of disgust in animals can be evaluated. The resultant decision tree takes into account other plausible causes of avoidance and aversion when evaluating whether it is likely that the behavior represents disgust. We apply this decision tree to evaluate evidence of disgust-like behavior (e.g., avoidance of carrion and avoidance of feces-contaminated food) in several examples, including nonhuman great apes. Finally, we consider the large disparity between disgust in humans compared to muted disgust in other great apes, examining the possibility that heightened disgust in humans is a relatively recent cultural acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor I. Case
- School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia;
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Schuppli C, Nellissen L, Carvajal L, Ashbury AM, Oliver-Caldwell N, Rahmaeti T, Laumer I, Haun D. Ecological, social, and intrinsic factors affecting wild orangutans' curiosity, assessed using a field experiment. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13184. [PMID: 37580333 PMCID: PMC10425418 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39214-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The readiness to interact with and explore novel stimuli-i.e., curiosity-is the cornerstone of innovation. Great apes show broad and complex innovation repertoires. However, little is known about the factors that affect curiosity in wild apes. To shed light on wild apes' curiosity, we measured the reactions of wild Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii) to an experiment apparatus. Overall, individuals were reluctant to touch the apparatus. However, compared to adults, immatures showed higher tendencies to explore (measured through looking durations and the probability of touching the apparatus) and to approach (measured through approach latencies and approach distances) the apparatus but were more likely to show behavioral signs of agitation. The presence of conspecifics who approached the apparatus increased visual exploration and approach tendencies. Prevailing habitat food availability positively affected visual exploration but had a negative effect on approach tendencies. These findings indicate that intrinsic, social, and ecological factors affect reactions to novelty in wild orangutans and suggest that exploration, neophobia and neophilia are independently regulated. Because reactions to novelty can be an essential pathway to innovation, our results suggest that factors acting on different elements of curiosity must be considered to understand the evolution of innovative tendencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Schuppli
- Development and Evolution of Cognition Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Bücklestrasse 5, 78467, Konstanz, Germany.
- Leipzig Research Center for Early Child Development, Leipzig University, Jahnallee 59, 04109, Leipzig, Germany.
- Department of Anthropology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Lara Nellissen
- Department of Anthropology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Éco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP 135, Rue Cuvier, 75 231, Paris Cedex 5, France
- Institute of Biology, Department of Comparative Cognition, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Luz Carvajal
- Department of Anthropology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Alison M Ashbury
- Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Bücklestrasse 5, 78467, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Natalie Oliver-Caldwell
- Department of Anthropology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tri Rahmaeti
- Development and Evolution of Cognition Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Bücklestrasse 5, 78467, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Biology, Graduate School, Universitas Nasional, Jalan Sawo Manila, RT.14/RW.3, Jakarta, 12550, Indonesia
| | - Isabelle Laumer
- Development and Evolution of Cognition Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Bücklestrasse 5, 78467, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Daniel Haun
- Department of Comparative Cultural Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Ibáñez de Aldecoa P, Burdett E, Gustafsson E. Riding the elephant in the room: Towards a revival of the optimal level of stimulation model. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2022.101051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ventricelli M, Gratton P, Sabbatini G, Addessi E, Sgaraglia G, Rufo F, Sirianni G. Individual Variation in Response to Novel Food in Captive Capuchin Monkeys (Sapajus spp.). Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.820323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
How animals respond to novelty may have important outcomes in terms of fitness. On the one hand, aversion to novel stimuli may reduce the risks of consuming potentially toxic food or encountering predators. On the other hand, the propensity to approach novel stimuli may allow individuals to explore novel food sources and more flexibly adapt to novel challenges. Different species and individuals may find different ways to balance the costs and benefits that novelty posits. To date, however, little is known on how response to novel food varies across individuals of the same species depending on their previous experience with novelty, risk attitude and presence of higher-ranking conspecifics. In this study, we assessed individual variation in response to novel food by testing captive capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.) in an unconstrained social context, where all individuals in a group were able to access the testing area on a voluntary basis. We provided familiar and novel food to 23 study subjects belonging to four social groups differing in (i) previous experience with novel food, (ii) risk attitude (as assessed by a previous risky decision-making task), and (iii) dominance rank. We predicted that, as individuals may generalize their previous experience to novel contexts, those with more previous experience with novel food would be less neophobic than those with less experience. Moreover, if neophobia is a facet of the individual’s risk attitude, we predicted that more risk-prone individuals would be less neophobic than less risk-prone ones. Finally, individuals might flexibly modify their food choices according to the presence of conspecifics; in this respect, we predicted that, in response to monopolization of preferred resources by higher-ranking individuals, lower-ranking individuals would prefer familiar over novel food in the absence of higher-ranking individuals, but would modify their preference in favor of novel food in the presence of higher-ranking individuals. None of these predictions were supported by our results. We observed, however, that neophobia, measured as the latency to retrieve a food item, was more pronounced in lower-ranking than higher-ranking individuals, and that males showed a generally stronger bias than females toward a quicker retrieval of familiar food.
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Eccles GR, Bethell EJ, Greggor AL, Mettke-Hofmann C. Individual Variation in Dietary Wariness Is Predicted by Head Color in a Specialist Feeder, the Gouldian Finch. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.772812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shifts in resource availability due to environmental change are increasingly confronting animals with unfamiliar food types. Species that can rapidly accept new food types may be better adapted to ecological change. Intuitively, dietary generalists are expected to accept new food types when resources change, while dietary specialists would be more averse to adopting novel food. However, most studies investigating changes in dietary breadth focus on generalist species and do not delve into potential individual predictors of dietary wariness and the social factors modulating these responses. We investigated dietary wariness in the Gouldian finch, a dietary specialist, that is expected to avoid novel food. This species occurs in two main head colors (red, black), which signal personality in other contexts. We measured their initial neophobic responses (approach attempts before first feed and latency to first feed) and willingness to incorporate novel food into their diet (frequency of feeding on novel food after first feed). Birds were tested in same-sex pairs in same and different head color pairings balanced across experiments 1 and 2. Familiar and novel food (familiar food dyed) were presented simultaneously across 5 days for 3 h, each. Gouldian finches fed on the familiar food first demonstrating food neophobia, and these latencies were repeatable. Birds made more approach attempts before feeding on novel than familiar food, particularly red-headed birds in experiment 1 and when partnered with a black-headed bird. Individuals consistently differed in their rate of incorporation of novel food, with clear differences between head colors; red-headed birds increased their feeding visits to novel food across experimentation equaling their familiar food intake by day five, while black-headed birds continually favored familiar food. Results suggest consistent among individual differences in response to novel food with red-headed birds being adventurous consumers and black-headed birds dietary conservatives. The differences in food acceptance aligned with responses to novel environments on the individual level (found in an earlier study) providing individuals with an adaptive combination of novelty responses across contexts in line with potential differences in movement patterns. Taken together, these novelty responses could aid in population persistence when faced with environmental changes.
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McCarthy MS, Lester JD. Consumption of cultivated subterranean plant organs by chimpanzees in a human-dominated landscape. BEHAVIOUR 2021. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-bja10107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Although chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are ripe fruit specialists, they sometimes consume other plant parts including subterranean organs like roots and tubers. Such plant parts, which include underground storage organs (USOs), have been found to play a key role in the diets of some chimpanzee populations as well as, potentially, our hominin ancestors. We report the confirmed consumption of subterranean plant organs of three species — sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas), yams (Dioscorea alata) and peanuts (Arachis hypogaea), as well as unconfirmed consumption of cassava (Manihot esculenta) — by chimpanzees in a human-dominated landscape in western Uganda. These observations point toward the dietary flexibility of chimpanzees inhabiting anthropogenic landscapes, though mechanisms of novel food acquisition, particularly for subterranean fruits and tubers, are not well understood. Dietary flexibility may help chimpanzees survive as natural forest resources disappear, but simultaneously may bring them into greater conflict with their human neighbours, thereby further imperilling them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen S. McCarthy
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Bulindi Chimpanzee and Community Project, Hoima, Uganda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jack D. Lester
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Bulindi Chimpanzee and Community Project, Hoima, Uganda
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Bandini E. Implementing long-term baselines into primate tool-use studies. Am J Primatol 2020; 83:e23224. [PMID: 33337547 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Studies on primate tool-use often involve the use of baseline conditions, as they allow for the examination of any differences in the subjects' behavior before and after the introduction of a tool-use task. While these baseline conditions can be powerful for identifying the relative contributions of individual and social learning for the acquisition of tool-use behaviors in naïve (usually captive) subjects, many have criticized them for being too short, and not allowing enough time for the behavior to develop spontaneously. Furthermore, some wild tool-use behaviors such as chimpanzee nut-cracking require animals to manipulate and familiarize themselves with the materials of the behavior within a "sensitive learning period" before it develops later on in life. One solution to this problem is to implement long-term baselines, in which, with collaboration with zoological institutions, the materials of the behavior are left in the enclosure for an extended period. The keepers would then be asked not to demonstrate or train the animals in the target behavior, but to report back to the researchers if they observe the behavior emerge during this extended period. Alongside keeper reports, video cameras could be installed in the enclosure to minimize the chance of false negatives and to allow for coding and inter-rater reliability to be carried out on the videos. These long-term baselines therefore provide extended enrichment opportunities for the animals, alongside allowing the zoological institution to publicize their involvement with the study and guests to observe animals interacting with different testing apparatuses and tools. Finally, long-term baselines can provide invaluable insight on the individual and social learning abilities of primates as well as the potential development stages and sensitive learning periods required for specific behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Bandini
- Department for Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, The University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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ManyPrimates, Aguenounon GS, Ballesta S, Beaud A, Bustamante L, Canteloup C, Joly M, Loyant L, Meunier H, Roig A, Troisi CA, Zablocki-Thomas P. ManyPrimates : une infrastructure de collaboration internationale dans la recherche en cognition des primates. REVUE DE PRIMATOLOGIE 2020. [DOI: 10.4000/primatologie.8808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Greggor AL, Masuda B, Flanagan AM, Swaisgood RR. Age-related patterns of neophobia in an endangered island crow: implications for conservation and natural history. Anim Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Shorland G, Genty E, Guéry JP, Zuberbühler K. Social learning of arbitrary food preferences in bonobos. Behav Processes 2019; 167:103912. [PMID: 31344448 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2019.103912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A fruitful approach to investigate social learning in animals is based on paradigms involving the manipulation of artefacts. However, tool use and elaborate object manipulations are rare in natural conditions, suggesting that social learning evolved in other contexts where fitness consequences are higher, such as discriminating palatable from noxious foods, recognising predators or understanding social hierarchies. We focussed on one such context by investigating whether bonobos socially learned others' arbitrary food preferences through mere observation. To this end, we trained two demonstrators to prefer or avoid distinctly coloured food items, treated with either a sweet or bitter agent. Demonstrators then displayed their newly acquired preferences in front of naïve subjects. In subsequent choice tests, subjects generally matched their choices to the demonstrators' preferred food colours, despite having already tasted the equally palatable colour alternative. Both age and exposure to demonstrator preference had a significant positive effect on the proportion of matched choices. Moreover, in a context where errors can be costly, social learning was instant insofar as six of seven subjects used socially learned information to influence their very first food choice. We discuss these findings in light of the current debate on the evolution of social learning in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladez Shorland
- Department of Comparative Cognition, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Emilie Genty
- Department of Comparative Cognition, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland; Institute of Work and Organizational Psychology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pascal Guéry
- La Vallée des Singes Primate park, Le Gureau, 86700, Romagne, France
| | - Klaus Zuberbühler
- Department of Comparative Cognition, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland; School of Psychology and Neurosciences, University of St Andrews, St Mary's Quad, South Street, St Andrews, KY16 9JP, UK
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11
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Abstract
The functional basis of disgust in disease avoidance is widely accepted; however, there is disagreement over what disgust is. This is a significant problem, as basic questions about disgust require knowing if single/multiple forms/processes exist. We address this issue with a new model with one form of disgust generated by multiple processes: (a) pure disgust experienced during gastrointestinal illness; (b) somatosensory disgust elicited by specific cues that activate the pure disgust state; (c) anticipatory disgust elicited by associations between distance cues for somatosensory disgust and requiring threat evaluation; (d) simulated disgusts elicited by imagining somatosensory and anticipatory disgust and frequently involving other emotions. Different contamination processes interlink (a–d). The implications of our model for fundamental questions about disgust (e.g., emotion status; continuation into animals) are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trevor I. Case
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Megan J. Oaten
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Australia
| | | | - Supreet Saluja
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Australia
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12
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Reactions to novel objects in monkeys: what does it mean to be neophobic? Primates 2019; 60:347-353. [PMID: 31165297 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-019-00731-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Animals' reactions to novel objects vary not only with zoological taxa and their ecology but also in the types of presented stimuli, the context, and individual characteristics. Behavioral reactions can vary from extremely neophobic (avoiding novel objects) to extremely neophilic (intense exploration of novel objects); most often, a mixture of these behavioral patterns appears. In primates, reactions toward novel objects vary according to species, age, sex, population, and the types of objects. Most experiments in this field have used a free exploration design with food or non-food objects. Here, we tested the reactions of captive male rhesus macaques using various stimuli, motivation levels, rewards, and time limits. We found that the monkeys explored and manipulated novel objects in various contexts, with little evidence of a neophobic response; however, environment, types of stimuli, and other parameters of the test can significantly affect monkeys' reactions.
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Fredrika Forss SI, Motes-Rodrigo A, Tennie C. Animal Behavior: Ape Curiosity on Camera. Curr Biol 2019; 29:R255-R257. [PMID: 30939310 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
How animals respond to novel objects may reflect their overall cognitive and behavioral disposition. A study using camera traps reveals that different species of wild ape respond to novelty differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Ingrid Fredrika Forss
- Faculty of Science, Department for early prehistory and quaternary ecology, University of Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Alba Motes-Rodrigo
- Faculty of Science, Department for early prehistory and quaternary ecology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claudio Tennie
- Faculty of Science, Department for early prehistory and quaternary ecology, University of Tübingen, Germany
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Forss SIF, Motes-Rodrigo A, Hrubesch C, Tennie C. Differences in novel food response between Pongo and Pan. Am J Primatol 2019; 81:e22945. [PMID: 30604887 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of great ape diets requires behavioral flexibility. Consequently, the exploration of potentially novel food sources is supposedly beneficial, but simultaneously, apes show high neophobia to prevent harmful and poisonous food intake. Social information, such as presence of group members or observations of non-naïve, experienced individuals have been demonstrated to affect the acceptance of novel food items in primates. Sociality may have evolutionary effects on the response of apes to novel foods. Here we assess the social information hypothesis, which predicts that selection favors higher neophobia in species where social information is abundant. We report the results from 134 great apes housed in multiple facilities from four closely related species that naturally differ in their degree of sociality: Pongo pygmaeus, Pongo abelii, Pan troglodytes and Pan paniscus. We examined individuals' reactions to novel foods when alone, which enabled us to detect any inherent differences and revealed significant distinctions between species. Chimpanzees and bonobos, that are naturally exposed to higher amounts of social information, were less likely to consume novel foods alone (showed higher neophobia) than the two more solitary orangutan species. Chimpanzees were especially cautious and showed higher explorative behaviors before tasting novel food than other species. Age influenced neophobia as younger individuals of all species took longer to taste novel foods than adults did.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Ingrid Fredrika Forss
- Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte und Archäologie des Mittelalters, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Alba Motes-Rodrigo
- Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte und Archäologie des Mittelalters, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Claudio Tennie
- Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte und Archäologie des Mittelalters, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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15
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Hill SP. ‘Regurgitation and reingestion’ (R/R) in great apes: a review of current knowledge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/izy.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. P. Hill
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Chester; Parkgate Road Chester CH1 4BJ United Kingdom
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Cambridge; Madingley Road Cambridge CB3 0ES United Kingdom
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Sarabian C, Belais R, MacIntosh AJJ. Feeding decisions under contamination risk in bonobos. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:20170195. [PMID: 29866924 PMCID: PMC6000142 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Threats from parasites and pathogens are ubiquitous, and many use pathways that exploit host trophic interactions for their transmission. As such, host organisms have evolved a behavioural immune system to facilitate contamination-risk assessment and avoidance of potential contaminants in various contexts, including feeding. Detecting pathogen threats can rely on different sensory modalities allowing animals to screen for a wide array of contaminants. Here, we present a series of experiments in which bonobos showed clear avoidance of contaminated food items, and were sensitive to risk along a contamination probability gradient. Across experiments, bonobos appeared to use multisensorial cues to inform their feeding decisions. In addition, bonobos showed reduced tactile, gustatory and tool use activities when in the presence of contaminant versus control odours in a challenging foraging context. Our experiments build on previous work conducted in Japanese macaques and chimpanzees aiming at a better understanding of the ways in which the behavioural immune system operates in primates.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Evolution of pathogen and parasite avoidance behaviours'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile Sarabian
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama 484-8506, Japan
| | - Raphael Belais
- Amis des bonobos du Congo, Lola ya Bonobo Sanctuary, Les petites chutes de la Lukaya, Kimwenza, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Andrew J J MacIntosh
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama 484-8506, Japan
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Ishigaki G, Nitthaisong P, Prasojo YS, Kobayashi I, Fukuyama K, Rahman MM, Akashi R. Short-term grazing behavior of cattle under indoor housing for a new-bred tetraploid ruzigrass ( Brachiaria ruziziensis Germain et Everard). ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017; 31:748-754. [PMID: 29059721 PMCID: PMC5930286 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.17.0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective The preference evaluation of cattle is an important factor for estimation and improvement of the grazing amounts of newly introduced or bred grasses or cultivars in barn. This study was performed to assess the grazing behavior (the amount of grazing and/or the grazing speed) of cattle as indirect method using newly bred Brachiaria ruziziensis tetraploid strain ‘OKI-1’(BR) hay as treatment group and Cloris gayana ‘Callide’ (CG) hay as control group. It also compared the feasibility of using behavioral differences between two groups as one criteria for evaluating preference by Japanese black cattle in barn. Methods Three experiments were carried out using 12 growing Japanese Black cattle including 6 males and 6 females. In each experiment, the four Japanese Black cattle (2 males and 2 females) were placed in separated stall and allowed to graze BR and CG in manger that was separated into two portions for about 30 min. The position and behavior of the cattle were recorded, and weighed the residual of each gay at 15 and 30 minutes after experiment start. Results The BR was superior to CG in chemical composition such as protein, fibers and non-fibrous carbohydrate. The cattle, over all, tended to prefer BR over CG in the first half 15 minutes in terms of the time spent and amount of grazing. Additionally, growing cattle exhibited neophilia for BR bred newly. Conclusion These findings indicated the current approach could be applied for one of criteria to evaluate the preference of hay by Japanese black cattle under indoor housing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genki Ishigaki
- Sumiyoshi Livestock Science Station, Field Science Education Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 880-0121, Japan
| | | | - Yogi Sidik Prasojo
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 8892192, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kobayashi
- Sumiyoshi Livestock Science Station, Field Science Education Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 880-0121, Japan
| | - Kiichi Fukuyama
- Sumiyoshi Livestock Science Station, Field Science Education Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 880-0121, Japan
| | - Mohammad Mijanur Rahman
- Faculty of Agro Based Industry, University Malaysia Kelantan, 17600 Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Ryo Akashi
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 8892192, Japan
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Forss SIF, Koski SE, van Schaik CP. Explaining the Paradox of Neophobic Explorers: The Social Information Hypothesis. INT J PRIMATOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-017-9984-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Borel A, Ajzenherc Y, Moncel MH, Saint Jalme M, Krief S. Do Orangutans Share Early Human Interest in Odd Objects? CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1086/688855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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van Schaik CP, Burkart J, Damerius L, Forss SIF, Koops K, van Noordwijk MA, Schuppli C. The reluctant innovator: orangutans and the phylogeny of creativity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150183. [PMID: 26926274 PMCID: PMC4780526 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Young orangutans are highly neophobic, avoid independent exploration and show a preference for social learning. Accordingly, they acquire virtually all their learned skills through exploration that is socially induced. Adult exploration rates are also low. Comparisons strongly suggest that major innovations, i.e. behaviours that have originally been brought into the population through individual invention, are made where ecological opportunities to do so are propitious. Most populations nonetheless have large innovation repertoires, because innovations, once made, are retained well through social transmission. Wild orangutans are therefore not innovative. In striking contrast, zoo-living orangutans actively seek novelty and are highly exploratory and innovative, probably because of positive reinforcement, active encouragement by human role models, increased sociality and an expectation of safety. The explanation for this contrast most relevant to hominin evolution is that captive apes generally have a highly reduced cognitive load, in particular owing to the absence of predation risk, which strongly reduces the costs of exploration. If the orangutan results generalize to other great apes, this suggests that our ancestors could have become more curious once they had achieved near-immunity to predation on the eve of the explosive increase in creativity characterizing the Upper Palaeolithic Revolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P van Schaik
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J Burkart
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - L Damerius
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - S I F Forss
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - K Koops
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M A van Noordwijk
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - C Schuppli
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Gustafsson E, Saint Jalme M, Kamoga D, Mugisha L, Snounou G, Bomsel MC, Krief S. Food Acceptance and Social Learning Opportunities in Semi-Free Eastern Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). Ethology 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Gustafsson
- Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes; Département des Jardins Botaniques et Zoologiques; Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle; Paris France
- UMR 7204; CERSP; Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle; Paris France
- UMR 7206 Éco-anthropologie et Ethnobiologie; Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle; Paris France
- Department of Psychology; Centre for Situated Action and Communication; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth UK
| | - Michel Saint Jalme
- Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes; Département des Jardins Botaniques et Zoologiques; Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle; Paris France
- UMR 7204; CERSP; Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle; Paris France
| | - Dennis Kamoga
- Department of Botany; Makerere University; Kampala Uganda
| | | | - Georges Snounou
- INSERM UMRS 945; Paris France
- Université Pierre & Marie Curie; Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière; Paris France
| | - Marie-Claude Bomsel
- Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes; Département des Jardins Botaniques et Zoologiques; Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle; Paris France
| | - Sabrina Krief
- UMR 7206 Éco-anthropologie et Ethnobiologie; Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle; Paris France
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Social Learning Opportunities in Captive Orangutans (Pongo abelii) and Mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx). INT J PRIMATOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-015-9870-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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