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Bojja SL, Anand S, Minz RW, Medhi B. Metformin alleviates reactive gliosis and neurodegeneration, improving cognitive deficit in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Res 2024; 1844:149138. [PMID: 39134259 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a prevalent co-morbidity associated with epilepsy. Emerging studies indicate that neuroinflammation could be a possible link between epilepsy and its comorbidities, including cognitive impairment. In this context, the roles of glial activation, proinflammatory mediators, and neuronal death have been well studied and correlated with epilepsy-associated cognitive impairment in animal studies. While recent reports have demonstrated the anti-epileptogenic and anti-convulsant actions of metformin, its effect on epilepsy associated cognitive deficit remains unknown. Therefore, the current study investigated the effect of metformin treatment on neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and cognitive deficits after inducing status epilepticus (SE) with lithium-pilocarpine in rats. Metformin treatment improved the hippocampal-dependent spatial and recognition memory in Morris water maze and Novel object recognition tasks, respectively. Further, metformin treatment attenuated microglial and astroglial activation, accompanied by reduced IL-1β, COX-2 and NF-ĸβ gene expression. Additionally, metformin conferred neuroprotection by inhibiting the neuronal death as assessed by Nissl staining and transmission electron microscopy. These findings suggest that metformin holds promise as a therapeutic intervention for cognitive impairment associated with epilepsy, possibly through its modulation of glial activation and neuronal survival. Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms and to assess the long-term effect of metformin in epilepsy-associated cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sree Lalitha Bojja
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Shashi Anand
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Ranjana W Minz
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India.
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2
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Ríos JA, Bórquez JC, Godoy JA, Zolezzi JM, Furrianca MC, Inestrosa NC. Emerging role of Metformin in Alzheimer's disease: A translational view. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 100:102439. [PMID: 39074563 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) constitutes a major public-health issue of our time. Regrettably, despite our considerable understanding of the pathophysiological aspects of this disease, current interventions lead to poor outcomes. Furthermore, experimentally promising compounds have continuously failed when translated to clinical trials. Along with increased population ageing, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) has become an extremely common condition, mainly due to unbalanced dietary habits. Substantial epidemiological evidence correlates T2DM with cognitive impairment as well. Considering that brain insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and amyloidogenesis are common phenomena, further approaching the common features among these pathological conditions. Metformin constitutes the first-choice drug to preclude insulin resistance in T2DM clinical management. Experimental evidence suggests that its functions might include neuroprotective effects, in addition to its hypoglycemic activity. This review aims to summarize and discuss current knowledge of experimental data on metformin on this path towards translational medicine. Finally, we discuss the controversial data of responses to metformin in vitro, and in vivo, animal models and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juvenal A Ríos
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Bórquez
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Juan A Godoy
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan M Zolezzi
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | | | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile.
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3
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Hroudová J, Fišar Z. Alzheimer's disease approaches - Focusing on pathology, biomarkers and clinical trial candidates. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 134:111069. [PMID: 38917881 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The strategy for the development of new drugs for Alzheimer's disease (AD) recognizes that an effective therapy requires early therapeutic intervention and a multifactorial approach that considers the individual initiators of AD development. Current knowledge of AD includes the understanding of pathophysiology, risk factors, biomarkers, and the evolving patterns of biomarker abnormalities. This knowledge is essential in identifying potential molecular targets for new drug development. This review summarizes promising AD drug candidates, many of which are currently in phase 2 or 3 clinical trials. New agents are classified according to the Common Alzheimer's Disease Research Ontology (CADRO). The main targets of new drugs for AD are processes related to amyloid beta and tau neurotoxicity, neurotransmission, inflammation, metabolism and bioenergetics, synaptic plasticity, and oxidative stress. These interventions are aimed at preventing disease onset and slowing or eliminating disease progression. The efficacy of pharmacotherapy may be enhanced by combining these drugs with other treatments, antioxidants, and dietary supplements. Ongoing research into AD pathophysiology, risk factors, biomarkers, and the dynamics of biomarker abnormalities may contribute to the understanding of AD and offer hope for effective therapeutic strategies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Hroudová
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdeněk Fišar
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Ali NH, Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Hadi NR, Assiri AA, Alrouji M, Welson NN, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Batiha GES. Hypoglycemia and Alzheimer Disease Risk: The Possible Role of Dasiglucagon. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2024; 44:55. [PMID: 38977507 PMCID: PMC11230952 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-024-01489-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory impairment and cognitive dysfunctions. It has been shown that hypoglycemia can adversely affect AD neuropathology. It is well-known that chronic hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes (T2D) is regarded as a potential risk factor for the development and progression of AD. However, the effect of recurrent hypoglycemia on the pathogenesis of AD was not deeply discussed, and how recurrent hypoglycemia affects AD at cellular and molecular levels was not intensely interpreted by the previous studies. The underlying mechanisms for hypoglycaemia-induced AD are diverse such as endothelial dysfunction, thrombosis, and neuronal injury that causing tau protein hyperphosphorylation and the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) in the brain neurons. Of note, the glucagon hormone, which controls blood glucose, can also regulate the cognitive functions. Glucagon increases blood glucose by antagonizing the metabolic effect of insulin. Therefore, glucagon, through attenuation of hypoglycemia, may prevent AD neuropathology. Glucagon/GLP-1 has been shown to promote synaptogenesis, hippocampal synaptic plasticity, and learning and memory, while attenuating amyloid and tau pathologies. Therefore, activation of glucagon receptors in the brain may reduce AD neuropathology. A recent glucagon receptor agonist dasiglucagon which used in the management of hypoglycemia may be effective in preventing hypoglycemia and AD neuropathology. This review aims to discuss the potential role of dasiglucagon in treating hypoglycemia in AD, and how this drug reduce AD neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naif H Ali
- Assistant Professor of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Head of Jabir Ibn, Hayyan Medical University, Al-Ameer Qu./Najaf-Iraq, PO.Box13, Kufa, Iraq
| | - Najah R Hadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq
| | - Abdullah A Assiri
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alrouji
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra, 11961, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nermeen N Welson
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, 2770, Australia
- AFNP Med, 1030, Vienna, Austria
- University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Punjab, India
- Department of Research & Development, Funogen, Athens, Greece
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, University of Witten-Herdecke, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, AlBeheira, 22511, Egypt
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Al-Kuraishy HM, Sulaiman GM, Jabir MS, Mohammed HA, Al-Gareeb AI, Albukhaty S, Klionsky DJ, Abomughaid MM. Defective autophagy and autophagy activators in myasthenia gravis: a rare entity and unusual scenario. Autophagy 2024; 20:1473-1482. [PMID: 38346408 PMCID: PMC11210922 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2315893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) that results from autoantibodies against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAchRs) at NMJs. These autoantibodies are mainly originated from autoreactive B cells that bind and destroy nAchRs at NMJs preventing nerve impulses from activating the end-plates of skeletal muscle. Indeed, immune dysregulation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of MG. Autoreactive B cells are increased in MG due to the defect in the central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms. As well, autoreactive T cells are augmented in MG due to the diversion of regulatory T (Treg) cells or a defect in thymic anergy leading to T cell-mediated autoimmunity. Furthermore, macroautophagy/autophagy, which is a conserved cellular catabolic process, plays a critical role in autoimmune diseases by regulating antigen presentation, survival of immune cells and cytokine-mediated inflammation. Abnormal autophagic flux is associated with different autoimmune disorders. Autophagy regulates the connection between innate and adaptive immune responses by controlling the production of cytokines and survival of Tregs. As autophagy is involved in autoimmune disorders, it may play a major role in the pathogenesis of MG. Therefore, this mini-review demonstrates the potential role of autophagy and autophagy activators in MG.Abbreviations: Ach, acetylcholine; Breg, regulatory B; IgG, immunoglobulin G; MG, myasthenia gravis; NMJ, neuromuscular junction; ROS, reactive oxygen species; Treg, regulatory T; Ubl, ubiquitin-like.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M. Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | - Majid S. Jabir
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hamdoon A. Mohammed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Salim Albukhaty
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Misan, Maysan, Iraq
| | | | - Mosleh M. Abomughaid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
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Ali NH, Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Alnaaim SA, Hetta HF, Saad HM, Batiha GES. A Mutual Nexus Between Epilepsy and α-Synuclein: A Puzzle Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04204-6. [PMID: 38703341 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04204-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) is a specific neuronal protein that regulates neurotransmitter release and trafficking of synaptic vesicles. Exosome-associated α-Syn which is specific to the central nervous system (CNS) is involved in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Therefore, this review aimed to elucidate the possible link between α-Syn and epilepsy, and how it affects the pathophysiology of epilepsy. A neurodegenerative protein such as α-Syn is implicated in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Evidence from preclinical and clinical studies revealed that upregulation of α-Syn induces progressive neuronal dysfunctions through induction of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and inhibition of autophagy in a vicious cycle with subsequent development of severe epilepsy. In addition, accumulation of α-Syn in epilepsy could be secondary to the different cellular alterations including oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, reduction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and progranulin (PGN), and failure of the autophagy pathway. However, the mechanism of α-Syn-induced-epileptogenesis is not well elucidated. Therefore, α-Syn could be a secondary consequence of epilepsy. Preclinical and clinical studies are warranted to confirm this causal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naif H Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, M.B.Ch.B, FRCP, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Jabir Ibn Hayyan Medical University, Al-Ameer Qu, P.O. Box 13, Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Saud A Alnaaim
- Clinical Neurosciences Department, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Helal F Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
| | - Hebatallah M Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh, 51744, Egypt.
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt.
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Ali NH, Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Alnaaim SA, Saad HM, Batiha GES. The Molecular Pathway of p75 Neurotrophin Receptor (p75NTR) in Parkinson's Disease: The Way of New Inroads. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2469-2480. [PMID: 37897634 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03727-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease of the brain. PD is characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms. The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) is a functional receptor for different growth factors including pro-brain derived neurotrophic factor (pro-BDNF), neurotrophin 3 (NT-3), and neurotrophin 4 (NT-4). Consequently, this review aimed to illustrate the detrimental and beneficial role of p75NTR in PD. Diverse studies showed that p75NTR and its downstream signaling are intricate in the pathogenesis of PD. Nevertheless, pro-apoptotic and pro-survival pathways mediated by p75NTR in PD were not fully clarified. Of note, p75NTR plays a critical role in the regulation of dopaminergic neuronal survival and apoptosis in the CNS. Particularly, p75NTR can induce selective apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons and progression of PD. In addition, p75NTR signaling inhibits the expression of transcription factors which are essential for the survival of dopaminergic neurons. Also, p75NTR expression is connected with the severity of dopaminergic neuronal injury. These verdicts implicate p75NTR signaling in the pathogenesis of PD, though the underlying mechanistic pathways remain not elucidated. Collectively, the p75NTR signaling pathway induces a double-sword effect either detrimental or beneficial depending on the ligands and status of PD neuropathology. Therefore, p75NTR signaling seems to be protective via phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT and Bcl-2 and harmful via activation of JNK, caspase 3, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and RhoA pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naif H Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Saud A Alnaaim
- Clinical Neurosciences Department, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hebatallah M Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh, 51744, Matrouh, Egypt.
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
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Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Eldahshan OA, Abdelkhalek YM, El Dahshan M, Ahmed EA, Sabatier JM, Batiha GES. The possible role of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 activators in the management of Covid-19. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23605. [PMID: 38069809 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
COVID-19 is caused by a novel SARS-CoV-2 leading to pulmonary and extra-pulmonary manifestations due to oxidative stress (OS) development and hyperinflammation. COVID-19 is primarily asymptomatic though it may cause acute lung injury (ALI), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), systemic inflammation, and thrombotic events in severe cases. SARS-CoV-2-induced OS triggers the activation of different signaling pathways, which counterbalances this complication. One of these pathways is nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which induces a series of cellular interactions to mitigate SARS-CoV-2-mediated viral toxicity and OS-induced cellular injury. Nrf2 pathway inhibits the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the development of cytokine storm in COVID-19. Therefore, Nrf2 activators may play an essential role in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced inflammation by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome in COVID-19. Furthermore, Nrf2 activators can attenuate endothelial dysfunction (ED), renin-angiotensin system (RAS) dysregulation, immune thrombosis, and coagulopathy. Thus this mini-review tries to clarify the possible role of the Nrf2 activators in the management of COVID-19. Nrf2 activators could be an effective therapeutic strategy in the management of Covid-19. Preclinical and clinical studies are recommended in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyia University, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyia University, Iraq
| | - Omayma A Eldahshan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Magdy El Dahshan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Jean-Marc Sabatier
- Institut de Neurophysiopathologie (INP), CNRS UMR 7051, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Gaber E-S Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, AlBeheira, Egypt
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Garmendia JV, De Sanctis CV, Das V, Annadurai N, Hajduch M, De Sanctis JB. Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Therapeutics and Beyond. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1080-1109. [PMID: 37898823 PMCID: PMC10964103 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x22666231017141636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disease (ND) incidence has recently increased due to improved life expectancy. Alzheimer's (AD) or Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most prevalent NDs. Both diseases are poly genetic, multifactorial and heterogenous. Preventive medicine, a healthy diet, exercise, and controlling comorbidities may delay the onset. After the diseases are diagnosed, therapy is needed to slow progression. Recent studies show that local, peripheral and age-related inflammation accelerates NDs' onset and progression. Patients with autoimmune disorders like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) could be at higher risk of developing AD or PD. However, no increase in ND incidence has been reported if the patients are adequately diagnosed and treated. Autoantibodies against abnormal tau, β amyloid and α- synuclein have been encountered in AD and PD and may be protective. This discovery led to the proposal of immune-based therapies for AD and PD involving monoclonal antibodies, immunization/ vaccines, pro-inflammatory cytokine inhibition and anti-inflammatory cytokine addition. All the different approaches have been analysed here. Future perspectives on new therapeutic strategies for both disorders are concisely examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Valentina Garmendia
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Claudia Valentina De Sanctis
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Viswanath Das
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
- The Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (Catrin), Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Narendran Annadurai
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Marián Hajduch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
- The Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (Catrin), Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Juan Bautista De Sanctis
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
- The Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (Catrin), Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
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Zhang H, Fareeduddin Mohammed Farooqui H, Zhu W, Niu T, Zhang Z, Zhang H. Impact of insulin resistance on mild cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2023; 15:229. [PMID: 37950317 PMCID: PMC10636824 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-023-01211-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Insulin resistance (IR) is a pivotal factor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Nevertheless, the impact of IR on cognitive dysfunction in T2DM patients with NAFLD remains inadequately understood. We aim to investigate the effect of IR on mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in T2DM individuals with NAFLD. MATERIALS AND METHODS 143 T2DM individuals were categorized into Non-MCI and MCI groups, as well as Non-NAFLD and NAFLD groups. Clinical parameters and cognitive preference test outcomes were compared. Correlation and regression analyses were executed to explore the interconnections between IR and cognitive details across all T2DM patients, as well as within the subgroup of individuals with NAFLD. RESULTS In comparison to the Non-MCI group, the MCI group displayed elevated HOMA-IR levels. Similarly, the NAFLD group exhibited higher HOMA-IR levels compared to the Non-NAFLD group. Additionally, a higher prevalence of MCI was observed in the NAFLD group as opposed to the Non-NAFLD group. Notably, HOMA-IR levels were correlated with Verbal Fluency Test (VFT) and Trail Making Test-B (TMTB) scores, both related to executive functions. Elevated HOMA-IR emerged as a risk factor for MCI in the all patients. Intriguingly, increased HOMA-IR not only correlated with TMTB scores but also demonstrated an influence on TMTA scores, reflecting information processing speed function in patients with NAFLD. CONCLUSION IR emerges as a contributory factor to cognitive dysfunction in T2DM patients. Furthermore, it appears to underlie impaired executive function and information processing speed function in T2DM individuals with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Diseases, Endocrinology and Metabolism Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology,, Luoyang, China
| | | | - Wenwen Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tong Niu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Haoqiang Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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Mohamed-Mohamed H, García-Morales V, Sánchez Lara EM, González-Acedo A, Pardo-Moreno T, Tovar-Gálvez MI, Melguizo-Rodríguez L, Ramos-Rodríguez JJ. Physiological Mechanisms Inherent to Diabetes Involved in the Development of Dementia: Alzheimer's Disease. Neurol Int 2023; 15:1253-1272. [PMID: 37873836 PMCID: PMC10594452 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint15040079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a metabolic disease reaching pandemic levels worldwide. In parallel, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) are the two leading causes of dementia in an increasingly long-living Western society. Numerous epidemiological studies support the role of T2D as a risk factor for the development of dementia. However, few basic science studies have focused on the possible mechanisms involved in this relationship. On the other hand, this review of the literature also aims to explore the relationship between T2D, AD and VaD. The data found show that there are several alterations in the central nervous system that may be promoting the development of T2D. In addition, there are some mechanisms by which T2D may contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as AD or VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himan Mohamed-Mohamed
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences of Ceuta, University of Granada, 51001 Ceuta, Spain
| | - Victoria García-Morales
- Physiology Area, Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cádiz, Pl. Falla, 9, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Encarnación María Sánchez Lara
- Department of Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológico, Faculty of Health Sciences (Ceuta), University of Granada, 51001 Ceuta, Spain;
| | - Anabel González-Acedo
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences of Ceuta, University of Granada, 51001 Ceuta, Spain
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Teresa Pardo-Moreno
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences of Ceuta, University of Granada, 51001 Ceuta, Spain
| | - María Isabel Tovar-Gálvez
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences of Ceuta, University of Granada, 51001 Ceuta, Spain
| | - Lucía Melguizo-Rodríguez
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences of Ceuta, University of Granada, 51001 Ceuta, Spain
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan José Ramos-Rodríguez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences of Ceuta, University of Granada, 51001 Ceuta, Spain
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12
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Ashford JW. Neuroplasticity: The Critical Issue for Alzheimer's Disease and Links to Obesity and Depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2023; 31:867-875. [PMID: 37481402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Wesson Ashford
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.
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13
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Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Saad HM, Batiha GES. The potential therapeutic effect of statins in multiple sclerosis: beneficial or detrimental effects. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:1671-1682. [PMID: 37160526 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01240-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic progressive disabling disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by demyelination and neuronal injury. Dyslipidemia is observed as one of the imperative risk factors involved in MS neuropathology. Also, chronic inflammation in MS predisposes to the progress of dyslipidemia. Therefore, treatment of dyslipidemia in MS by statins may attenuate dyslipidemia-induced MS and avert MS-induced metabolic changes. Therefore, the present review aimed to elucidate the possible effects of statins on the pathogenesis and outcomes of MS. Statins adversely affect the cognitive function in MS by decreasing brain cholesterol CoQ10, which is necessary for the regulation of neuronal mitochondrial function. However, statins could be beneficial in MS by shifting the immune response from pro-inflammatory Th17 to an anti-inflammatory regulatory T cell (Treg). The protective effect of statins against MS is related to anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects with modulation of fibrinogen and growth factors. In conclusion, the effects of statins on MS neuropathology seem to be conflicting, as statins seem to be protective in the acute phase of MS through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, statins lead to detrimental effects in the chronic phase of MS by reducing brain cholesterol and inhibiting the remyelination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Professor in Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyiah University, M. B. Ch. B, FRCP, Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Professor in Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyiah University, M. B. Ch. B, FRCP, Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hebatallah M Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Marsa Matrouh, 51744, Egypt.
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt.
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14
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Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Saad HM, Batiha GES. The potential effect of metformin on fibroblast growth factor 21 in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Inflammopharmacology 2023:10.1007/s10787-023-01255-4. [PMID: 37337094 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01255-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a peptide hormone mainly synthesized and released from the liver. FGF21 acts on FGF21 receptors (FGFRs) and β-Klotho, which is a transmembrane co-receptor. In type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), inflammatory disorders stimulate the release of FGF21 to overcome insulin resistance (IR). FGF21 improves insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. Metformin which is used in the management of T2DM may increase FGF21 expression. Accordingly, the objective of this review was to clarify the metformin effect on FGF21 in T2DM. FGF21 level and expression of FGF2Rs are dysregulated in T2DM due to the development of FGF21 resistance. Metformin stimulates the hepatic expression of FGF21/FGF2Rs by different signaling pathways. Besides, metformin improves the expression of β-Klotho which improves FGF21 sensitivity. In conclusion, metformin advances FGF21 signaling and decreases FGF21 resistance in T2DM, and this might be an innovative mechanism for metformin in the enhancement of glucose homeostasis and metabolic disorders in T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, Medical Faculty, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, Medical Faculty, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hebatallah M Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Marsa Matruh, 51744, Egypt.
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt.
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15
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Alrouji M, Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Saad HM, Batiha GES. The potential role of human islet amyloid polypeptide in type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's diseases. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2023; 15:101. [PMID: 37173803 PMCID: PMC10182652 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-023-01082-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) from pancreatic β cells in the islet of Langerhans has different physiological functions including inhibiting the release of insulin and glucagon. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an endocrine disorder due to relative insulin insufficiency and insulin resistance (IR) is associated with increased circulating hIAPP. Remarkably, hIAPP has structural similarity with amyloid beta (Aβ) and can engage in the pathogenesis of T2DM and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, the present review aimed to elucidate how hIAPP acts as a link between T2DM and AD. IR, aging and low β cell mass increase expression of hIAPP which binds cell membrane leading to the aberrant release of Ca2+ and activation of the proteolytic enzymes leading to a series of events causing loss of β cells. Peripheral hIAPP plays a major role in the pathogenesis of AD, and high circulating hIAPP level increase AD risk in T2DM patients. However, there is no hard evidence for the role of brain-derived hIAPP in the pathogenesis of AD. Nevertheless, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, chaperon-mediated autophagy, heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG), immune response, and zinc homeostasis in T2DM could be the possible mechanisms for the induction of the aggregation of hIAPP which increase AD risk. In conclusion, increasing hIAPP circulating levels in T2DM patients predispose them to the development and progression of AD. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists attenuate AD in T2DM by inhibiting expression and deposition of hIAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alrouji
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra, 11961, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of clinical pharmacology and therapeutic medicine, college of medicine, ALmustansiriyiah University, M.B.Ch.B, FRCP, Baghdad, Box 14132, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of clinical pharmacology and therapeutic medicine, college of medicine, ALmustansiriyiah University, M.B.Ch.B, FRCP, Baghdad, Box 14132, Iraq
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, 2770, Australia
- AFNP Med, Wien, 1030, Austria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Hebatallah M Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Marsa Matrouh, 51744, Egypt
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
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Alrouji M, Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Zaafar D, Batiha GES. Orexin pathway in Parkinson's disease: a review. Mol Biol Rep 2023:10.1007/s11033-023-08459-5. [PMID: 37155018 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08459-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease (NDD) caused by dopaminergic neuron degeneration in the substantia nigra (SN). Orexin is a neuropeptide that plays a role in the pathogenesis of PD. Orexin has neuroprotective properties in dopaminergic neurons. In PD neuropathology, there is also degeneration of orexinergic neurons in the hypothalamus, in addition to dopaminergic neurons. However, the loss of orexinergic neurons in PD began after the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Reduced activity of orexinergic neurons has been linked to developing and progressing motor and non-motor symptoms in PD. In addition, the dysregulation of the orexin pathway is linked to the development of sleep disorders. The hypothalamic orexin pathway regulates various aspects of PD neuropathology at the cellular, subcellular, and molecular levels. Finally, non-motor symptoms, particularly insomnia and disturbed sleep, promote neuroinflammation and the accumulation of neurotoxic proteins as a result of defects in autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and the glymphatic system. As a result, this review aimed to highlight the potential role of orexin in PD neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alrouji
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra, 11961, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of clinical pharmacology and therapeutic medicine, college of medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of clinical pharmacology and therapeutic medicine, college of medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Dalia Zaafar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Al Beheira, Egypt.
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