1
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Veith T, Bleicker T, Eschbach-Bludau M, Brünink S, Mühlemann B, Schneider J, Beheim-Schwarzbach J, Rakotondranary SJ, Ratovonamana YR, Tsagnangara C, Ernest R, Randriantafika F, Sommer S, Stetter N, Jones TC, Drosten C, Ganzhorn JU, Corman VM. Non-structural genes of novel lemur adenoviruses reveal codivergence of virus and host. Virus Evol 2023; 9:vead024. [PMID: 37091898 PMCID: PMC10121206 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vead024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses (AdVs) are important human and animal pathogens and are frequently used as vectors for gene therapy and vaccine delivery. Surprisingly, there are only scant data regarding primate AdV origin and evolution, especially in the most basal primate hosts. We detect and sequence AdVs from faeces of two Madagascan lemur species. Complete genome sequence analyses define a new AdV species with a particularly large gene encoding a protein of unknown function in the early gene region 3. Unexpectedly, the new AdV species is not most similar to human or other simian AdVs but to bat adenovirus C. Genome characterisation shows signals of virus-host codivergence in non-structural genes, which show lower diversity than structural genes. Outside a lemur species mixing zone, recombination less frequently separates structural genes, as in human adenovirus C. The evolutionary history of lemur AdVs likely involves both a host switch and codivergence with the lemur hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talitha Veith
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Tobias Bleicker
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Monika Eschbach-Bludau
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brünink
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Barbara Mühlemann
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Julia Schneider
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Jörn Beheim-Schwarzbach
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - S Jacques Rakotondranary
- Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, Hamburg 20146, Germany
- Département Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences, Université d’ Antananarivo, P.O. Box 906, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Yedidya R Ratovonamana
- Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, Hamburg 20146, Germany
- Département Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences, Université d’ Antananarivo, P.O. Box 906, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Cedric Tsagnangara
- Tropical Biodiversity and Social Enterprise SARL, Immeuble CNAPS, premier étage, Fort Dauphin 614, Madagascar
| | - Refaly Ernest
- Tropical Biodiversity and Social Enterprise SARL, Immeuble CNAPS, premier étage, Fort Dauphin 614, Madagascar
| | | | - Simone Sommer
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, Ulm 89069, Germany
| | - Nadine Stetter
- Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, Hamburg 20146, Germany
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Straße 74, Hamburg 20359, Germany
| | - Terry C Jones
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Centre for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Jörg U Ganzhorn
- Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, Hamburg 20146, Germany
| | - Victor M Corman
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Labor Berlin, Charité—Vivantes GmbH, Sylter Straße 2, Berlin 13353, Germany
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2
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Kiene F, Springer A, Andriatsitohaina B, Ramsay MS, Rakotondravony R, Strube C, Radespiel U. Filarial infections in lemurs: Evidence for a wide geographical distribution and low host specificity among lemur species. Am J Primatol 2023; 85:e23458. [PMID: 36504317 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The relevance of emerging infectious diseases continues to grow worldwide as human activities increasingly extend into formerly remote natural areas. This is particularly noticeable on the island of Madagascar. As closest relatives to humans on the island, lemurs are of particular relevance as a potential origin of zoonotic pathogen spillover. Knowledge of pathogens circulating in lemur populations is, however, very poor. Particularly little is known about lemur hemoparasites. To infer host range, ecological and geographic spread of the recently described hemoparasitic nematode Lemurfilaria lemuris in northwestern Madagascar, a total of 942 individuals of two mouse lemur species (Microcebus murinus [n = 207] and Microcebus ravelobensis [n = 433]) and two rodent species (the endemic Eliurus myoxinus [n = 118] and the invasive Rattus rattus [n = 184]) were captured in two fragmented forest landscapes (Ankarafantsika National Park and Mariarano Classified Forest) in northwestern Madagascar for blood sample examination. No protozoan hemoparasites were detected by microscopic blood smear screening. Microfilaria were present in 1.0% (2/207) of M. murinus and 2.1% (9/433) of M. ravelobensis blood samples but not in rodent samples. Internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) sequences were identical to an unnamed Onchocercidae species previously described to infect a larger lemur species, Propithecus verreauxi, about 650 km further south. In contrast to expectations, L. lemuris was not detected. The finding of a pathogen in a distantly related host species, at a considerable geographic distance from the location of its original detection, instead of a microfilaria species previously described for one of the studied host species in the same region, illustrates our low level of knowledge of lemur hemoparasites, their host ranges, distribution, modes of transmission, and their zoonotic potential. Our findings shall stimulate new research that will be of relevance for both conservation medicine and human epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Kiene
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany.,Centre for Infection Medicine, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany.,Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Springer
- Centre for Infection Medicine, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Bertrand Andriatsitohaina
- Ecole Doctorale Ecosystèmes Naturels (EDEN), University of Mahajanga, Mahajanga, Madagascar.,Faculté des Sciences, de Technologies et de l'Environnement, University of Mahajanga, Mahajanga, Madagascar
| | - Malcolm S Ramsay
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany.,Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Romule Rakotondravony
- Ecole Doctorale Ecosystèmes Naturels (EDEN), University of Mahajanga, Mahajanga, Madagascar.,Faculté des Sciences, de Technologies et de l'Environnement, University of Mahajanga, Mahajanga, Madagascar
| | - Christina Strube
- Centre for Infection Medicine, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Ute Radespiel
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
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3
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Kessler SE, Tsangaras K, Rasoloharijaona S, Radespiel U, Greenwood AD. Long-term host-pathogen evolution of endogenous beta- and gammaretroviruses in mouse lemurs with little evidence of recent retroviral introgression. Virus Evol 2022; 9:veac117. [PMID: 36632481 PMCID: PMC9825726 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veac117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Madagascar's flora and fauna have evolved in relative isolation since the island split from the African and Indian continents. When the last common ancestors of lemurs left Africa between 40 and 70 million years ago, they carried a subset of the viral diversity of the mainland population within them, which continued to evolve throughout the lemur radiation. Relative to other primate radiations, we know very little about the past or present viral diversity of lemurs, particularly mouse lemurs. Using high-throughput sequencing, we identified two gammaretroviruses and three betaretroviruses in the genomes of four species of wild mouse lemurs. The two gammaretroviruses and two betaretroviruses have not previously been described. One betaretrovirus was previously identified. All identified viruses are present in both Lorisiformes and Lemuriformes but absent from haplorrhine primates. The estimated ages of these viruses are consistent with the estimated divergence dates of the host lineages, suggesting they colonized the lemur genome after the Haplorrhine-Strepsirrhine split, but before the Lorisiformes-Lemuriformes split and before the colonization of Madagascar. The viral phylogenies connect multiple lineages of retroviruses from non-lemur and non-Madagascar-native species, suggesting substantial cross-species transmission occurred deep in the primate clade prior to its geographic dispersal. These phylogenies provide novel insights into known retroviral clades. They suggest that the origin of gammaretroviruses in rodents or bats may be premature and that the Jaagsiekte sheep virus clade may be older and more broadly distributed among mammals than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyriakos Tsangaras
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, Berlin 10315, Germany,Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, 46 Makedonitissas Avenue, CY-2417, P.O. Box 24005, Nicosia, CY-1700, Cyprus
| | - Solofonirina Rasoloharijaona
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Environment, University of Mahajanga, 5 Georges V Street - Building KAKAL Mahajanga Be - Po. Box 652 , Mahajanga 401, Madagascar
| | - Ute Radespiel
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 17, Hannover 30559, Germany
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4
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Schmid DW, Fackelmann G, Wasimuddin, Rakotondranary J, Ratovonamana YR, Montero BK, Ganzhorn JU, Sommer S. A framework for testing the impact of co-infections on host gut microbiomes. Anim Microbiome 2022; 4:48. [PMID: 35945629 PMCID: PMC9361228 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-022-00198-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infections disturb gut microbial communities beyond their natural range of variation, possibly leading to dysbiosis. Yet it remains underappreciated that most infections are accompanied by one or more co-infections and their collective impact is largely unexplored. Here we developed a framework illustrating changes to the host gut microbiome following single infections, and build on it by describing the neutral, synergistic or antagonistic impacts on microbial α- and ß-diversity expected from co-infections. We tested the framework on microbiome data from a non-human primate population co-infected with helminths and Adenovirus, and matched patterns reported in published studies to the introduced framework. In this case study, α-diversity of co-infected Malagasy mouse lemurs (Microcebus griseorufus) did not differ in comparison with that of singly infected or uninfected individuals, even though community composition captured with ß-diversity metrices changed significantly. Explicitly, we record stochastic changes in dispersion, a sign of dysbiosis, following the Anna-Karenina principle rather than deterministic shifts in the microbial gut community. From the literature review and our case study, neutral and synergistic impacts emerged as common outcomes from co-infections, wherein both shifts and dispersion of microbial communities following co-infections were often more severe than after a single infection alone, but microbial α-diversity was not universally altered. Important functions of the microbiome may also suffer from such heavily altered, though no less species-rich microbial community. Lastly, we pose the hypothesis that the reshuffling of host-associated microbial communities due to the impact of various, often coinciding parasitic infections may become a source of novel or zoonotic diseases.
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5
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Evidence of MHC class I and II influencing viral and helminth infection via the microbiome in a non-human primate. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009675. [PMID: 34748618 PMCID: PMC8601626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Until recently, the study of major histocompability complex (MHC) mediated immunity has focused on the direct link between MHC diversity and susceptibility to parasite infection. However, MHC genes can also influence host health indirectly through the sculpting of the bacterial community that in turn shape immune responses. We investigated the links between MHC class I and II gene diversity gut microbiome diversity and micro- (adenovirus, AdV) and macro- (helminth) parasite infection probabilities in a wild population of non-human primates, mouse lemurs of Madagascar. This setup encompasses a plethora of underlying interactions between parasites, microbes and adaptive immunity in natural populations. Both MHC classes explained shifts in microbiome composition and the effect was driven by a few select microbial taxa. Among them were three taxa (Odoribacter, Campylobacter and Prevotellaceae-UCG-001) which were in turn linked to AdV and helminth infection status, correlative evidence of the indirect effect of the MHC via the microbiome. Our study provides support for the coupled role of MHC diversity and microbial flora as contributing factors of parasite infection. The selective pressure of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on microbial communities, and the potential role of this interaction in driving parasite resistance has been largely neglected. Using a natural population of the primate Microcebus griseorufus, we provide correlative evidence of two outstanding findings: that MHCI and MHCII diversity shapes the composition of the gut microbiota; and that select taxa associated with MHC diversity predicted adenovirus and helminth infection status. Our study highlights the importance of incorporating the microbiome when investigating parasite-mediated MHC selection.
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6
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Evans MV, Bonds MH, Cordier LF, Drake JM, Ihantamalala F, Haruna J, Miller AC, Murdock CC, Randriamanambtsoa M, Raza-Fanomezanjanahary EM, Razafinjato BR, Garchitorena AC. Socio-demographic, not environmental, risk factors explain fine-scale spatial patterns of diarrhoeal disease in Ifanadiana, rural Madagascar. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20202501. [PMID: 33653145 PMCID: PMC7934917 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision health mapping is a technique that uses spatial relationships between socio-ecological variables and disease to map the spatial distribution of disease, particularly for diseases with strong environmental signatures, such as diarrhoeal disease (DD). While some studies use GPS-tagged location data, other precision health mapping efforts rely heavily on data collected at coarse-spatial scales and may not produce operationally relevant predictions at fine enough spatio-temporal scales to inform local health programmes. We use two fine-scale health datasets collected in a rural district of Madagascar to identify socio-ecological covariates associated with childhood DD. We constructed generalized linear mixed models including socio-demographic, climatic and landcover variables and estimated variable importance via multi-model inference. We find that socio-demographic variables, and not environmental variables, are strong predictors of the spatial distribution of disease risk at both individual and commune-level (cluster of villages) spatial scales. Climatic variables predicted strong seasonality in DD, with the highest incidence in colder, drier months, but did not explain spatial patterns. Interestingly, the occurrence of a national holiday was highly predictive of increased DD incidence, highlighting the need for including cultural factors in modelling efforts. Our findings suggest that precision health mapping efforts that do not include socio-demographic covariates may have reduced explanatory power at the local scale. More research is needed to better define the set of conditions under which the application of precision health mapping can be operationally useful to local public health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle V Evans
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Matthew H Bonds
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,PIVOT, Ranomafana, Madagascar.,PIVOT, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - John M Drake
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Felana Ihantamalala
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,PIVOT, Ranomafana, Madagascar.,PIVOT, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Justin Haruna
- PIVOT, Ranomafana, Madagascar.,PIVOT, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ann C Miller
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Courtney C Murdock
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Andres C Garchitorena
- PIVOT, Ranomafana, Madagascar.,PIVOT, Boston, MA, USA.,MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
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7
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Effects of land use, habitat characteristics, and small mammal community composition on Leptospira prevalence in northeast Madagascar. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 14:e0008946. [PMID: 33382723 PMCID: PMC7774828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human activities can increase or decrease risks of acquiring a zoonotic disease, notably by affecting the composition and abundance of hosts. This study investigated the links between land use and infectious disease risk in northeast Madagascar, where human subsistence activities and population growth are encroaching on native habitats and the associated biota. We collected new data on pathogenic Leptospira, which are bacteria maintained in small mammal reservoirs. Transmission can occur through close contact, but most frequently through indirect contact with water contaminated by the urine of infected hosts. The probability of infection and prevalence was compared across a gradient of natural moist evergreen forest, nearby forest fragments, flooded rice and other types of agricultural fields, and in homes in a rural village. Using these data, we tested specific hypotheses for how land use alters ecological communities and influences disease transmission. The relative abundance and proportion of exotic species was highest in the anthropogenic habitats, while the relative abundance of native species was highest in the forested habitats. Prevalence of Leptospira was significantly higher in introduced compared to endemic species. Lastly, the probability of infection with Leptospira was highest in introduced small mammal species, and lower in forest fragments compared to other habitat types. Our results highlight how human land use affects the small mammal community composition and in turn disease dynamics. Introduced species likely transmit Leptospira to native species where they co-occur, and may displace the Leptospira species naturally occurring in Madagascar. The frequent spatial overlap of people and introduced species likely also has consequences for public health. Many neglected tropical diseases have reservoirs in wildlife. The effects of human activities on wildlife include changes in species abundance, community composition, and the transmission dynamics of parasites. Introduced species, especially black rats (Rattus rattus) are known to transmit zoonotic diseases among wildlife species and people. Leptospira, a water-borne bacterium that infects wildlife and people, is an important pathogen in the tropics, and in Madagascar, multiple strains and hosts have been identified. We tested how land use gradients in a forest-frontier agricultural system affect the composition of small mammal communities, and in turn the prevalence of Leptospira. We investigated 11 species of small mammals, including native rodents and tenrecs, as well as introduced rodents and shrews, in old growth forest, forest fragments, agricultural fields, and in a village. Leptospira prevalence and infection risk were highest in introduced species compared to native species and lower in forest fragments. The results highlight how the introduction of non-native species affects the variation in disease prevalence in small mammals, with potential consequences for spill-over to people.
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8
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Adenovirus infection is associated with altered gut microbial communities in a non-human primate. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13410. [PMID: 31527752 PMCID: PMC6746978 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49829-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus (AdV) infections are one of the main causes of diarrhea in young children. Enteric AdVs probably disrupt gut microbial defences, which can result in diarrhea. To understand the role of the gut microbiome in AdV-induced pathologies, we investigated the gut microbiome of a naturally AdV-infected non-human primate species, the Malagasy mouse lemur (Microcebus griseorufus), which represents an important model in understanding the evolution of diseases. We observed that AdV infection is associated with disruption of the gut microbial community composition. In AdV+ lemurs, several commensal taxa essential for a healthy gut microbiome decreased, whereas genera containing potential pathogens, such as Neisseria, increased in abundance. Microbial co-occurrence networks revealed a loss of important microbial community interactions in AdV+ lemurs and an overrepresentation of Prevotellaceae. The observation of enteric virus-associated loss of commensal bacteria and associated shifts towards pathobionts may represent the missing link for a better understanding of AdV-induced effects in humans, and also for their potential as drivers of co-infections, an area of research that has been largely neglected so far.
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9
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Ectoparasites of endemic and domestic animals in southwest Madagascar. Acta Trop 2019; 196:83-92. [PMID: 31082365 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human encroachment of natural habitats bears the threat of disease transmission between native and introduced species that had not come into contact before, thus promoting the spread of new diseases in both directions. This is a matter of concern especially in areas where human-wildlife contact has not been intense in the recent past. In southwest Madagascar, we collected ectoparasites from various mammalian hosts and chicken, and examined their host preferences and their prevalence in relation to season and habitat degradation. Field-work took place in the northern portion of Tsimanampetsotsa National Park and the adjacent coastal strip (littoral) in the dry and in the rainy season of 2016/2017. Endemic mammals were trapped with live traps placed in habitats of different degrees of degradation: 1) relatively pristine forest, 2) degraded forest, 3) cultivated and shrub land. Rats and mice were also trapped in 4) villages. We identified 17 species of ectoparasites (296 individuals of ticks [5 species], 535 lice [7 spp.], 389 fleas [4 spp.] and 13 mites [1 sp.]) collected from 15 host species. There was no indication for seasonal or habitat effects on parasite infection. A large portion of the parasites was host-specific. Some ectoparasite species were shared either by several endemic or by several introduced species, but apart from the introduced flea species Echidnophaga gallinacea (collected from six different hosts including the endemic carnivore Galidictis grandidieri) no other ectoparasite species was shared between endemic and introduced host species.
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10
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Zohdy S, Valenta K, Rabaoarivola B, Karanewsky CJ, Zaky W, Pilotte N, Williams SA, Chapman CA, Farris ZJ. Causative agent of canine heartworm ( Dirofilaria immitis) detected in wild lemurs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2019; 9:119-121. [PMID: 31061793 PMCID: PMC6487360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The lemurs of Madagascar are threatened by human activities. We present the first molecular detection of canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) in a wild non-human primate, the mouse lemur (Microcebus rufus). Zoonotic D. immitis infection has been associated with clinical pathology that includes serious and often fatal cardiac and pulmonary reactions. With human encroachment and associated increases in free-roaming dog populations in Madagascar, we examined lemurs for zoonotic canid pathogens. D. immitis presents a new potential conservation threat to lemurs. We highlight the need for wide-ranging and effective interventions, particularly near protected areas, to address this growing conservation issue. Molecular evidence of canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) in lemurs. The first detection of D. immitis, in a wild non-human primate. Free-roaming dogs spatially overlap with lemurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Zohdy
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Kim Valenta
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | | | - Caitlin J Karanewsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
| | - Weam Zaky
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA, USA
| | - Nils Pilotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Steven A Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Colin A Chapman
- Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY, USA.,Section of Social Systems Evolution, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Zach J Farris
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, North Carolina, USA
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11
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Abstract
Environmental stress on primate populations can take many forms. Abiotic factors, such as temperature and precipitation, may directly influence the behavior of primates owing to physiological demands of thermoregulation or through indirect influences on vegetation that primates rely on for food. These effects can also scale up to the macro scale, impacting primate distributions and evolution. Primates also encounter stress during interactions within and between species (i.e., biotic interactions). For example, selective pressure from male-perpetrated infanticide can drive the development of female counterstrategies and can impact life-history traits. Predation on primates can modify group size, ranging behavior, and habitat use. Finally, humans have influenced primate populations for millennia. More recently, hunting, habitat disturbance, disease, and climate change have increased in frequency and severity with detrimental impacts on primate populations worldwide. These effects and recent evidence from camera traps emphasize the importance of maintaining protected areas for conserving primate populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Kamilar
- Department of Anthropology and Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, USA
| | - Lydia Beaudrot
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Michigan Society of Fellows, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Ragazzo LJ, Zohdy S, Velonabison M, Herrera J, Wright PC, Gillespie TR. Entamoeba histolytica infection in wild lemurs associated with proximity to humans. Vet Parasitol 2017; 249:98-101. [PMID: 29279094 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Amoebiasis, caused by Entamoeba histolytica, affects 50 million people worldwide, and results in 100,000 deaths annually. It is particularly prevalent in developing nations where poverty and poor sanitation contribute to contamination of food and water. E. histolytica is also a zoonotic protozoan parasite with the potential to infect non-human primates. Lemurs, primates endemic to Madagascar, are the most threatened mammalian group in the world due to habitat loss. As forests disappear, humans and lemurs come into more frequent contact, and the potential for E. histolytica to infect lemurs intensifies. Consequently, we screened 176 fecal samples from seven lemur species at eight sites in the rain forests of southeastern Madagascar for E. histolytica to determine if human proximity influenced lemur infection. Of samples examined, 4.0% (from three lemur species) were positive for E. histolytica. Of lemurs infected with E. histolytica, three (43%) exhibited diarrheal feces. Distance to human settlements explained the variation in E. histolytica infection seen in lemurs. These results provide the first evidence of E. histolytica in wild lemurs and highlight the need for additional work to better understand the eco-epidemiology of this potential threat to these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo J Ragazzo
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Suite E510, 400 Dowman Drive, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sarah Zohdy
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Suite E510, 400 Dowman Drive, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - James Herrera
- American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Patricia C Wright
- Centre ValBio, BP 33, Ranomafana, Ifanadiana, Madagascar; Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Suite E510, 400 Dowman Drive, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Centre ValBio, BP 33, Ranomafana, Ifanadiana, Madagascar; Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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13
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Kappeler PM, Cuozzo FP, Fichtel C, Ganzhorn JU, Gursky-Doyen S, Irwin MT, Ichino S, Lawler R, Nekaris KAI, Ramanamanjato JB, Radespiel U, Sauther ML, Wright PC, Zimmermann E. Long-term field studies of lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers. J Mammal 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyx013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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14
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Larsen PA, Hayes CE, Williams CV, Junge RE, Razafindramanana J, Mass V, Rakotondrainibe H, Yoder AD. Blood transcriptomes reveal novel parasitic zoonoses circulating in Madagascar's lemurs. Biol Lett 2017; 12:20150829. [PMID: 26814226 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic diseases are a looming threat to global populations, and nearly 75% of emerging infectious diseases can spread among wildlife, domestic animals and humans. A 'One World, One Health' perspective offers us an ideal framework for understanding and potentially mitigating the spread of zoonoses, and the island of Madagascar serves as a natural laboratory for conducting these studies. Rapid habitat degradation and climate change on the island are contributing to more frequent contact among humans, livestock and wildlife, increasing the potential for pathogen spillover events. Given Madagascar's long geographical isolation, coupled with recent and repeated introduction of agricultural and invasive species, it is likely that a number of circulating pathogens remain uncharacterized in lemur populations. Thus, it is imperative that new approaches be implemented for de novo pathogen discovery. To this end, we used non-targeted deep sequencing of blood transcriptomes from two species of critically endangered wild lemurs (Indri indri and Propithecus diadema) to characterize blood-borne pathogens. Our results show several undescribed vector-borne parasites circulating within lemurs, some of which may cause disease in wildlife, livestock and humans. We anticipate that advanced methods for de novo identification of unknown pathogens will have broad utility for characterizing other complex disease transmission systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Larsen
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Corinne E Hayes
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | - Randall E Junge
- Department of Animal Health, Columbus Zoo and Aquarium, Columbus, OH 43065, USA
| | - Josia Razafindramanana
- Groupe d'Etude et de Recherche sur les Primates de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Vanessa Mass
- VMC Environment Inc., Toronto, Ontario, M6B 1L9, Canada
| | | | - Anne D Yoder
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA Duke Lemur Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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15
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GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES OF CAPTIVE AND FREE-LIVING LEMURS AND DOMESTIC CARNIVORES IN EASTERN MADAGASCAR. J Zoo Wildl Med 2016; 47:141-9. [DOI: 10.1638/2015-0111.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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