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Sopic D, Teijeiro T, Atienza D, Aminifar A, Ryvlin P. Personalized seizure signature: An interpretable approach to false alarm reduction for long-term epileptic seizure detection. Epilepsia 2023; 64 Suppl 4:S23-S33. [PMID: 35113451 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Long-term automatic detection of focal seizures remains one of the major challenges in epilepsy due to the unacceptably high number of false alarms from state-of-the-art methods. Our aim was to investigate to what extent a new patient-specific approach based on similarly occurring morphological electroencephalographic (EEG) signal patterns could be used to distinguish seizures from nonseizure events, as well as to estimate its maximum performance. METHODS We evaluated our approach on >5500 h of long-term EEG recordings using two public datasets: the PhysioNet.org Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) Scalp EEG database and the EPILEPSIAE European epilepsy database. We visually identified a set of similarly occurring morphological patterns (seizure signature) seen simultaneously over two different EEG channels, and within two randomly selected seizures from each individual. The same seizure signature was then searched for in the entire recording from the same patient using dynamic time warping (DTW) as a similarity metric, with a threshold set to reflect the maximum sensitivity our algorithm could achieve without false alarm. RESULTS At a DTW threshold providing no false alarm during the entire recordings, the mean seizure detection sensitivity across patients was 84%, including 96% for the CHB-MIT database and 74% for the European epilepsy database. A 100% sensitivity was reached in 50% of patients, including 79% from the CHB-MIT database and 27% from the European epilepsy database. The median latency from seizure onset to its detection was 17 ± 10 s, with 84% of seizures being detected within 40 s. SIGNIFICANCE Personalized EEG signature combined with DTW appears to be a promising method to detect ictal events from a limited number of EEG channels with high sensitivity despite low rate of false alarms, high degree of interpretability, and low computational complexity, compatible with its future use in wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionisije Sopic
- Embedded Systems Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tomas Teijeiro
- Embedded Systems Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Atienza
- Embedded Systems Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amir Aminifar
- Department of Electrical and Information Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Philippe Ryvlin
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital (Vaud University Hospital Center), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Pfitzner AK, Zivkovic H, Bernat-Silvestre C, West M, Peltier T, Humbert F, Odorizzi G, Roux A. Vps60 initiates alternative ESCRT-III filaments. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202206028. [PMID: 37768378 PMCID: PMC10538557 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202206028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Endosomal sorting complex required for transport-III (ESCRT-III) participates in essential cellular functions, from cell division to endosome maturation. The remarkable increase of its subunit diversity through evolution may have enabled the acquisition of novel functions. Here, we characterize a novel ESCRT-III copolymer initiated by Vps60. Membrane-bound Vps60 polymers recruit Vps2, Vps24, Did2, and Ist1, as previously shown for Snf7. Snf7- and Vps60-based filaments can coexist on membranes without interacting as their polymerization and recruitment of downstream subunits remain spatially and biochemically separated. In fibroblasts, Vps60/CHMP5 and Snf7/CHMP4 are both recruited during endosomal functions and cytokinesis, but their localization is segregated and their recruitment dynamics are different. Contrary to Snf7/CHMP4, Vps60/CHMP5 is not recruited during nuclear envelope reformation. Taken together, our results show that Vps60 and Snf7 form functionally distinct ESCRT-III polymers, supporting the notion that diversification of ESCRT-III subunits through evolution is linked to the acquisition of new cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henry Zivkovic
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Matt West
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Tanner Peltier
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Frédéric Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Greg Odorizzi
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Aurélien Roux
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- National Center of Competence in Research in Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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3
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Yilmaz Z, Schaumberg K, Halvorsen M, Goodman EL, Brosof LC, Crowley JJ, Mathews CA, Mattheisen M, Breen G, Bulik CM, Micali N, Zerwas SC. Predicting eating disorder and anxiety symptoms using disorder-specific and transdiagnostic polygenic scores for anorexia nervosa and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychol Med 2023; 53:3021-3035. [PMID: 35243971 PMCID: PMC9440960 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721005079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical, epidemiological, and genetic findings support an overlap between eating disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and anxiety symptoms. However, little research has examined the role of genetics in the expression of underlying phenotypes. We investigated whether the anorexia nervosa (AN), OCD, or AN/OCD transdiagnostic polygenic scores (PGS) predict eating disorder, OCD, and anxiety symptoms in a large developmental cohort in a sex-specific manner. METHODS Using summary statistics from Psychiatric Genomics Consortium AN and OCD genome-wide association studies, we conducted an AN/OCD transdiagnostic genome-wide association meta-analysis. We then calculated AN, OCD, and AN/OCD PGS in participants from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children to predict eating disorder, OCD, and anxiety symptoms, stratified by sex (combined N = 3212-5369 per phenotype). RESULTS The PGS prediction of eating disorder, OCD, and anxiety phenotypes differed between sexes, although effect sizes were small. AN and AN/OCD PGS played a more prominent role in predicting eating disorder and anxiety risk than OCD PGS, especially in girls. AN/OCD PGS provided a small boost over AN PGS in the prediction of some anxiety symptoms. All three PGS predicted higher compulsive exercise across different developmental timepoints [β = 0.03 (s.e. = 0.01) for AN and AN/OCD PGS at age 14; β = 0.05 (s.e. = 0.02) for OCD PGS at age 16] in girls. CONCLUSIONS Compulsive exercise may have a transdiagnostic genetic etiology, and AN genetic risk may play a role in the presence of anxiety symptoms. Converging with prior twin literature, our results also suggest that some of the contribution of genetic risk may be sex-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Yilmaz
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus BSS, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katherine Schaumberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Matthew Halvorsen
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Erica L. Goodman
- Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Leigh C. Brosof
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - James J. Crowley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Carol A. Mathews
- Department of Psychiatry, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative of Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gerome Breen
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley National Health Service Trust, London, UK
| | - Cynthia M. Bulik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nadia Micali
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, HUG, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, HUG, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie C. Zerwas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Böttcher L, D'Orsogna MR, Chou T. A statistical model of COVID-19 testing in populations: effects of sampling bias andtesting errors. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2022; 380:20210121. [PMID: 34802274 PMCID: PMC8607147 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We develop a statistical model for the testing of disease prevalence in a population. The model assumes a binary test result, positive or negative, but allows for biases in sample selection and both type I (false positive) and type II (false negative) testing errors. Our model also incorporates multiple test types and is able to distinguish between retesting and exclusion after testing. Our quantitative framework allows us to directly interpret testing results as a function of errors and biases. By applying our testing model to COVID-19 testing data and actual case data from specific jurisdictions, we are able to estimate and provide uncertainty quantification of indices that are crucial in a pandemic, such as disease prevalence and fatality ratios. This article is part of the theme issue 'Data science approach to infectious disease surveillance'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Böttcher
- Department of Computational Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095-1766 Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Computational Social Science, Frankfurt School of Finance and Management, 60322 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Maria R. D'Orsogna
- Department of Computational Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095-1766 Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Mathematics, California State University at Northridge, Los Angeles, 91330-8313 CA, USA
| | - Tom Chou
- Department of Computational Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095-1766 Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095-1766 Los Angeles, CA, USA
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5
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Balasubramanian R, Min X, Quinn PMJ, Giudice QL, Tao C, Polanco K, Makrides N, Peregrin J, Bouaziz M, Mao Y, Wang Q, da Costa BL, Buenaventura D, Wang F, Ma L, Tsang SH, Fabre PJ, Zhang X. Phase transition specified by a binary code patterns the vertebrate eye cup. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabj9846. [PMID: 34757798 PMCID: PMC8580326 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj9846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The developing vertebrate eye cup is partitioned into the neural retina (NR), the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), and the ciliary margin (CM). By single-cell analysis, we showed that fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling regulates the CM in its stem cell–like property of self-renewal, differentiation, and survival, which is balanced by an evolutionarily conserved Wnt signaling gradient. FGF promotes Wnt signaling in the CM by stabilizing β-catenin in a GSK3β-independent manner. While Wnt signaling converts the NR to either the CM or the RPE depending on FGF signaling, FGF transforms the RPE to the NR or CM dependent on Wnt activity. The default fate of the eye cup is the NR, but synergistic FGF and Wnt signaling promotes CM formation both in vivo and in human retinal organoid. Our study reveals that the vertebrate eye develops through phase transition determined by a combinatorial code of FGF and Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xuanyu Min
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Quentin Lo Giudice
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chenqi Tao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karina Polanco
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Neoklis Makrides
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Peregrin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Bouaziz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yingyu Mao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Fen Wang
- Center for Cancer Biology and Nutrition, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Liang Ma
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephen H. Tsang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Jonas Children’s Vision Care, and Bernard and Shirley Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Institute of Human Nutrition, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pierre J. Fabre
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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6
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Rappe JC, Finsterbusch K, Crotta S, Mack M, Priestnall SL, Wack A. A TLR7 antagonist restricts interferon-dependent and -independent immunopathology in a mouse model of severe influenza. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20201631. [PMID: 34473195 PMCID: PMC8421264 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine-mediated immune-cell recruitment and inflammation contribute to protection in respiratory virus infection. However, uncontrolled inflammation and the "cytokine storm" are hallmarks of immunopathology in severe infection. Cytokine storm is a broad term for a phenomenon with diverse characteristics and drivers, depending on host genetics, age, and other factors. Taking advantage of the differential use of virus-sensing systems by different cell types, we test the hypothesis that specifically blocking TLR7-dependent, immune cell-produced cytokines reduces influenza-related immunopathology. In a mouse model of severe influenza characterized by a type I interferon (IFN-I)-driven cytokine storm, TLR7 antagonist treatment leaves epithelial antiviral responses unaltered but acts through pDCs and monocytes to reduce IFN-I and other cytokines in the lung, thus ameliorating inflammation and severity. Moreover, even in the absence of IFN-I signaling, TLR7 antagonism reduces inflammation and mortality driven by monocyte-produced chemoattractants and neutrophil recruitment into the infected lung. Hence, TLR7 antagonism reduces diverse types of cytokine storm in severe influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C.F. Rappe
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Stefania Crotta
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon L. Priestnall
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
- Experimental Histopathology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Andreas Wack
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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7
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Smit M, Marinosci A, Nicoletti GJ, Perneger T, Ragozzino S, Andrey DO, Stoeckle M, Jacquerioz F, Lebowitz D, Agoritsas T, Meyer B, Spechbach H, Salamun J, Back M, Schaubhut C, Fuchs S, Decosterd L, Battegay M, Guessous I, Chappuis F, Kaiser L, Labhardt ND, Calmy A. Efficacy of pragmatic same-day ring prophylaxis for adult individuals exposed to SARS-CoV-2 in Switzerland (COPEP): protocol of an open-label cluster randomised trial. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e040110. [PMID: 33184083 PMCID: PMC7662450 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) has been proposed as repurposed drugs for pre-exposure and postexposure prophylaxis as well as therapy of COVID-19. Coronavirus postexposure prophylaxis (COPEP) trial aims at assessing their efficacy as postexposure ring-prophylaxis among adults exposed to SARS-CoV-2. METHODS AND ANALYSIS COPEP is a two-arm open-label cluster-randomised trial conducted in three cantons of Switzerland. Asymptomatic contacts (≥16 years) of individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 will be randomised (2:1) to either LPV/r (400 mg/100 mg two times per day) for 5 days, or a standard of care arm (no treatment). Asymptomatic individuals may be either SARS-CoV-2 positive or negative. Contacts living in the single household will form a cluster and will be randomised into the same arm. All participants will be followed-up for 21 days and undergo daily monitoring for COVID-19 symptoms. The primary endpoint is 21-day incidence of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 with ≥1 compatible symptom, analysed in an intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis. The secondary endpoints include the 21-day incidence of COVID-19 as well as SARS-CoV-2 infection in a modified ITT analysis, excluding participants who had a positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR from oropharyngeal swab and/or a positive SARS-CoV-2 IgG serology at baseline. Assuming a 21-day incidence for COVID-19 of 20% among contacts without postexposure chemoprophylaxis, to detect a relative risk reduction of 60% (ie, translating in an absolute reduction from 20% to 8%), with a power of 80%, an alpha of 5%. Accounting for design effect of cluster design of circa 1.1, we plan to enrol 200 participants to the LPV/r arm and 100 to the standard of care arm, 300 participants in total. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approval has been granted by the Commission Cantonale d'Ethique de la Recherche, Ethikkommission Nordwest- und Zentralschweiz and Comitato Etico Cantonale (ref 2020-00864) and Swissmedic (2020DR3056). Results from this trial will be disseminated via journal articles and presentations at national and international conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Clinicaltrials.gov Registry (NCT04364022); Swiss National Clinical Trial Portal Registry (SNCTP 000003732). REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER CCER 2020-0864.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela Smit
- HIV Unit, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Thomas Perneger
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Ragozzino
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Diego O Andrey
- HIV Unit, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Diagnostic Department, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Stoeckle
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Dan Lebowitz
- Infection Control Programme, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Direction Generale de la Sante, Republique et Canton de Geneve, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Agoritsas
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin Meyer
- Centre for Vaccinology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Herve Spechbach
- Department of Primary Care, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julien Salamun
- Department of Primary Care, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Moritz Back
- Gesundheitsdepartement, Canton of Basel City, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carla Schaubhut
- Gesundheitsdepartement, Canton of Basel City, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon Fuchs
- Gesundheitsdepartement, Canton of Basel City, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Decosterd
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Battegay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Idris Guessous
- Department of Primary Care, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François Chappuis
- Department of Primary Care, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Kaiser
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Geneva Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Niklaus D Labhardt
- Department of Medicine, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Calmy
- HIV Unit, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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8
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Palama A, Malsert J, Gentaz E. Are 6-month-old human infants able to transfer emotional information (happy or angry) from voices to faces? An eye-tracking study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194579. [PMID: 29641530 PMCID: PMC5894971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined whether 6-month-old infants could transfer amodal information (i.e. independently of sensory modalities) from emotional voices to emotional faces. Thus, sequences of successive emotional stimuli (voice or face from one sensory modality -auditory- to another sensory modality -visual-), corresponding to a cross-modal transfer, were displayed to 24 infants. Each sequence presented an emotional (angry or happy) or neutral voice, uniquely, followed by the simultaneous presentation of two static emotional faces (angry or happy, congruous or incongruous with the emotional voice). Eye movements in response to the visual stimuli were recorded with an eye-tracker. First, results suggested no difference in infants’ looking time to happy or angry face after listening to the neutral voice or the angry voice. Nevertheless, after listening to the happy voice, infants looked longer at the incongruent angry face (the mouth area in particular) than the congruent happy face. These results revealed that a cross-modal transfer (from auditory to visual modalities) is possible for 6-month-old infants only after the presentation of a happy voice, suggesting that they recognize this emotion amodally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Palama
- SensoriMotor, Affective and Social Development Laboratory, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Universty of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Malsert
- SensoriMotor, Affective and Social Development Laboratory, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Universty of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, Campus Biotech, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Edouard Gentaz
- SensoriMotor, Affective and Social Development Laboratory, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Universty of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, Campus Biotech, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- CNRS, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail:
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9
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Henzler K, Fetisov EO, Galib M, Baer MD, Legg BA, Borca C, Xto JM, Pin S, Fulton JL, Schenter GK, Govind N, Siepmann JI, Mundy CJ, Huthwelker T, De Yoreo JJ. Supersaturated calcium carbonate solutions are classical. Sci Adv 2018; 4:eaao6283. [PMID: 29387793 PMCID: PMC5786440 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao6283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms of CaCO3 nucleation from solutions that depend on multistage pathways and the existence of species far more complex than simple ions or ion pairs have recently been proposed. Herein, we provide a tightly coupled theoretical and experimental study on the pathways that precede the initial stages of CaCO3 nucleation. Starting from molecular simulations, we succeed in correctly predicting bulk thermodynamic quantities and experimental data, including equilibrium constants, titration curves, and detailed x-ray absorption spectra taken from the supersaturated CaCO3 solutions. The picture that emerges is in complete agreement with classical views of cluster populations in which ions and ion pairs dominate, with the concomitant free energy landscapes following classical nucleation theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Henzler
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Evgenii O. Fetisov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Mirza Galib
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Marcel D. Baer
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Benjamin A. Legg
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Camelia Borca
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Jacinta M. Xto
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Pin
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - John L. Fulton
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Gregory K. Schenter
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Niranjan Govind
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - J. Ilja Siepmann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Christopher J. Mundy
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Corresponding author. (C.J.M.); (T.H.); (J.J.D.Y.)
| | - Thomas Huthwelker
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- Corresponding author. (C.J.M.); (T.H.); (J.J.D.Y.)
| | - James J. De Yoreo
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Corresponding author. (C.J.M.); (T.H.); (J.J.D.Y.)
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10
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Kyrchanova O, Mogila V, Wolle D, Deshpande G, Parshikov A, Cléard F, Karch F, Schedl P, Georgiev P. Functional Dissection of the Blocking and Bypass Activities of the Fab-8 Boundary in the Drosophila Bithorax Complex. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006188. [PMID: 27428541 PMCID: PMC4948906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Functionally autonomous regulatory domains direct the parasegment-specific expression of the Drosophila Bithorax complex (BX-C) homeotic genes. Autonomy is conferred by boundary/insulator elements that separate each regulatory domain from its neighbors. For six of the nine parasegment (PS) regulatory domains in the complex, at least one boundary is located between the domain and its target homeotic gene. Consequently, BX-C boundaries must not only block adventitious interactions between neighboring regulatory domains, but also be permissive (bypass) for regulatory interactions between the domains and their gene targets. To elucidate how the BX-C boundaries combine these two contradictory activities, we have used a boundary replacement strategy. We show that a 337 bp fragment spanning the Fab-8 boundary nuclease hypersensitive site and lacking all but 83 bp of the 625 bp Fab-8 PTS (promoter targeting sequence) fully rescues a Fab-7 deletion. It blocks crosstalk between the iab-6 and iab-7 regulatory domains, and has bypass activity that enables the two downstream domains, iab-5 and iab-6, to regulate Abdominal-B (Abd-B) transcription in spite of two intervening boundary elements. Fab-8 has two dCTCF sites and we show that they are necessary both for blocking and bypass activity. However, CTCF sites on their own are not sufficient for bypass. While multimerized dCTCF (or Su(Hw)) sites have blocking activity, they fail to support bypass. Moreover, this bypass defect is not rescued by the full length PTS. Finally, we show that orientation is critical for the proper functioning the Fab-8 replacement. Though the inverted Fab-8 boundary still blocks crosstalk, it disrupts the topology of the Abd-B regulatory domains and does not support bypass. Importantly, altering the orientation of the Fab-8 dCTCF sites is not sufficient to disrupt bypass, indicating that orientation dependence is conferred by other factors. Boundary elements in the Bithorax complex have two seemingly contradictory activities. They must block crosstalk between neighboring regulatory domains, but at the same time be permissive (insulator bypass) for regulatory interactions between the domains and the BX-C homeotic genes. We have used a replacement strategy to investigate how they carry out these two functions. We show that a 337 bp fragment spanning the Fab-8 boundary nuclease hypersensitive site is sufficient to fully rescue a Fab-7 boundary deletion. It blocks crosstalk and supports bypass. As has been observed in transgene assays, blocking activity requires the Fab-8 dCTCF sites, while full bypass activity requires the dCTCF sites plus a small part of PTS. In transgene assays, bypass activity typically depends on the orientation of the two insulators relative to each other. A similar orientation dependence is observed for the Fab-8 replacement in BX-C. When the orientation of the Fab-8 boundary is reversed, bypass activity is lost, while blocking is unaffected. Interestingly, unlike what has been observed in mammals, reversing the orientation of only the Fab-8 dCTCF sites does not affect boundary function. This finding indicates that other Fab-8 factors must play a critical role in determining orientation. Taken together, our findings argue that carrying out the paradoxical functions of the BX-C boundaries does not require any unusual or special properties; rather BX-C boundaries utilize generic blocking and insulator bypass activities that are appropriately adapted to their regulatory context. Thus making them a good model for studying the functional properties of boundaries/insulators in their native setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kyrchanova
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail: (OK); (PG)
| | - Vladic Mogila
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniel Wolle
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Girish Deshpande
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Alexander Parshikov
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Fabienne Cléard
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Francois Karch
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paul Schedl
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Pavel Georgiev
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail: (OK); (PG)
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11
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van Schaik CP, Burkart J, Damerius L, Forss SIF, Koops K, van Noordwijk MA, Schuppli C. The reluctant innovator: orangutans and the phylogeny of creativity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150183. [PMID: 26926274 PMCID: PMC4780526 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Young orangutans are highly neophobic, avoid independent exploration and show a preference for social learning. Accordingly, they acquire virtually all their learned skills through exploration that is socially induced. Adult exploration rates are also low. Comparisons strongly suggest that major innovations, i.e. behaviours that have originally been brought into the population through individual invention, are made where ecological opportunities to do so are propitious. Most populations nonetheless have large innovation repertoires, because innovations, once made, are retained well through social transmission. Wild orangutans are therefore not innovative. In striking contrast, zoo-living orangutans actively seek novelty and are highly exploratory and innovative, probably because of positive reinforcement, active encouragement by human role models, increased sociality and an expectation of safety. The explanation for this contrast most relevant to hominin evolution is that captive apes generally have a highly reduced cognitive load, in particular owing to the absence of predation risk, which strongly reduces the costs of exploration. If the orangutan results generalize to other great apes, this suggests that our ancestors could have become more curious once they had achieved near-immunity to predation on the eve of the explosive increase in creativity characterizing the Upper Palaeolithic Revolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P van Schaik
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J Burkart
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - L Damerius
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - S I F Forss
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - K Koops
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M A van Noordwijk
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - C Schuppli
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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