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Liu Y, Wu L, Chen W, Su F, Liu G, Zhou X, Ashford CB, Li F, Ashford JW, Pei Z, Xian W. The MemTrax memory test for detecting and assessing cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2024; 120:106016. [PMID: 38325255 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2024.106016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A valid, reliable, accessible measurement for the early detection of cognitive decline in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) is in urgent demand. The objective of the study is to assess the clinical utility of the MemTrax Memory Test in detecting cognitive impairment in patients with PD. METHODS The MemTrax, a fast on-line cognitive screening tool based on continuous recognition task, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were administered to 61 healthy controls (HC), 102 PD patients with normal cognition (PD-N), 74 PD patients with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) and 52 PD patients with dementia (PD-D). The total percent correct (MTx- %C), average response time (MTx-RT), composite score (MTx-Cp) of MemTrax and the MoCA scores were comparatively analyzed. RESULTS The MoCA scores were similar between HC and PD-N, however, MTx- %C and MTx-Cp were lower in PD-N than HC(p < 0.05). MTx- %C, MTx-Cp and the MoCA scores were significantly lower in PD-MCI versus PD-N and in PD-D versus PD-MCI (p ≤ 0.001), while MTx-RT was statistically longer in PD-D versus PD-MCI (p ≤ 0.001). For PD groups, the MemTrax performance correlated with the MoCA scores. To detect PD-MCI, the optimal MTx- %C and MTx-Cp cutoff were 75 % and 50.0, respectively. To detect PD-D, the optimal MTx- %C, MTx-RT and MTx-Cp cutoff were 69 %, 1.341s and 40.6, respectively. CONCLUSION The MemTrax provides rapid, valid and reliable metrics for assessing cognition in PD patients which could be useful for identifying PD-MCI at early stage and monitoring cognitive function decline during the progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Weineng Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Fengjuan Su
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ganqiang Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No.66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Xianbo Zhou
- Center for Alzheimer's Research, Washington Institute of Clinical Research, Vienna, VA, USA; AstraNeura, Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | | | - Feng Li
- Moore Threads Co., Ltd, China
| | - J Wesson Ashford
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, War Related Illness & Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave., Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Zhong Pei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Wenbiao Xian
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Zhang Y, Moore M, Jennings JS, Clark JD, Bayley PJ, Ashford JW, Furst AJ. The role of the brainstem in sleep disturbances and chronic pain of Gulf War and Iraq/Afghanistan veterans. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 16:1266408. [PMID: 38260809 PMCID: PMC10800562 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1266408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gulf War Illness is a type of chronic multisymptom illness, that affects about 30% of veterans deployed to the 1990-91 Persian Gulf War. Veterans deployed to Iraq/Afghanistan after 2000 are reported to have a similar prevalence of chronic multisymptom illness. More than 30 years after the Persian Gulf War, Gulf War Illness still has an unexplained symptom complex, unknown etiology and lacks definitive diagnostic criteria and effective treatments. Our recent studies have found that substantially smaller brainstem volumes and lower fiber integrity are associated with increased sleep difficulty and pain intensity in 1990-91 Persian Gulf War veterans. This study was conducted to investigate whether veterans deployed to Iraq/Afghanistan present similar brainstem damage, and whether such brainstem structural differences are associated with major symptoms as in Gulf War Illness. Methods Here, we used structural magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging to measure the volumes of subcortices, brainstem subregions and white matter integrity of brainstem fiber tracts in 188 veterans including 98 Persian Gulf War veterans and 90 Iraq/Afghanistan veterans. Results We found that compared to healthy controls, veterans of both campaigns presented with substantially smaller volumes in brainstem subregions, accompanied by greater periaqueductal gray matter volumes. We also found that all veterans had reduced integrity in the brainstem-spinal cord tracts and the brainstem-subcortical tracts. In veterans deployed during the 1990-91 Persian Gulf War, we found that brainstem structural deficits significantly correlated with increased sleep difficulties and pain intensities, but in veterans deployed to Iraq/Afghanistan, no such effect was observed. Discussion These structural differences in the brainstem neurons and tracts may reflect autonomic dysregulation corresponding to the symptom constellation, which is characteristic of Gulf War Illness. Understanding these neuroimaging and neuropathological relationships in Gulf War and Iraq/Afghanistan veterans may improve clinical management and treatment strategies for modern war related chronic multisymptom illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Matthew Moore
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer S. Jennings
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - J. David Clark
- Anesthesiology Service, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Peter J. Bayley
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - J. Wesson Ashford
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Ansgar J. Furst
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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Smith CJ, Perfetti TA, Chokshi C, Venugopal C, Ashford JW, Singh SK. Risk factors for glioblastoma are shared by other brain tumor types. Hum Exp Toxicol 2024; 43:9603271241241796. [PMID: 38520250 DOI: 10.1177/09603271241241796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The reported risk factors for glioblastoma (GBM), i.e., ionizing radiation, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Neurofibromatosis I, and Turcot syndrome, also increase the risk of other brain tumor types. Risk factors for human GBM are associated with different oncogenic mutation profiles. Pedigreed domestic dogs with a shorter nose and flatter face (brachycephalic dogs) display relatively high rates of glioma formation. The genetic profiles of canine gliomas are also idiosyncratic. The association of putatively different mutational patterns in humans and canines with GBM suggests that different oncogenic pathways can result in GBM formation. Strong epidemiological evidence for an association between exposure to chemical carcinogens and an increased risk for development of GBM is currently lacking. Ionizing radiation induces point mutations, frameshift mutations, double-strand breaks, and chromosomal insertions or deletions. Mutational profiles associated with chemical exposures overlap with the broad mutational patterns seen with ionizing radiation. Weak statistical associations between chemical exposures and GBM reported in epidemiology studies are biologically plausible. Molecular approaches comparing reproducible patterns seen in spontaneous GBM with analogous patterns found in GBMs resected from patients with known significant exposures to potentially carcinogenic chemicals can address difficulties presented by traditional exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carr J Smith
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Mobile, AL, USA
| | | | - Chirayu Chokshi
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Chitra Venugopal
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Center for Discovery in Cancer Research (CDCR), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - J Wesson Ashford
- Stanford University and VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Sheila K Singh
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Center for Discovery in Cancer Research (CDCR), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Blum K, Ashford JW, Kateb B, Sipple D, Braverman E, Dennen CA, Baron D, Badgaiyan R, Elman I, Cadet JL, Thanos PK, Hanna C, Bowirrat A, Modestino EJ, Yamamoto V, Gupta A, McLaughlin T, Makale M, Gold MS. Dopaminergic dysfunction: Role for genetic & epigenetic testing in the new psychiatry. J Neurol Sci 2023; 453:120809. [PMID: 37774561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2023.120809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS), particularly linked to addictive disorders, costs billions of dollars globally and has resulted in over one million deaths in the United States (US). Illicit substance use has been steadily rising and in 2021 approximately 21.9% (61.2 million) of individuals living in the US aged 12 or older had used illicit drugs in the past year. However, only 1.5% (4.1 million) of these individuals had received any substance use treatment. This increase in use and failure to adequately treat or provide treatment to these individuals resulted in 106,699 overdose deaths in 2021 and increased in 2022. This article presents an alternative non-pharmaceutical treatment approach tied to gene-guided therapy, the subject of many decades of research. The cornerstone of this paradigm shift is the brain reward circuitry, brain stem physiology, and neurotransmitter deficits due to the effects of genetic and epigenetic insults on the interrelated cascade of neurotransmission and the net release of dopamine at the Ventral Tegmental Area -Nucleus Accumbens (VTA-NAc) reward site. The Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) test and pro-dopamine regulator nutraceutical KB220 were combined to induce "dopamine homeostasis" across the brain reward circuitry. This article aims to encourage four future actionable items: 1) the neurophysiologically accurate designation of, for example, "Hyperdopameism /Hyperdopameism" to replace the blaming nomenclature like alcoholism; 2) encouraging continued research into the nature of dysfunctional brainstem neurotransmitters across the brain reward circuitry; 3) early identification of people at risk for all RDS behaviors as a brain check (cognitive testing); 4) induction of dopamine homeostasis using "precision behavioral management" along with the coupling of GARS and precision Kb220 variants; 5) utilization of promising potential treatments include neuromodulating modalities such as Transmagnetic stimulation (TMS) and Deep Brain Stimulation(DBS), which target different areas of the neural circuitry involved in addiction and even neuroimmune agents like N-acetyl-cysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Exercise, Sports and Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA; The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, LLC., Austin, TX, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.
| | - J Wesson Ashford
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA; War Related Illness & Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Babak Kateb
- Brain Mapping Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA; National Center for Nanobioelectronic, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Brain Technology and Innovation Park, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Eric Braverman
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, LLC., Austin, TX, USA
| | - Catherine A Dennen
- Department of Family Medicine, Jefferson Health Northeast, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Baron
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Exercise, Sports and Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Rajendra Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, San Antonio, TX, USA; Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Igor Elman
- Center for Pain and the Brain (PAIN Group), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Waltham, MA, USA; Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jean Lud Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIH National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Department of Psychology & Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Colin Hanna
- Department of Psychology & Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | | | - Vicky Yamamoto
- Brain Mapping Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA; National Center for Nanobioelectronic, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Brain Technology and Innovation Park, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA; USC-Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Thomas McLaughlin
- Division of Reward Deficiency Research, Reward Deficiency Syndrome Clinics of America, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Mlan Makale
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark S Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington College of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Ashford JW. Neuroplasticity: The Critical Issue for Alzheimer's Disease and Links to Obesity and Depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2023; 31:867-875. [PMID: 37481402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Wesson Ashford
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.
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Zhao X, Dai S, Zhang R, Chen X, Zhao M, Bergeron MF, Zhou X, Zhang J, Zhong L, Ashford JW, Liu X. Using MemTrax memory test to screen for post-stroke cognitive impairment after ischemic stroke: a cross-sectional study. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1195220. [PMID: 37529406 PMCID: PMC10387538 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1195220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Whereas the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Addenbrooke's cognitive examination-revised (ACE-R) are commonly used tests for the detection of post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI), these instruments take 10-30 min to administer and do not assess processing speed, which is a critical impairment in PSCI. MemTrax (MTx) is a continuous recognition test, which evaluates complex information processing, accuracy, speed, and attention, in 2 min. Aim To evaluate whether MTx is an effective and practical tool for PSCI assessment. Methods This study enrolled acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients who have assessed the cognitive status including MTx, clinical dementia rating (CDR), MoCA, Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), Hamilton depression scale (HAMD), Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA), the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), modified Rankin scale (mRS), and Barthel Index of activity of daily living (BI) combined with the physical examinations of the neurologic system at the 90-day (D90) after the AIS. The primary endpoint of this study was establishing MTx cut-offs for distinguishing PSCI from AIS. Results Of the 104 participants, 60 were classified to the PSCI group. The optimized cut-off value of MTx-%C (percent correct) was 78%, with a sensitivity and specificity for detecting PSCI from Non-PSCI of 90.0 and 84.1%, respectively, and an AUC of 0.919. Regarding the MTx-Cp (Composite score = MTx-%C/MTx-RT), using 46.3 as a cut-off value, the sensitivity and specificity for detecting PSCI from Non-PSCI were 80.0 and 93.2%, with an AUC of 0.925. Multivariate linear regression showed that PSCI reduced the MTx-%C (Coef. -14.18, 95% CI -18.41∼-9.95, p < 0.001) and prolonged the MTx-RT (response time) (Coef. 0.29, 95% CI 0.16∼0.43, p < 0.001) and reduced the MTx-CP (Coef. -19.11, 95% CI -24.29∼-13.93, p < 0.001). Conclusion MemTrax (MTx) is valid and effective for screening for PSCI among target patients and is a potentially valuable and practical tool in the clinical follow-up, monitoring, and case management of PSCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Neurological Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Shujuan Dai
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Neurological Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Kunming Second People’s Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xinjie Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Mingjie Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Neurological Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Michael F. Bergeron
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Xianbo Zhou
- Zhongze Therapeutics, Shanghai, China
- Center for Alzheimer’s Research, Washington Institute of Clinical Research, Vienna, VA, United States
| | - Junyan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-based Medicine, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan, China
- Bothwin Clinical Study Consultant, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianmei Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Neurological Disease, Kunming, China
| | - J. Wesson Ashford
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System (HCS), Palo Alto, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Neurological Disease, Kunming, China
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Chen W, Lin C, Su F, Fang Y, Liu G, Chen YC, Zhou X, Yao X, Ashford CB, Li F, Ashford JW, Fu Q, Pei Z. Early Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment due to Alzheimer's Disease Using a Composite of MemTrax and Blood Biomarkers. J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD230182. [PMID: 37355900 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accessible measurements for the early detection of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to Alzheimer's disease (AD) are urgently needed to address the increasing prevalence of AD. OBJECTIVE To determine the benefits of a composite MemTrax Memory Test and AD-related blood biomarker assessment for the early detection of MCI-AD in non-specialty clinics. METHODS The MemTrax Memory Test and Montreal Cognitive Assessment were administered to 99 healthy seniors with normal cognitive function and 101 patients with MCI-AD; clinical manifestation and peripheral blood samples were collected. We evaluated correlations between the MemTrax Memory Test and blood biomarkers using Spearman's rank correlation analyses and then built discrimination models using various machine learning approaches that combined the MemTrax Memory Test and blood biomarker results. The models' performances were assessed according to the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve. RESULTS The MemTrax Memory Test and Montreal Cognitive Assessment areas under the curve for differentiating patients with MCI-AD from the healthy controls were similar. The MemTrax Memory Test strongly correlated with phosphorylated tau 181 and amyloid-β 42/40. The area under the curve for the best composite MemTrax Memory Test and blood biomarker model was 0.975 (95% confidence interval: 0.950-0.999). CONCLUSION Combining MemTrax Memory Test and blood biomarker results is a promising new technique for the early detection of MCI-AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weineng Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cha Lin
- Neurobiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Fengjuan Su
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Fang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ganqiang Liu
- Neurobiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu-Chian Chen
- The School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xianbo Zhou
- Center for Alzheimer's Research, Washington Institute of Clinical Research, Vienna, VA, USA
- AstraNeura, Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoli Yao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Feng Li
- Moore Threads Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - J Wesson Ashford
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, War Related Illness & Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Qingling Fu
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Pei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Ashford JW, Clifford JO, Bergeron MF. Advancing screening for cognitive impairment: the memtrax continuous recognition test. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:5230-5231. [PMID: 37319322 PMCID: PMC10333071 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Wesson Ashford
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Alzheimer’s Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center and Alzheimer’s Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - James O. Clifford
- Department of Psychology, College of San Mateo, San Mateo, CA 94402, USA
| | - Michael F. Bergeron
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT 06117, USA
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Smith CJ, Ashford JW. Apolipoprotein ɛ4-Associated Protection Against Pediatric Enteric Infections is a Survival Advantage in Pre-Industrial Populations. J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD221218. [PMID: 37125551 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Until 300,000 years ago, ancestors of modern humans ubiquitously carried the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ɛ4/ɛ4 genotype, when the ɛ3 allele mutated from the ancestral ɛ4, which elevates the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Modern humans living today predominantly carry the ɛ3 allele, which provides protection against heart disease and dementia in long-lived populations. The ancestral ɛ4 allele has been highly preserved in isolated populations in tropical and Arctic regions with high pathogen burdens, e.g., helminths. Early humans experienced serious enteric infections that exerted evolutionary selection pressure, and factors that mitigate infant and childhood mortality from enteric infections also exert selection pressure. Some bacteria can exploit the host's defensive inflammatory response to colonize and invade the host. Pathogen-induced inflammation associated with infant and childhood diarrhea can damage the gut wall long after the invading organisms are no longer present. Inflammation not only resides in the mucosal wall, but also induces systemic inflammation. Baseline systemic inflammation is lower in ɛ4 carriers, yet ɛ4 carriers display a stronger host inflammatory response that reduces pathogen burdens, increasing infant and early childhood survival. Evolutionary selection of the ɛ3 allele likely occurred after humans moved into temperate zones with lower pathogen burdens, unrelated to protection from Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Wesson Ashford
- Stanford University and VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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Ashford JW, Tatem SB. Michelangelo's Presentations in the Sistine Chapel: Brain Evolution and the Relationship of the Brain to Specific Cognitive Functions. Neuroscientist 2022:10738584221136091. [PMID: 36408533 DOI: 10.1177/10738584221136091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) presented some of the most spectacular artworks of all times in frescos on the ceiling and behind the altar of the Sistine Chapel. While Michelangelo's presentations depict events described in the Bible, there is broad consensus that Michelangelo was conveying his knowledge and theoretical ideas gleaned from his experiences with anatomic dissection. Michelangelo appears to have communicated several ideas about the brain in the images of the Days of Creation and the Last Judgment. Taking the Days of Creation and the Last Judgment together, Michelangelo appears to be symbolizing that God is in the brain, specifically the brainstem, and the brain performs mental functions. The five images on the ceiling of the chapel showing Days of Creation may be interpreted as reflecting the course of vertebrate brain evolution. There are further suggestions about brain function, including perceiving light and complex images and giving spirit to Adam. Furthermore, on the front wall of the Sistine Chapel behind the altar, within the work titled the Last Judgment, the central ellipse, in which Jesus is sitting, appears to represent a midcoronal cross section of a human brain, suggesting that it is the brain that renders judgments about good and evil.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wesson Ashford
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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11
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Ashford JW, Clifford JO, Anand S, Bergeron MF, Ashford CB, Bayley PJ. Correctness and response time distributions in the MemTrax continuous recognition task: Analysis of strategies and a reverse-exponential model. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1005298. [PMID: 36437986 PMCID: PMC9682919 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1005298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A critical issue in addressing medical conditions is measurement. Memory measurement is difficult, especially episodic memory, which is disrupted by many conditions. On-line computer testing can precisely measure and assess several memory functions. This study analyzed memory performances from a large group of anonymous, on-line participants using a continuous recognition task (CRT) implemented at https://memtrax.com. These analyses estimated ranges of acceptable performance and average response time (RT). For 344,165 presumed unique individuals completing the CRT a total of 602,272 times, data were stored on a server, including each correct response (HIT), Correct Rejection, and RT to the thousandth of a second. Responses were analyzed, distributions and relationships of these parameters were ascertained, and mean RTs were determined for each participant across the population. From 322,996 valid first tests, analysis of correctness showed that 63% of these tests achieved at least 45 correct (90%), 92% scored at or above 40 correct (80%), and 3% scored 35 correct (70%) or less. The distribution of RTs was skewed with 1% faster than 0.62 s, a median at 0.890 s, and 1% slower than 1.57 s. The RT distribution was best explained by a novel model, the reverse-exponential (RevEx) function. Increased RT speed was most closely associated with increased HIT accuracy. The MemTrax on-line memory test readily provides valid and reliable metrics for assessing individual episodic memory function that could have practical clinical utility for precise assessment of memory dysfunction in many conditions, including improvement or deterioration over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Wesson Ashford
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - James O. Clifford
- Department of Psychology, College of San Mateo, San Mateo, CA, United States
| | - Sulekha Anand
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San Jose, CA, United States
| | - Michael F. Bergeron
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, United States
| | | | - Peter J. Bayley
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
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12
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Ashford JW, Schmitt FA, Bergeron MF, Bayley PJ, Clifford JO, Xu Q, Liu X, Zhou X, Kumar V, Buschke H, Dean M, Finkel SI, Hyer L, Perry G. Now is the Time to Improve Cognitive Screening and Assessment for Clinical and Research Advancement. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 87:305-315. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-220211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the only cause of death ranked in the top ten globally without precise early diagnosis or effective means of prevention or treatment. Further, AD was identified as a pandemic [1] well before COVID-19 was dubbed a 21st century pandemic [2]. And now, with the realization of the prominent secondary impacts of pandemics, there is a growing, widespread recognition of the tremendous magnitude of the impending burden from AD in an aging world population in the coming decades [3]. This appreciation has amplified the growing and pressing need for a new, efficacious, and practical platform to detect and track cognitive decline, beginning in the preliminary (prodromal) phases of the disease, sensitively, accurately, effectively, reliably, efficiently, and remotely [4–7]. Moreover, the parallel necessity of clarifying and understanding risk factors, developing successful prevention strategies [8–17], and discovering and monitoring viable and effective treatments could all benefit from accurate and efficient screening and assessment platforms. Modern recognition of AD [18] as a common affliction of the elderly began in 1968 with a paper by Blessed, Tomlinson, & Roth [19] in which two tests, one a brief assessment of cognitive function and the other a measure of daily function, demonstrated impairment which was associated with the postmortem counts of neurofibrillary tangles, composed mainly of microtubule-associated protein-tau (tau), in the brain, though not to senile plaques, composed mainly of amyloid-β (Aβ). Even in more recent analyses, the tangles correspond with the severity of dementia more than the plaques [20, 21]. Since 1960, a plethora of cognitive tests, paper and pencil [22, 23], simple screening models [24], and computerized [25–27], have been developed to assess the dysfunction associated with AD. However, there has been limited application of Modern Test Theory, which includes Item Characteristic Curve Analysis, used in the technological development of such tools [28–31], along with widespread failure to understand the underlying AD pathological process to guide test development [32, 33]. The lack of such development has likely been a major contributor to the failure of the field to develop timely screening approaches for AD [34, 35], inaccurate assessment of the progression of AD [36], and even now, failure to find an effective approach to stopping AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Wesson Ashford
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto HCS, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Medical, Scientific, Memory Screening Advisory Board, Alzheimer’s Foundation of American (AFA), New York, USA
| | - Frederick A. Schmitt
- Medical, Scientific, Memory Screening Advisory Board, Alzheimer’s Foundation of American (AFA), New York, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Neurosurgery, Psychology, Behavioral Science; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Peter J. Bayley
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto HCS, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Medical, Scientific, Memory Screening Advisory Board, Alzheimer’s Foundation of American (AFA), New York, USA
| | | | - Qun Xu
- Health Management Center, Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Yunnan, China
| | - Xianbo Zhou
- Center for Alzheimer’s Research, Washington Institute of Clinical Research, Vienna, VA, USA
- Zhongze Therapeutics, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Herman Buschke
- Medical, Scientific, Memory Screening Advisory Board, Alzheimer’s Foundation of American (AFA), New York, USA
- The Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology and Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Lena and Joseph Gluck Distinguished Scholar in Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Margaret Dean
- Medical, Scientific, Memory Screening Advisory Board, Alzheimer’s Foundation of American (AFA), New York, USA
- Geriatric Division, Internal Medicine, Texas Tech Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Sanford I. Finkel
- Medical, Scientific, Memory Screening Advisory Board, Alzheimer’s Foundation of American (AFA), New York, USA
- University of Chicago Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lee Hyer
- Medical, Scientific, Memory Screening Advisory Board, Alzheimer’s Foundation of American (AFA), New York, USA
- Gateway Behavioral Health, Mercer University, School of Medicine, Savannah, GA, USA
| | - George Perry
- Medical, Scientific, Memory Screening Advisory Board, Alzheimer’s Foundation of American (AFA), New York, USA
- Brain Health Consortium, Department Biology and Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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13
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Nami M, Thatcher R, Kashou N, Lopes D, Lobo M, Bolanos JF, Morris K, Sadri M, Bustos T, Sanchez GE, Mohd-Yusof A, Fiallos J, Dye J, Guo X, Peatfield N, Asiryan M, Mayuku-Dore A, Krakauskaite S, Soler EP, Cramer SC, Besio WG, Berenyi A, Tripathi M, Hagedorn D, Ingemanson M, Gombosev M, Liker M, Salimpour Y, Mortazavi M, Braverman E, Prichep LS, Chopra D, Eliashiv DS, Hariri R, Tiwari A, Green K, Cormier J, Hussain N, Tarhan N, Sipple D, Roy M, Yu JS, Filler A, Chen M, Wheeler C, Ashford JW, Blum K, Zelinsky D, Yamamoto V, Kateb B. A Proposed Brain-, Spine-, and Mental- Health Screening Methodology (NEUROSCREEN) for Healthcare Systems: Position of the Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 86:21-42. [PMID: 35034899 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated neurological, mental health disorders, and neurocognitive issues. However, there is a lack of inexpensive and efficient brain evaluation and screening systems. As a result, a considerable fraction of patients with neurocognitive or psychobehavioral predicaments either do not get timely diagnosed or fail to receive personalized treatment plans. This is especially true in the elderly populations, wherein only 16% of seniors say they receive regular cognitive evaluations. Therefore, there is a great need for development of an optimized clinical brain screening workflow methodology like what is already in existence for prostate and breast exams. Such a methodology should be designed to facilitate objective early detection and cost-effective treatment of such disorders. In this paper we have reviewed the existing clinical protocols, recent technological advances and suggested reliable clinical workflows for brain screening. Such protocols range from questionnaires and smartphone apps to multi-modality brain mapping and advanced imaging where applicable. To that end, the Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT) proposes the Brain, Spine and Mental Health Screening (NEUROSCREEN) as a multi-faceted approach. Beside other assessment tools, NEUROSCREEN employs smartphone guided cognitive assessments and quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) as well as potential genetic testing for cognitive decline risk as inexpensive and effective screening tools to facilitate objective diagnosis, monitor disease progression, and guide personalized treatment interventions. Operationalizing NEUROSCREEN is expected to result in reduced healthcare costs and improving quality of life at national and later, global scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nami
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Neuroscience Center, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama.,Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, and Dana Brain Health Institute, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Inclusive Brain Health and BrainLabs International, Swiss Alternative Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Robert Thatcher
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Applied Neuroscience, Inc., St Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Nasser Kashou
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dahabada Lopes
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maria Lobo
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joe F Bolanos
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Morris
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Melody Sadri
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Teshia Bustos
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gilberto E Sanchez
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alena Mohd-Yusof
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John Fiallos
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Justin Dye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Xiaofan Guo
- Department of Neurology, Loma Linda University, CA, USA
| | | | - Milena Asiryan
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alero Mayuku-Dore
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Solventa Krakauskaite
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ernesto Palmero Soler
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven C Cramer
- Department of Neurology, UCLA, and California Rehabilitation Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Walter G Besio
- Electrical Computer and Biomedical Engineering Department and Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Rhode Island, RI, USA
| | - Antal Berenyi
- The Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Manjari Tripathi
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | - Mark Liker
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yousef Salimpour
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Dawn S Eliashiv
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,UCLA David Geffen, School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert Hariri
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Celularity Corporation, Warren, NJ, USA.,Weill Cornell School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, New York, NY, USA.,Brain Technology and Innovation Park, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ambooj Tiwari
- Departments of Neurology, Radiology & Neurosurgery - NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ken Green
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jason Cormier
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Lafayette Surgical Specialty Hospital, Lafayette, LA, USA
| | - Namath Hussain
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Uskudar University, Turkey
| | - Nevzat Tarhan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Uskudar University, Turkey
| | - Daniel Sipple
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Midwest Spine and Brain Institute, Roseville, MN, USA
| | - Michael Roy
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Uniformed Services University Health Science (USUHS), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John S Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Filler
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Institute for Nerve Medicine, Santa Monica, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mike Chen
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Chris Wheeler
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Kenneth Blum
- Division of Addiction Research, Center for Psychiatry, Medicine, and Primary Care, Western Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | | | - Vicky Yamamoto
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,USC Keck School of Medicine, The USC Caruso Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,USC-Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Babak Kateb
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Loma Linda University, Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,National Center for NanoBioElectronic (NCNBE), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Technology and Innovation Park, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Rosen AC, Arias JJ, Ashford JW, Blacker D, Chhatwal JP, Chin NA, Clark L, Denny SS, Goldman JS, Gleason CE, Grill JD, Heidebrink JL, Henderson VW, Lavacot JA, Lingler JH, Menon M, Nosheny RL, Oliveira FF, Parker MW, Rahman-Filipiak A, Revoori A, Rumbaugh MC, Sanchez DL, Schindler SE, Schwarz CG, Toy L, Tyrone J, Walter S, Wang LS, Wijsman EM, Zallen DT, Aggarwal NT. The Advisory Group on Risk Evidence Education for Dementia: Multidisciplinary and Open to All. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 90:953-962. [PMID: 35938255 PMCID: PMC9901285 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The brain changes of Alzheimer's disease and other degenerative dementias begin long before cognitive dysfunction develops, and in people with subtle cognitive complaints, clinicians often struggle to predict who will develop dementia. The public increasingly sees benefits to accessing dementia risk evidence (DRE) such as biomarkers, predictive algorithms, and genetic information, particularly as this information moves from research to demonstrated usefulness in guiding diagnosis and clinical management. For example, the knowledge that one has high levels of amyloid in the brain may lead one to seek amyloid reducing medications, plan for disability, or engage in health promoting behaviors to fight cognitive decline. Researchers often hesitate to share DRE data, either because they are insufficiently validated or reliable for use in individuals, or there are concerns about assuring responsible use and ensuring adequate understanding of potential problems when one's biomarker status is known. Concerns include warning people receiving DRE about situations in which they might be compelled to disclose their risk status potentially leading to discrimination or stigma. The Advisory Group on Risk Evidence Education for Dementia (AGREEDementia) welcomes all concerned with how best to share and use DRE. Supporting understanding in clinicians, stakeholders, and people with or at risk for dementia and clearly delineating risks, benefits, and gaps in knowledge is vital. This brief overview describes elements that made this group effective as a model for other health conditions where there is interest in unfettered collaboration to discuss diagnostic uncertainty and the appropriate use and communication of health-related risk information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson C. Rosen
- VA Medical Center-Palo Alto, Palo Alto, CA, USA,Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,Correspondence to: Allyson C. Rosen, PhD, ABPP-CN, Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Palo Alto VA Medical Center, 3801 Miranda Ave (151Y), Palo Alto, CA 94304-1207, USA. Tel.: +1 650 279 3949;
| | - Jalayne J. Arias
- School of Public Health Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J. Wesson Ashford
- VA Medical Center-Palo Alto, Palo Alto, CA, USA,Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Deborah Blacker
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Nathan A. Chin
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lindsay Clark
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sharon S. Denny
- The Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Jill S. Goldman
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carey E. Gleason
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Judith L. Heidebrink
- Michigan Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Victor W. Henderson
- Departments of Epidemiology & Population Health and of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Rachel L. Nosheny
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Monica W. Parker
- Emory Goizueta Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Suzanne E. Schindler
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Leslie Toy
- VA Medical Center-Palo Alto, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jamie Tyrone
- Beating Alzheimer’s by Embracing Science, Ramona, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Walter
- Alzheimer’s Therapeutic Research Institute/USC, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Li-san Wang
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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15
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Cheng J, Fairchild JK, McNerney MW, Noda A, Ashford JW, Suppes T, Chao SZ, Taylor J, Rosen AC, Durazzo TC, Lazzeroni LC, Yesavage J. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as a Treatment for Veterans with Cognitive Impairment and Multiple Comorbidities. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 85:1593-1600. [PMID: 34958013 PMCID: PMC10629368 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite decades of research efforts, current treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) are of limited effectiveness and do not halt the progression of the disease and associated cognitive decline. Studies have shown that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) may improve cognition. OBJECTIVE We conducted a pilot study to investigate the effect of rTMS on cognitive function in Veterans with numerous medical comorbidities. METHODS Participants underwent 20 sessions, over the course of approximately 4 weeks, of 10 Hz rTMS at the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with intensity of 120% resting motor threshold. Outcome measures including memory, language, verbal fluency, and executive functions were acquired at baseline, end of treatment, and 4 months after the last rTMS session. Twenty-six Veterans completed the study (13 in the active rTMS group, 13 in the sham rTMS group). RESULTS The study protocol was well-tolerated. Active, compared to sham, rTMS showed improved auditory-verbal memory at the end of treatment and at 4-month follow-up. However, the active rTMS group demonstrated a trend in decreased semantic verbal fluency at the end of treatment and at 4-month follow up. CONCLUSION These preliminary results show rTMS is safe in general in this elderly Veteran population with multiple co-morbidities. Patients in the sham group showed an expected, slight decline in the California Verbal Learning Test scores over the course of the study, whereas the active treatment group showed a slight improvement at the 4-month post-treatment follow up. These effects need to be confirmed by studies of larger sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jauhtai Cheng
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - J Kaci Fairchild
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - M Windy McNerney
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Art Noda
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - J Wesson Ashford
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Trisha Suppes
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Steven Z Chao
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Joy Taylor
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Allyson C Rosen
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Timothy C Durazzo
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Laura C Lazzeroni
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jerome Yesavage
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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16
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Bayley PJ, Schulz-Heik RJ, Cho R, Mathersul D, Collery L, Shankar K, Ashford JW, Jennings JS, Tang J, Wong MS, Avery TJ, Stanton MV, Meyer H, Friedman M, Kim S, Jo B, Younger J, Mathews B, Majmundar M, Mahoney L. Yoga is effective in treating symptoms of Gulf War illness: A randomized clinical trial. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 143:563-571. [PMID: 33218747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Many Veterans of the 1990-1991 Gulf War report symptoms of Gulf War Illness, a condition involving numerous chronic symptoms including pain, fatigue, and mood/cognition symptoms. Little is known about this condition's etiology and treatment. This study reports outcomes from a randomized controlled single-blind trial comparing yoga to cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic pain and other symptoms of Gulf War Illness. Participants were Veterans with symptoms of GWI: chronic pain, fatigue and cognition-mood symptoms. Seventy-five Veterans were randomized to treatment via selection of envelopes from a bag (39 yoga, 36 cognitive behavioral therapy), which consisted of ten weekly group sessions. The primary outcomes of pain severity and interference (Brief Pain Inventory- Short Form) improved in the yoga condition (Cohen's d = .35, p = 0.002 and d = 0.69, p < 0.001, respectively) but not in the CBT condition (d = 0.10, p = 0.59 and d = 0.25 p = 0.23). However, the differences between groups were not statistically significant (d = 0.25, p = 0.25; d = 0.43, p = 0.076), though the difference in an a-priori-defined experimental outcome variable which combines these two variables into a total pain variable (d = 0.47, p = 0.047) was significant. Fatigue, as indicated by a measure of functional exercise capacity (6-min walk test) was reduced significantly more in the yoga group than in the CBT group (between-group d = .27, p = 0.044). Other secondary outcomes of depression, wellbeing, and self-reported autonomic nervous system symptoms did not differ between groups. No adverse events due to treatment were reported. Yoga may be an effective treatment for core Gulf War Illness symptoms of pain and fatigue, making it one of few treatments with empirical support for GWI. Results support further evaluation of yoga for treating veterans with Gulf War Illness. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY: clinicaltrials.gov Registration Number NCT02378025.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Bayley
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - R Jay Schulz-Heik
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Rachael Cho
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Danielle Mathersul
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Linda Collery
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - J Wesson Ashford
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer S Jennings
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Julia Tang
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Melinda S Wong
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Timothy J Avery
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Hillary Meyer
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Marcelle Friedman
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Stephan Kim
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Booil Jo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jarred Younger
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | | | - Louise Mahoney
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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17
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Morris K, Nami M, Bolanos JF, Lobo MA, Sadri-Naini M, Fiallos J, Sanchez GE, Bustos T, Chintam N, Amaya M, Strand SE, Mayuku-Dore A, Sakibova I, Biso GMN, DeFilippis A, Bravo D, Tarhan N, Claussen C, Mercado A, Braun S, Yuge L, Okabe S, Taghizadeh-Hesary F, Kotliar K, Sadowsky C, Chandra PS, Tripathi M, Katsaros V, Mehling B, Noroozian M, Abbasioun K, Amirjamshidi A, Hossein-Zadeh GA, Naraghi F, Barzegar M, Asadi-Pooya AA, Sahab-Negah S, Sadeghian S, Fahnestock M, Dilbaz N, Hussain N, Mari Z, Thatcher RW, Sipple D, Sidhu K, Chopra D, Costa F, Spena G, Berger T, Zelinsky D, Wheeler CJ, Ashford JW, Schulte R, Nezami MA, Kloor H, Filler A, Eliashiv DS, Sinha D, DeSalles AAF, Sadanand V, Suchkov S, Green K, Metin B, Hariri R, Cormier J, Yamamoto V, Kateb B. Neuroscience20 (BRAIN20, SPINE20, and MENTAL20) Health Initiative: A Global Consortium Addressing the Human and Economic Burden of Brain, Spine, and Mental Disorders Through Neurotech Innovations and Policies. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:1563-1601. [PMID: 34487051 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurological disorders significantly impact the world's economy due to their often chronic and life-threatening nature afflicting individuals which, in turn, creates a global disease burden. The Group of Twenty (G20) member nations, which represent the largest economies globally, should come together to formulate a plan on how to overcome this burden. The Neuroscience-20 (N20) initiative of the Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT) is at the vanguard of this global collaboration to comprehensively raise awareness about brain, spine, and mental disorders worldwide. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the various brain initiatives worldwide and highlight the need for cooperation and recommend ways to bring down costs associated with the discovery and treatment of neurological disorders. Our systematic search revealed that the cost of neurological and psychiatric disorders to the world economy by 2030 is roughly $16T. The cost to the economy of the United States is $1.5T annually and growing given the impact of COVID-19. We also discovered there is a shortfall of effective collaboration between nations and a lack of resources in developing countries. Current statistical analyses on the cost of neurological disorders to the world economy strongly suggest that there is a great need for investment in neurotechnology and innovation or fast-tracking therapeutics and diagnostics to curb these costs. During the current COVID-19 pandemic, SBMT, through this paper, intends to showcase the importance of worldwide collaborations to reduce the population's economic and health burden, specifically regarding neurological/brain, spine, and mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Morris
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mohammad Nami
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran.,Middle East Brain + Initiative, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Neuroscience Center, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas Servicios de Alta Tecnología, City of Knowledge, Panama City, Panama
| | - Joe F Bolanos
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maria A Lobo
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Melody Sadri-Naini
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John Fiallos
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gilberto E Sanchez
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Teshia Bustos
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nikita Chintam
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marco Amaya
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Susanne E Strand
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alero Mayuku-Dore
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Indira Sakibova
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Grace Maria Nicole Biso
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alejandro DeFilippis
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Bravo
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nevzat Tarhan
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Middle East Brain + Initiative, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Uskudar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Carsten Claussen
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Fraunhofer-Institute for Translational Research and Pharmacology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alejandro Mercado
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Military Regional Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina
| | | | - Louis Yuge
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Bio-Environment Adaptation Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Cell Therapy Venture Company, Space Bio-Laboratories, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shigeo Okabe
- Brain Medical Science Collaboration Division, RIKEN Center for Brain Science Institution and Department: Cellular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Konstantin Kotliar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christina Sadowsky
- International Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Kennedy Krieger Institute-Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - P Sarat Chandra
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Vasileios Katsaros
- Department of Advanced Imaging Modalities, MRI Unit, General Anti-Cancer and Oncological Hospital of Athens "St. Savvas", Athens, Greece.,Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Department of Neuroradiology, University College of London, London, UK
| | - Brian Mehling
- T-Neuro Pharma, Inc., Albuquerque, NM, USA.,StemVax LLC, Chesterland, OH, USA
| | - Maryam Noroozian
- Middle East Brain + Initiative, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Cognitive Neurology and Neuropsychiatry Division, Department of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Abbasioun
- Middle East Brain + Initiative, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Amirjamshidi
- Middle East Brain + Initiative, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholam-Ali Hossein-Zadeh
- Middle East Brain + Initiative, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,National Brain Mapping Laboratory, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faridedin Naraghi
- Middle East Brain + Initiative, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Iranian Society for Brain Mapping & Therapeutics, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Barzegar
- Middle East Brain + Initiative, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Intelligent Quantitative Bio-Medical Imaging, Tehran, Iran, and Medical Physics Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali A Asadi-Pooya
- Middle East Brain + Initiative, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Epilepsy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Jefferson Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sajad Sahab-Negah
- Middle East Brain + Initiative, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad Iran.,Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Sadeghian
- Middle East Brain + Initiative, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatric Neurology, Golestan Medical, Educational, and Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Nesrin Dilbaz
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Uskudar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Namath Hussain
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Zoltan Mari
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Robert W Thatcher
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Applied Neuroscience Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL, USA.,Applied Neuroscience, Inc., St. Petersburg, Fl, USA
| | - Daniel Sipple
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Fraunhofer-Institute for Translational Research and Pharmacology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kuldip Sidhu
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,CK Cell Technologies Pty Ltd, Norwest, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics-Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Francesco Costa
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Ted Berger
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,USC Department of Biomedical Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Deborah Zelinsky
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,The Mind-Eye Institute, Northbrook, IL, USA
| | - Christopher J Wheeler
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Social Science Research Institute, Tokai University, Shibuya City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - J Wesson Ashford
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Reinhard Schulte
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - M A Nezami
- Sahel Oncology LLC, Newport Beach, CA, USA
| | - Harry Kloor
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Beyond Imagination, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Filler
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Institute for Nerve Medicine, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Dawn S Eliashiv
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Neurology, UCLA-David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dipen Sinha
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Antonio A F DeSalles
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles CA, USA.,NeuroSapiens - Rede D'Or São Luiz, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics-Brazil, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Venkatraman Sadanand
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sergey Suchkov
- Applied Neuroscience, Inc., St. Petersburg, Fl, USA.,Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics-Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ken Green
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Barish Metin
- Middle East Brain + Initiative, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Uskudar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Robert Hariri
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Celularity Corporation, Warren, NJ, USA.,Weill Cornell School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jason Cormier
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Blue Horizon International, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Vicky Yamamoto
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,USC Keck School of Medicine, The USC Caruso Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,USC-Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Babak Kateb
- Middle East Brain + Initiative, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,National Center for Nanobioelectronics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Technology and Innovation Park, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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18
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Zhang Y, Vakhtin AA, Dietch J, Jennings JS, Yesavage JA, Clark JD, Bayley PJ, Ashford JW, Furst AJ. Brainstem damage is associated with poorer sleep quality and increased pain in gulf war illness veterans. Life Sci 2021; 280:119724. [PMID: 34144059 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Gulf War Illness (GWI) is manifested as multiple chronic symptoms, including chronic pain, chronic fatigue, sleep problems, neuropsychiatric disorders, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and skin problems. No single target tissue or unifying pathogenic process has been identified that accounts for this variety of symptoms. The brainstem has been suspected to contribute to this multiple symptomatology. The aim of this study was to assess the role of the brainstem in chronic sleep problems and pain in GWI veterans. MATERIALS AND METHODS We enrolled 90 veterans (Age = 50 ± 5, 87% Male) who were deployed to the 1990-91 Gulf War and presented with GWI symptoms. Sleep quality was evaluated using the global Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Pain intensities were obtained with the Brief Pain Inventory sum score. Volumes in cortical, subcortical, brainstem, and brainstem subregions and diffusion tensor metrics in 10 bilateral brainstem tracts were tested for correlations with symptom measures. KEY FINDINGS Poorer sleep quality was significantly correlated with atrophy of the whole brainstem and brainstem subregions (including midbrain, pons, medulla). Poorer sleep quality also significantly correlated with lower fractional anisotropy in the nigrostriatal tract, medial forebrain tract, and the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus. There was a significant correlation between increased pain intensity and decreased fractional anisotropy in the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus. These correlations were not altered after controlling for age, sex, total intracranial volumes, or additional factors, e.g., depression and neurological conditions. SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest that the brainstem plays an important role in the aberrant neuromodulation of sleep and pain symptoms in GWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- War Related Illness & Injury Study Center (WRIISC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States.
| | | | - Jessica Dietch
- War Related Illness & Injury Study Center (WRIISC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer S Jennings
- War Related Illness & Injury Study Center (WRIISC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Jerome A Yesavage
- War Related Illness & Injury Study Center (WRIISC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - J David Clark
- War Related Illness & Injury Study Center (WRIISC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Peter J Bayley
- War Related Illness & Injury Study Center (WRIISC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - J Wesson Ashford
- War Related Illness & Injury Study Center (WRIISC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Ansgar J Furst
- War Related Illness & Injury Study Center (WRIISC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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19
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Cheema AK, McNeil RB, Craddock T, Broderick G, Abreu MM, Aenlle K, Helmer DA, Ashford JW, Sullivan K, Bested A, Cohen DE, Shungu D, Chandler H, Fletcher MA, Krengel M, Klimas N. Gulf War Illness Clinical Trials and Interventions Consortium (GWICTIC): A collaborative research infrastructure for intervention and implementation. Life Sci 2021; 278:119636. [PMID: 34015289 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS There is an inadequate portfolio of treatments for Gulf War Illness (GWI), a complex disease involving multiple organ systems, and early-phase clinical trials are hampered by many logistical problems. To address these challenges, the Gulf War Illness Clinical Trials and Interventions Consortium (GWICTIC) was formed with the aims of (i) creating a collaborative consortium of clinical and scientific researchers that will rapidly implement rigorous and innovative phase I and II clinical trials for GWI, (ii) perform at least four phase I or II clinical trials, (iii) provide a foundation of scalable infrastructure and management in support of the efficient and successful operation of the GWICTIC, and (iv) partner with the Boston Biorepository, Recruitment & Integrated Network for GWI and other GWI investigators to develop a common data element platform for core assessments and outcomes. MAIN METHODS The GWICTIC brings together a multidisciplinary team of researchers at several institutions to provide scientific innovation, statistical and computational rigor, and logistical efficiency in the development and implementation of early-phase low-risk clinical trials for GWI. The GWICTIC core trials adhere to a Veteran-centered philosophy and focus on interventions with multiple mechanistic targets to maximize the likelihood of efficacy. To support rapid and efficient study startup and implementation across the GWI research community, the GWICTIC will share infrastructure with investigator-initiated research studies funded under separate mechanisms. SIGNIFICANCE The GWICTIC will leverage the efficiencies of centralized research support and innovative trial designs to address several longstanding needs in the GWI interventions research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanpreet K Cheema
- Institute for Neuro Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States; Department of Nutrition, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States; Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States.
| | | | - Travis Craddock
- Institute for Neuro Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States; Department of Computer Science, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Gordon Broderick
- Center for Clinical Systems Biology, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Maria M Abreu
- Institute for Neuro Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States; Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Kristina Aenlle
- Institute for Neuro Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States; Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Drew A Helmer
- Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - J Wesson Ashford
- War Related Illness & Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Kimberly Sullivan
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alison Bested
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Nova Southeastern University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Devra E Cohen
- Institute for Neuro Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States; Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Dikoma Shungu
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Helena Chandler
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, Department of Veterans Affairs New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ, United States
| | - Mary Ann Fletcher
- Institute for Neuro Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Maxine Krengel
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nancy Klimas
- Institute for Neuro Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States; Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, FL, United States
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20
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Liu X, Chen X, Zhou X, Shang Y, Xu F, Zhang J, He J, Zhao F, Du B, Wang X, Zhang Q, Zhang W, Bergeron MF, Ding T, Ashford JW, Zhong L. Validity of the MemTrax Memory Test Compared to the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in the Detection of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia due to Alzheimer's Disease in a Chinese Cohort. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:1257-1267. [PMID: 33646151 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A valid, reliable, accessible, engaging, and affordable digital cognitive screen instrument for clinical use is in urgent demand. OBJECTIVE To assess the clinical utility of the MemTrax memory test for early detection of cognitive impairment in a Chinese cohort. METHODS The 2.5-minute MemTrax and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were performed by 50 clinically diagnosed cognitively normal (CON), 50 mild cognitive impairment due to AD (MCI-AD), and 50 Alzheimer's disease (AD) volunteer participants. The percentage of correct responses (MTx-% C), the mean response time (MTx-RT), and the composite scores (MTx-Cp) of MemTrax and the MoCA scores were comparatively analyzed and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves generated. RESULTS Multivariate linear regression analyses indicated MTx-% C, MTx-Cp, and the MoCA score were significantly lower in MCI-AD versus CON and in AD versus MCI-AD groups (all with p≤0.001). For the differentiation of MCI-AD from CON, an optimized MTx-% C cutoff of 81% had 72% sensitivity and 84% specificity with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.839, whereas the MoCA score of 23 had 54% sensitivity and 86% specificity with an AUC of 0.740. For the differentiation of AD from MCI-AD, MTx-Cp of 43.0 had 70% sensitivity and 82% specificity with an AUC of 0.799, whereas the MoCA score of 20 had 84% sensitivity and 62% specificity with an AUC of 0.767. CONCLUSION MemTrax can effectively detect both clinically diagnosed MCI and AD with better accuracy as compared to the MoCA based on AUCs in a Chinese cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Yunnan, China
| | - Xinjie Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Yunnan, China
| | - Xianbo Zhou
- SJN Biomed Ltd., Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Center for Alzheimer's Research, Washington Institute of Clinical Research, Vienna, VA, USA
| | - Yajun Shang
- Yunnan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Yunnan, China.,Neurosurgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Fan Xu
- Department of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Sichuan, China
| | - Junyan Zhang
- Bothwin Clinical Study Consultant, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingfang He
- Bothwin Clinical Study Consultant, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Dehong People's Hospital, Dehong, Yunnan, China
| | - Bo Du
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- SJN Biomed Ltd., Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | | | | | - Tao Ding
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - J Wesson Ashford
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto HCS, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lianmei Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Yunnan, China
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21
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Ashford JW, Gold JE, Huenergardt MA, Katz RBA, Strand SE, Bolanos J, Wheeler CJ, Perry G, Smith CJ, Steinman L, Chen MY, Wang JC, Ashford CB, Roth WT, Cheng JJ, Chao S, Jennings J, Sipple D, Yamamoto V, Kateb B, Earnest DL. MMR Vaccination: A Potential Strategy to Reduce Severity and Mortality of COVID-19 Illness. Am J Med 2021; 134:153-155. [PMID: 33198951 PMCID: PMC7583585 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Wesson Ashford
- War Related Illness & Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Calif; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif.
| | | | | | - Ronit B A Katz
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Susanne E Strand
- Society for Brain Mapping & Therapeutics (SBMT), Brain Mapping Foundation, Pacific Palisades, Calif
| | - Joe Bolanos
- Society for Brain Mapping & Therapeutics (SBMT), Brain Mapping Foundation, Pacific Palisades, Calif
| | - Christopher J Wheeler
- Society for Brain Mapping & Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA; T-Neuro Pharma, Albuquerque, NM & Aptos, Calif
| | - George Perry
- Semmes Distinguished University Chair in Neurobiology, Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio
| | - Carr J Smith
- Society for Brain Mapping & Therapeutics, Mobile, Ala
| | - Lawrence Steinman
- Zimmermann Professor of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, and Department of Pediatrics, Beckman Center for Molecular Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Mike Y Chen
- Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, Calif
| | - Jeffrey C Wang
- Orthopaedic Surgery and Neurosurgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | | | - Walton T Roth
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Jauhtai Joseph Cheng
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, Calif; Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Steven Chao
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, Calif; Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif
| | | | - Daniel Sipple
- Society for Brain Mapping & Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Babak Kateb
- Society for Brain Mapping & Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA
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22
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Abstract
In a 1990 JAMA cover story Frank Meshberger reported that Michelangelo's central composition on the Sistine Chapel ceiling (1508-1512), The Creation of Adam, portrays God in the form of a brain. The present report suggests that Michelangelo's images on the chapel ceiling depicting Creation describe the course of vertebrate brain development. Further, on the front wall of the Sistine Chapel, within the work titled The Last Judgment (1525-1541), the central ellipse, where Jesus is making judgments about good and evil, represents a mid-coronal cross-section of a human brain, implying that the brain is man's instrument for making decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wesson Ashford
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, VA Palo Alto Health Care System , Palo Alto, CA, USA
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23
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Bergeron MF, Landset S, Tarpin-Bernard F, Ashford CB, Khoshgoftaar TM, Ashford JW. Episodic-Memory Performance in Machine Learning Modeling for Predicting Cognitive Health Status Classification. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 70:277-286. [PMID: 31177223 PMCID: PMC6700609 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Memory dysfunction is characteristic of aging and often attributed to Alzheimer's disease (AD). An easily administered tool for preliminary assessment of memory function and early AD detection would be integral in improving patient management. OBJECTIVE Our primary aim was to utilize machine learning in determining initial viable models to serve as complementary instruments in demonstrating efficacy of the MemTrax online Continuous Recognition Tasks (M-CRT) test for episodic-memory screening and assessing cognitive impairment. METHODS We used an existing dataset subset (n = 18,395) of demographic information, general health screening questions (addressing memory, sleep quality, medications, and medical conditions affecting thinking), and test results from a convenience sample of adults who took the M-CRT test. M-CRT performance and participant features were used as independent attributes: true positive/negative, percent responses/correct, response time, age, sex, and recent alcohol consumption. For predictive modeling, we used demographic information and test scores to predict binary classification of the health-related questions (yes/no) and general health status (healthy/unhealthy), based on the screening questions. RESULTS ANOVA revealed significant differences among HealthQScore groups for response time true positive (p = 0.000) and true positive (p = 0.020), but none for true negative (p = 0.0551). Both % responses and % correct had significant differences (p = 0.026 and p = 0.037, respectively). Logistic regression was generally the top-performing learner with moderately robust prediction performance (AUC) for HealthQScore (0.648-0.680) and selected general health questions (0.713-0.769). CONCLUSION Our novel application of supervised machine learning and predictive modeling helps to demonstrate and validate cross-sectional utility of MemTrax in assessing early-stage cognitive impairment and general screening for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Landset
- Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Taghi M Khoshgoftaar
- Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - J Wesson Ashford
- War-Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System and Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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24
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Bergeron MF, Landset S, Zhou X, Ding T, Khoshgoftaar TM, Zhao F, Du B, Chen X, Wang X, Zhong L, Liu X, Ashford JW. Utility of MemTrax and Machine Learning Modeling in Classification of Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 77:1545-1558. [PMID: 32894241 PMCID: PMC7683062 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background: The widespread incidence and prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has prompted an urgent call for research to validate early detection cognitive screening and assessment. Objective: Our primary research aim was to determine if selected MemTrax performance metrics and relevant demographics and health profile characteristics can be effectively utilized in predictive models developed with machine learning to classify cognitive health (normal versus MCI), as would be indicated by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on 259 neurology, memory clinic, and internal medicine adult patients recruited from two hospitals in China. Each patient was given the Chinese-language MoCA and self-administered the continuous recognition MemTrax online episodic memory test on the same day. Predictive classification models were built using machine learning with 10-fold cross validation, and model performance was measured using Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC). Models were built using two MemTrax performance metrics (percent correct, response time), along with the eight common demographic and personal history features. Results: Comparing the learners across selected combinations of MoCA scores and thresholds, Naïve Bayes was generally the top-performing learner with an overall classification performance of 0.9093. Further, among the top three learners, MemTrax-based classification performance overall was superior using just the top-ranked four features (0.9119) compared to using all 10 common features (0.8999). Conclusion: MemTrax performance can be effectively utilized in a machine learning classification predictive model screening application for detecting early stage cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Landset
- Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Xianbo Zhou
- SJN Biomed LTD, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Center for Alzheimer's Research, Washington Institute of Clinical Research, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tao Ding
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Taghi M Khoshgoftaar
- Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Feng Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Dehong People's Hospital, Dehong, Yunnan, China
| | - Bo Du
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xinjie Chen
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Wuhua District, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lianmei Zhong
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Wuhua District, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Wuhua District, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - J Wesson Ashford
- War-Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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25
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Cholerton B, Weiner MW, Nosheny RL, Poston KL, Mackin RS, Tian L, Ashford JW, Montine TJ. Cognitive Performance in Parkinson's Disease in the Brain Health Registry. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 68:1029-1038. [PMID: 30909225 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The study of cognition in Parkinson's disease (PD) traditionally requires exhaustive recruitment strategies. The current study examines data collected by the Brain Health Registry (BHR) to determine whether ongoing efforts to improve the recruitment base for therapeutic trials in Alzheimer's disease may be similarly effective for PD research, and whether online cognitive measurements can discriminate between participants who do and do not report a PD diagnosis. Participants enrolled in the BHR (age ≥50) with self-reported PD data and online cognitive testing available were included (n = 11,813). Associations between baseline cognitive variables and diagnostic group were analyzed using logistic regression. Linear mixed effects models were used to analyze longitudinal data. A total of 634 participants reported PD diagnosis at baseline with no self-reported cognitive impairment and completed cognitive testing. Measures of visual learning and memory, processing speed, attention, and working memory discriminated between self-reported PD and non-PD participants after correcting for multiple comparisons (p values < 0.006). Scores on all cognitive tests improved over time in PD and controls with the exception of processing speed, which remained stable in participants with PD while improving in those without. We demonstrate that a novel online approach to recruitment and longitudinal follow-up of study participants is effective for those with self-reported PD, and that significant differences exist between those with and without a reported diagnosis of PD on computerized cognitive measures. These results have important implications for recruitment of participants with PD into targeted therapeutic trials or large-scale genetic and cognitive studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna Cholerton
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Michael W Weiner
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rachel L Nosheny
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen L Poston
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - R Scott Mackin
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lu Tian
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - J Wesson Ashford
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J Montine
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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26
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Smith CJ, Ashford JW, Perfetti TA. Putative Survival Advantages in Young Apolipoprotein ɛ4 Carriers are Associated with Increased Neural Stress. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 68:885-923. [PMID: 30814349 PMCID: PMC6484250 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inheritance of a single copy of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ɛ4 allele increases risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) by 3-4-fold, with homozygosity associated with a 12-16-fold increase in risk, relative to ɛ3 allele homozygosity. There is a decreased risk associated with the APOE ɛ2 allele. The pathological consequence of APOE genotype has led to intense efforts to understand the mechanistic basis of the interplay between APOE status and loss of synapses. Numerous ɛ4 allele-related associations have been reported with the potential relevance of these associations to the pathogenesis of AD unknown at this time. In primarily young subjects, we have reviewed a representative body of literature on ɛ4 allele-associations related to the following: cardiovascular responses; impacts on reproduction and fetal development; co-morbidities; resistance to infectious disease; responses to head injury; biochemical differences possibly related to neural stress; and brain structure-function differences. In addition, the literature on the association between the ɛ4 allele and cognitive performance has been reviewed comprehensively. The weight-of-the-evidence supports the hypothesis that possession of the ancestral ɛ4 allele in youth is associated with improved fitness during fetal development, infancy, and youth relative to the more recently appearing ɛ3 allele, at the expense of decreased fitness in old age, which is substantially improved by the ɛ3 allele. However, possession of the ɛ4 allele is also associated with higher levels of synaptic macromolecular turnover, which likely stresses basic cellular neuroplasticity mechanisms. Clinical trials of potential AD therapeutics should consider APOE status as an enrollment criterion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carr J Smith
- Florida State University, Department of Nurse Anesthesia, Panama City, FL, USA
| | - J Wesson Ashford
- Stanford University and VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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27
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Abstract
In this issue, an article by Tiepolt et al. shows that PET scanning using [11C]PiB can demonstrate both cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes and amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in patients with mild cognitive dysfunction or mild dementia of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The CBF changes can be determined because the early scan counts (1–9 minutes) reflect the flow of the radiotracer in the blood passing through the brain, while the Aβ levels are measured by later scan counts (40–70 minutes) after the radiotracer has been cleared from regions to which the radiotracer did not bind. Thus, two different diagnostic measures are obtained with a single injection. Unexpectedly, the mild patients with Aβ positivity had scan data with only a weak relationship to memory, while the relationships to executive function and language function were relatively strong. This divergence of findings from studies of severely impaired patients highlights the importance of determining how AD pathology affects the brain. A possibility suggested in this commentary is that Aβ deposits occur early in AD and specifically in critical areas of the neocortex affected only later by the neurofibrillary pathology indicating a different role of the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) in the development of those neocortical regions, and a separate component of AD pathology may selectively impact functions of these neocortical regions. The effects of adverse AβPP metabolism in the medial temporal and brainstem regions occur later possibly because of different developmental issues, and the later, different pathology is clearly more cognitively and socially devastating.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wesson Ashford
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System and Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, USA
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28
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van der Hoek MD, Nieuwenhuizen A, Keijer J, Ashford JW. The MemTrax Test Compared to the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Estimation of Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 67:1045-1054. [PMID: 30776011 PMCID: PMC6398548 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a leading cause of dysfunction in the elderly. When mild cognitive impairment (MCI) occurs in elderly, it is frequently a prodromal condition to dementia. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a commonly used tool to screen for MCI. However, this test requires a face-to-face administration and is composed of an assortment of questions whose responses are added together by the rater to provide a score whose precise meaning has been controversial. This study was designed to evaluate the performance of a computerized memory test (MemTrax), which is an adaptation of a continuous recognition task, with respect to the MoCA. Two outcome measures are generated from the MemTrax test: MemTraxspeed and MemTraxcorrect. Subjects were administered the MoCA and the MemTrax test. Based on the results of the MoCA, subjects were divided in two groups of cognitive status: normal cognition (n = 45) and MCI (n = 37). Mean MemTrax scores were significantly lower in the MCI than in the normal cognition group. All MemTrax outcome variables were positively associated with the MoCA. Two methods, computing the average MTX score and linear regression were used to estimate the cutoff values of the MemTrax test to detect MCI. These methods showed that for the outcome MemTraxspeed a score below the range of 0.87 – 91 s-1 is an indication of MCI, and for the outcome MemTraxcorrect a score below the range of 85 – 90% is an indication for MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjanne D van der Hoek
- Applied Research Centre Food and Dairy, Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands.,Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Arie Nieuwenhuizen
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - J Wesson Ashford
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto HCS, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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29
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Ashford JW. Reader response: INTREPAD: A randomized trial of naproxen to slow progress of presymptomatic Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2020; 94:593-594. [PMID: 32229635 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000009184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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30
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Zhang Y, Vakhtin AA, Jennings JS, Massaband P, Wintermark M, Craig PL, Ashford JW, Clark JD, Furst AJ. Diffusion tensor tractography of brainstem fibers and its application in pain. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0213952. [PMID: 32069284 PMCID: PMC7028272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of brainstem pathways with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and tractography may provide insights into pathophysiologies associated with dysfunction of key brainstem circuits. However, identification of these tracts has been elusive, with relatively few in vivo human studies to date. In this paper we proposed an automated approach for reconstructing nine brainstem fiber trajectories of pathways that might be involved in pain modulation. We first performed native-space manual tractography of these fiber tracts in a small normative cohort of participants and confirmed the anatomical precision of the results using existing anatomical literature. Second, region-of-interest pairs were manually defined at each extracted fiber’s termini and nonlinearly warped to a standard anatomical brain template to create an atlas of the region-of-interest pairs. The resulting atlas was then transformed non-linearly into the native space of 17 veteran patients’ brains for automated brainstem tractography. Lastly, we assessed the relationships between the integrity levels of the obtained fiber bundles and pain severity levels. Fractional anisotropy (FA) measures derived using automated tractography reflected the respective tracts’ FA levels obtained via manual tractography. A significant inverse relationship between FA and pain levels was detected within the automatically derived dorsal and medial longitudinal fasciculi of the brainstem. This study demonstrates the feasibility of DTI in exploring brainstem circuitries involved in pain processing. In this context, the described automated approach is a viable alternative to the time-consuming manual tractography. The physiological and functional relevance of the measures derived from automated tractography is evidenced by their relationships with individual pain severities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrei A. Vakhtin
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer S. Jennings
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Payam Massaband
- Radiology, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Max Wintermark
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Neuroradiology at Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Patricia L. Craig
- Radiology, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - J. Wesson Ashford
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - J. David Clark
- Pain Clinic, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ansgar J. Furst
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
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31
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Zhang Y, Avery T, Vakhtin AA, Mathersul DC, Tranvinh E, Wintermark M, Massaband P, Ashford JW, Bayley PJ, Furst AJ. Brainstem atrophy in Gulf War Illness. Neurotoxicology 2020; 78:71-79. [PMID: 32081703 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a condition that affects about 30 % of veterans who served in the 1990-91 Persian Gulf War. Given its broad symptomatic manifestation, including chronic pain, fatigue, neurological, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and skin problems, it is of interest to examine whether GWI is associated with changes in the brain. Existing neuroimaging studies, however, have been limited by small sample sizes, inconsistent GWI diagnosis criteria, and potential comorbidity confounds. OBJECTIVES Using a large cohort of US veterans with GWI, we assessed regional brain volumes for their associations with GWI, and quantified the relationships between any regional volumetric changes and GWI symptoms. METHODS Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans from 111 veterans with GWI (Age = 49 ± 6, 88 % Male) and 59 healthy controls (age = 51 ± 9, 78 % male) were collected at the California War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC-CA) and from a multicenter study of the Parkinson's Progression Marker Initiative (PPMI), respectively. Individual MRI volumes were segmented and parcellated using FreeSurfer. Regional volumes of 19 subcortical, 68 cortical, and 3 brainstem structures were evaluated in the GWI cohort relative to healthy controls. The relationships between regional volumes and GWI symptoms were also assessed. RESULTS We found significant subcortical atrophy, but no cortical differences, in the GWI group relative to controls, with the largest effect detected in the brainstem, followed by the ventral diencephalon and the thalamus. In a subsample of 58 veterans with GWI who completed the Chronic Fatigue Scale (CFS) inventory of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), smaller brainstem volumes were significantly correlated with increased severities of fatigue and depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that brainstem volume may be selectively affected by GWI, and that the resulting atrophy could in turn mediate or moderate GWI-related symptoms such as fatigue and depression. Consequently, the brain stem should be carefully considered in future research focusing on GWI pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, USA.
| | - Timothy Avery
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, USA; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Andrei A Vakhtin
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, USA; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Danielle C Mathersul
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, USA; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Eric Tranvinh
- Neuroradiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Max Wintermark
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, USA; Neuroradiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Payam Massaband
- Radiology, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, USA; Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA
| | - J Wesson Ashford
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, USA; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Peter J Bayley
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, USA; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Ansgar J Furst
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, USA; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA; Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, USA; Polytrauma System of Care (PSC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, USA
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32
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Adamson MM, Main KL, Milazzo AC, Soman S, Kong J, Kolakowsky-Hayner S, Furst AJ, Ashford JW, Kang X. Cortical Thickness and Diffusion Properties in the Injured Brain: The Influence of Chronic Health Complaints. Mil Med 2020; 185:168-175. [PMID: 32074336 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usz213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cortical thickness and diffusion properties can be served as an indicator of aging and other brain changes such as those related to brain injury. It can additionally provide another platform by which we can characterize the injury and its associated symptoms, especially in the chronic condition. METHODS We examined the changes in cortical thickness and diffusion properties in white matter tracts in 51 patients with and without traumatic brain injury (TBI) and/or self-report chronic symptoms. RESULTS Significant cortical thinning was observed in the frontal lobe and temporal lobe for TBI patients with chronic symptoms, but not for TBI patients without chronic symptoms, compared with control group. Significant reduction in fractional anisotropy occurred on average across left and right major fiber tracts for TBI patients with chronic symptoms. No mean diffusivity changes were found in any individual white matter tract for TBI patients with or without chronic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Traumatic brain injury patients with chronic symptoms have more significant cortical thinning or degeneration of diffusion properties than the mild to severe TBI patients without chronic symptoms. This finding suggests that symptom reporting should be assessed in line with objective measures in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maheen M Adamson
- Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center (DVBIC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System (VAPAHCS), 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305.,Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr., Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Keith L Main
- Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center (DVBIC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System (VAPAHCS), 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304.,Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Headquarters, 1335 East West Highway Suite 6-100, Silver Spring, MD 20910.,War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Anna-Clare Milazzo
- Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Headquarters, 1335 East West Highway Suite 6-100, Silver Spring, MD 20910.,War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Salil Soman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305.,War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304.,Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jennifer Kong
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Stephanie Kolakowsky-Hayner
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029
| | - Ansgar J Furst
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304.,Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr., Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - J Wesson Ashford
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305.,War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Xiaojian Kang
- Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center (DVBIC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System (VAPAHCS), 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304
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33
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Yamamoto V, Bolanos JF, Fiallos J, Strand SE, Morris K, Shahrokhinia S, Cushing TR, Hopp L, Tiwari A, Hariri R, Sokolov R, Wheeler C, Kaushik A, Elsayegh A, Eliashiv D, Hedrick R, Jafari B, Johnson JP, Khorsandi M, Gonzalez N, Balakhani G, Lahiri S, Ghavidel K, Amaya M, Kloor H, Hussain N, Huang E, Cormier J, Wesson Ashford J, Wang JC, Yaghobian S, Khorrami P, Shamloo B, Moon C, Shadi P, Kateb B. COVID-19: Review of a 21st Century Pandemic from Etiology to Neuro-psychiatric Implications. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 77:459-504. [PMID: 32925078 PMCID: PMC7592693 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a severe infectious disease that has claimed >150,000 lives and infected millions in the United States thus far, especially the elderly population. Emerging evidence has shown the virus to cause hemorrhagic and immunologic responses, which impact all organs, including lungs, kidneys, and the brain, as well as extremities. SARS-CoV-2 also affects patients', families', and society's mental health at large. There is growing evidence of re-infection in some patients. The goal of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of SARS-CoV-2-induced disease, its mechanism of infection, diagnostics, therapeutics, and treatment strategies, while also focusing on less attended aspects by previous studies, including nutritional support, psychological, and rehabilitation of the pandemic and its management. We performed a systematic review of >1,000 articles and included 425 references from online databases, including, PubMed, Google Scholar, and California Baptist University's library. COVID-19 patients go through acute respiratory distress syndrome, cytokine storm, acute hypercoagulable state, and autonomic dysfunction, which must be managed by a multidisciplinary team including nursing, nutrition, and rehabilitation. The elderly population and those who are suffering from Alzheimer's disease and dementia related illnesses seem to be at the higher risk. There are 28 vaccines under development, and new treatment strategies/protocols are being investigated. The future management for COVID-19 should include B-cell and T-cell immunotherapy in combination with emerging prophylaxis. The mental health and illness aspect of COVID-19 are among the most important side effects of this pandemic which requires a national plan for prevention, diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Yamamoto
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Keck School of Medicine, The USC Caruso Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC-Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joe F. Bolanos
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John Fiallos
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Susanne E. Strand
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Morris
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sanam Shahrokhinia
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Nutrition, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tim R. Cushing
- UCLA-Cedar-Sinai California Rehabilitation Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lawrence Hopp
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center Department of Ophthalmology and UCLA Jules Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ambooj Tiwari
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- New York University, Department of Neurology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert Hariri
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Celularity Corporation, Warren, NJ, USA
- Weill Cornell School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rick Sokolov
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Infectious Disease Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Wheeler
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- T-NeuroPharma, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- NanoBioTech Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Division of Sciences, Arts, and Mathematics, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL, USA
| | - Ashraf Elsayegh
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Department of Pulmonology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dawn Eliashiv
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA David Geffen, School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca Hedrick
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Behrouz Jafari
- University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - J. Patrick Johnson
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Spine Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mehran Khorsandi
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Cardiology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nestor Gonzalez
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Guita Balakhani
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Nephrology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shouri Lahiri
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kazem Ghavidel
- University of Tehran School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marco Amaya
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Harry Kloor
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Namath Hussain
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Loma Linda University, Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Edmund Huang
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Nephrology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jason Cormier
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Lafayette Surgical Specialty Hospital, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA
| | - J. Wesson Ashford
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine (Affiliated), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science and Department of Veteran’s Affair, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Wang
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC-Keck School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shadi Yaghobian
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Payman Khorrami
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bahman Shamloo
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Pain Management, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Charles Moon
- Cedars Sinai Orthopaedic Center, Department of Orthopedics, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Payam Shadi
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Babak Kateb
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Loma Linda University, Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- National Center for NanoBioElectronic (NCNBE), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Technology and Innovation Park, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Taylor JL, Hambro BC, Strossman ND, Bhatt P, Hernandez B, Ashford JW, Cheng JJ, Iv M, Adamson MM, Lazzeroni LC, McNerney MW. The effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a protocol for a randomized, controlled three-arm trial. BMC Neurol 2019; 19:326. [PMID: 31842821 PMCID: PMC6912947 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-019-1552-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) carries a high risk of progression to Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia. Previous clinical trials testing whether cholinesterase inhibitors can slow the rate of progression from MCI to AD dementia have yielded disappointing results. However, recent studies of the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in AD have demonstrated improvements in cognitive function. Because few rTMS trials have been conducted in MCI, we designed a trial to test the short-term efficacy of rTMS in MCI. Yet, in both MCI and AD, we know little about what site of stimulation would be ideal for improving cognitive function. Therefore, two cortical sites will be investigated in this trial: (1) the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), which has been well studied for treatment of major depressive disorder; and (2) the lateral parietal cortex (LPC), a novel site with connectivity to AD-relevant limbic regions. METHODS/DESIGN In this single-site trial, we plan to enroll 99 participants with single or multi-domain amnestic MCI. We will randomize participants to one of three groups: (1) Active DLPFC rTMS; (2) Active LPC rTMS; and (3) Sham rTMS (evenly split between DLPFC and LPC locations). After completing 20 bilateral rTMS treatment sessions, participants will be followed for 6 months to test short-term efficacy and track durability of effects. The primary efficacy measure is the California Verbal Learning Test-II (CVLT-II), assessed 1 week after intervention. Secondary analyses will examine effects of rTMS on other cognitive measures, symptoms of depression, and brain function with respect to the site of stimulation. Finally, selected biomarkers will be analyzed to explore predictors of response and mechanisms of action. DISCUSSION The primary aim of this trial is to test the short-term efficacy of rTMS in MCI. Additionally, the project will provide information on the durability of cognitive effects and potentially distinct effects of stimulating DLPFC versus LPC regions. Future efforts would be directed toward better understanding therapeutic mechanisms and optimizing rTMS for treatment of MCI. Ultimately, if rTMS can be utilized to slow the rate of progression to AD dementia, this will be a significant advancement in the field. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trials NCT03331796. Registered 6 November 2017, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03331796. All items from the World Health Organization Trial Registration Data Set are listed in Appendix A. PROTOCOL VERSION This report is based on version 1, approved by the DSMB on 30 November, 2017 and amended on 14 August, 2018 and 19 September, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy L. Taylor
- US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Palo Alto Health Care System (151Y), Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research Education Clinical Center (MIRECC), 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1207 USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Benjamin C. Hambro
- US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Palo Alto Health Care System (151Y), Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research Education Clinical Center (MIRECC), 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1207 USA
| | - Nicole D. Strossman
- US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Palo Alto Health Care System (151Y), Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research Education Clinical Center (MIRECC), 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1207 USA
| | - Priyanka Bhatt
- US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Palo Alto Health Care System (151Y), Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research Education Clinical Center (MIRECC), 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1207 USA
| | - Beatriz Hernandez
- US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Palo Alto Health Care System (151Y), Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research Education Clinical Center (MIRECC), 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1207 USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - J. Wesson Ashford
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA USA
| | - Jauhtai Joseph Cheng
- US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Palo Alto Health Care System (151Y), Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research Education Clinical Center (MIRECC), 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1207 USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Michael Iv
- Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroimaging and Neurointervention, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Maheen M. Adamson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
- Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center and Polytrauma (DVBIC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA USA
| | - Laura C. Lazzeroni
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Margaret Windy McNerney
- US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Palo Alto Health Care System (151Y), Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research Education Clinical Center (MIRECC), 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1207 USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
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Frank L, Wesson Ashford J, Bayley PJ, Borson S, Buschke H, Cohen D, Cummings JL, Davies P, Dean M, Finkel SI, Hyer L, Perry G, Powers RE, Schmitt F. Genetic Risk of Alzheimer's Disease: Three Wishes Now That the Genie is Out of the Bottle. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 66:421-423. [PMID: 30282369 PMCID: PMC6218128 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The availability and increasing popularity of direct-to-consumer genetic testing for the presence of an APOE4 allelle led the Alzheimer's Foundation of America Medical, Scientific and Memory Screening Advisory Board to identify three critical areas for attention: 1) ensure consumer understanding of test results; 2) address and limit potential negative consequences of acquiring this information; and 3) support linking results with positive health behaviors, including potential clinical trial participation. Improving access to appropriate sources of genetic counseling as part of the testing process is critical and requires action from clinicians and the genetic testing industry. Standardizing information and resources across the industry should start now, with the input of consumers and experts in genetic risk and health information disclosure. Direct-to-consumer testing companies and clinicians should assist consumers by facilitating consultation with genetic counselors and facilitating pursuit of accurate information about testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Frank
- Health and Aging Policy Fellow/American Political Science Association Congressional Fellow; Senior Advisor, PCORI, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J Wesson Ashford
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA and War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Peter J Bayley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA and War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Soo Borson
- University of Washington School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Herman Buschke
- The Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology and Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Lena and Joseph Gluck Distinguished Scholar in Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Donna Cohen
- Department of Child & Family Studies, College of Behavioral & Community Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Cummings
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Translational Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NY, USA
| | - Peter Davies
- Litwin-Zucker Center for Alzheimer's Disease & Memory Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Margaret Dean
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Internal Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Sanford I Finkel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lee Hyer
- Department of Psychiatry, Mercer School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
| | - George Perry
- Brain Health Consortium, Department Biology and Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Richard E Powers
- Departments of Pathology and Psychiatry, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Frederick Schmitt
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY, USA
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36
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Weiner MW, Nosheny RL, Mackin RS, Truran-Sacrey D, Flenniken D, Camacho MR, Kwang W, Howell T, Fockler J, Alosco ML, Stern RA, Montine TJ, Cholerton B, Ashford JW, Maruff P, Szoeke C. S4-01-01: IDENTIFYING ELDERS AT RISK FOR COGNITIVE DECLINE USING THE BRAIN HEALTH REGISTRY (BHR). Alzheimers Dement 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.06.4709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Weiner
- UCSF Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging; San Francisco CA USA
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; San Francisco CA USA
| | - Rachel L. Nosheny
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; San Francisco CA USA
- University of California; San Francisco Department of Psychiatry; San Francisco CA USA
| | - R Scott Mackin
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; San Francisco CA USA
- University of California; San Francisco Department of Psychiatry; San Francisco CA USA
| | - Diana Truran-Sacrey
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; San Francisco CA USA
| | - Derek Flenniken
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; San Francisco CA USA
| | - Monica R. Camacho
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; San Francisco CA USA
| | - Winnie Kwang
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; San Francisco CA USA
| | - Taylor Howell
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; San Francisco CA USA
| | - Juliet Fockler
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; San Francisco CA USA
| | | | | | | | | | - J Wesson Ashford
- Stanford University; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Stanford CA USA
| | | | - Cassandra Szoeke
- Healthy Brain Initiative; Australian Catholic University; Melbourne Australia
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Abstract
At its fundamental basis, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a pathological process that affects neuroplasticity, leading to a specific disruption of episodic memory. This review will provide a rationale for calls to screen for the early detection of AD, appraise the currently available cognitive instruments for AD detection, and focus on the development of the MemTrax test, which provides a new approach to detect the early manifestations and progression of the dementia associated with AD. MemTrax assesses metrics that reflect the effects of neuroplastic processes on learning, memory, and cognition, which are affected by age and AD, particularly episodic memory functions, which cannot presently be measured with enough precision for meaningful use. Further development of MemTrax would be of great value to the early detection of AD and would provide support for the testing of early interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbo Zhou
- SJN Biomed LTDKunmingChina
- Center for Alzheimer's ResearchWashington Institute of Clinical ResearchWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - J. Wesson Ashford
- War Related Illness and Injury Study CenterVA Palo Alto Health Care SystemPalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
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Abstract
Based on clinical observations of severe episodic memory (EM) impairment in dementia of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a brief, computerized EM test was developed for AD patient evaluation. A continuous recognition task (CRT) was chosen because of its extensive use in EM research. Initial experience with this computerized CRT (CCRT) showed patients were very engaged in the test, but AD patients had marked failure in recognizing repeated images. Subsequently, the test was administered to audiences, and then a two-minute online version was implemented (http://www.memtrax.com). The online CCRT shows 50 images, 25 unique and 25 repeats, which subjects respectively either try to remember or indicate recognition as quickly as possible. The pictures contain 5 sets of 5 images of scenes or objects (e.g., mountains, clothing, vehicles, etc.). A French company (HAPPYneuron, SAS) provided the test for 2 years, with these results. Of 18,477 individuals, who indicated sex and age 21–99 years and took the test for the first time, 18,007 individuals performed better than chance. In this group, age explained 1.5% of the variance in incorrect responses and 3.5% of recognition time variance, indicating considerable population variability. However, when averaging for specific year of age, age explained 58% of percent incorrect variance and 78% of recognition time variance, showing substantial population variability but a major age effect. There were no apparent sex effects. Further studies are indicated to determine the value of this CCRT as an AD screening test and validity as a measure of EM impairment in other clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wesson Ashford
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,War Related Illness & Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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Main KL, Soman S, Pestilli F, Furst A, Noda A, Hernandez B, Kong J, Cheng J, Fairchild JK, Taylor J, Yesavage J, Wesson Ashford J, Kraemer H, Adamson MM. DTI measures identify mild and moderate TBI cases among patients with complex health problems: A receiver operating characteristic analysis of U.S. veterans. Neuroimage Clin 2017; 16:1-16. [PMID: 28725550 PMCID: PMC5503837 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Standard MRI methods are often inadequate for identifying mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). Advances in diffusion tensor imaging now provide potential biomarkers of TBI among white matter fascicles (tracts). However, it is still unclear which tracts are most pertinent to TBI diagnosis. This study ranked fiber tracts on their ability to discriminate patients with and without TBI. We acquired diffusion tensor imaging data from military veterans admitted to a polytrauma clinic (Overall n = 109; Age: M = 47.2, SD = 11.3; Male: 88%; TBI: 67%). TBI diagnosis was based on self-report and neurological examination. Fiber tractography analysis produced 20 fiber tracts per patient. Each tract yielded four clinically relevant measures (fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, radial diffusivity, and axial diffusivity). We applied receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses to identify the most diagnostic tract for each measure. The analyses produced an optimal cutpoint for each tract. We then used kappa coefficients to rate the agreement of each cutpoint with the neurologist's diagnosis. The tract with the highest kappa was most diagnostic. As a check on the ROC results, we performed a stepwise logistic regression on each measure using all 20 tracts as predictors. We also bootstrapped the ROC analyses to compute the 95% confidence intervals for sensitivity, specificity, and the highest kappa coefficients. The ROC analyses identified two fiber tracts as most diagnostic of TBI: the left cingulum (LCG) and the left inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (LIF). Like ROC, logistic regression identified LCG as most predictive for the FA measure but identified the right anterior thalamic tract (RAT) for the MD, RD, and AD measures. These findings are potentially relevant to the development of TBI biomarkers. Our methods also demonstrate how ROC analysis may be used to identify clinically relevant variables in the TBI population.
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Key Words
- AD, axial diffusivity
- Axon degeneration
- CC, corpus callosum
- Concussion
- DAI, diffuse axonal injury
- DTI, diffusion tensor imaging
- FA, fractional anisotropy
- GN, genu
- Imaging
- LAT, left anterior thalamic tract
- LCG, left cingulum
- LCH, left cingulum – hippocampus
- LCS, left cortico-spinal tract
- LIF, left inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus
- LIL, left inferior longitudinal fasciculus
- LSL, left superior longitudinal fasciculus
- LST, left superior longitudinal fasciculus – temporal
- LUN, left uncinate
- MD, mean diffusivity
- Neurodegeneration
- PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder
- RAT, right anterior thalamic tract
- RCG, right cingulum
- RCH, right cingulum – Hippocampus
- RCS, right cortico-spinal tract
- RD, radial diffusivity
- RIF, right inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus
- RIL, right inferior longitudinal fasciculus
- ROC, receiver operating characteristic
- RSL, right superior longitudinal fasciculus
- RST, right superior longitudinal fasciculus – temporal
- RUN, right uncinate
- SP, splenium
- TBI, traumatic brain injury
- Traumatic brain injury
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith L. Main
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto Health Care System (VAPAHCS), Palo Alto, CA, United States
- Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center (DVBIC), Silver Spring, MD, United States
- General Dynamics Health Solutions (GDHS), Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Salil Soman
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto Health Care System (VAPAHCS), Palo Alto, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Franco Pestilli
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Ansgar Furst
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto Health Care System (VAPAHCS), Palo Alto, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Art Noda
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Beatriz Hernandez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer Kong
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto Health Care System (VAPAHCS), Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Jauhtai Cheng
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto Health Care System (VAPAHCS), Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer K. Fairchild
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Joy Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jerome Yesavage
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto Health Care System (VAPAHCS), Palo Alto, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - J. Wesson Ashford
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto Health Care System (VAPAHCS), Palo Alto, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Helena Kraemer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Maheen M. Adamson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center (DVBIC), Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto Health Care System (VAPAHCS), Palo Alto, CA, United States
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40
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Waltzman D, Soman S, Hantke NC, Fairchild JK, Kinoshita LM, Wintermark M, Ashford JW, Yesavage J, Williams L, Adamson MM, Furst AJ. Altered Microstructural Caudate Integrity in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder but Not Traumatic Brain Injury. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170564. [PMID: 28114393 PMCID: PMC5256941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Given the high prevalence and comorbidity of combat-related PTSD and TBI in Veterans, it is often difficult to disentangle the contributions of each disorder. Examining these pathologies separately may help to understand the neurobiological basis of memory impairment in PTSD and TBI independently of each other. Thus, we investigated whether a) PTSD and TBI are characterized by subcortical structural abnormalities by examining diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics and volume and b) if these abnormalities were specific to PTSD versus TBI. Method We investigated whether individuals with PTSD or TBI display subcortical structural abnormalities in memory regions by examining DTI metrics and volume of the hippocampus and caudate in three groups of Veterans: Veterans with PTSD, Veterans with TBI, and Veterans with neither PTSD nor TBI (Veteran controls). Results While our results demonstrated no macrostructural differences among the groups in these regions, there were significant alterations in microstructural DTI indices in the caudate for the PTSD group but not the TBI group compared to Veteran controls. Conclusions The result of increased mean, radial, and axial diffusivity, and decreased fractional anisotropy in the caudate in absence of significant volume atrophy in the PTSD group suggests the presence of subtle abnormalities evident only at a microstructural level. The caudate is thought to play a role in the physiopathology of PTSD, and the habit-like behavioral features of the disorder could be due to striatal-dependent habit learning mechanisms. Thus, DTI appears to be a vital tool to investigate subcortical pathology, greatly enhancing the ability to detect subtle brain changes in complex disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Waltzman
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System (VAPAHCS), Palo Alto, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Salil Soman
- Department of Radiology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States of America
| | - Nathan C. Hantke
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System (VAPAHCS), Palo Alto, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, United States of America
- Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System (VAPAHCS), Palo Alto, United States of America
| | - J. Kaci Fairchild
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System (VAPAHCS), Palo Alto, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, United States of America
- Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System (VAPAHCS), Palo Alto, United States of America
| | - Lisa M. Kinoshita
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, United States of America
- Psychology Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System (VAPAHCS), Palo Alto, United States of America
| | - Max Wintermark
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, United States of America
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, United States of America
| | - J. Wesson Ashford
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System (VAPAHCS), Palo Alto, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, United States of America
| | - Jerome Yesavage
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System (VAPAHCS), Palo Alto, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, United States of America
| | - Leanne Williams
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System (VAPAHCS), Palo Alto, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, United States of America
| | - Maheen M. Adamson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, United States of America
- Defense Veterans Brain Injury Center (DVBIC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System (VAPAHCS), Palo Alto, United States of America
| | - Ansgar J. Furst
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System (VAPAHCS), Palo Alto, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, United States of America
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, United States of America
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Sun W, Lee S, Huang X, Liu S, Inayathullah M, Kim KM, Tang H, Ashford JW, Rajadas J. Attenuation of synaptic toxicity and MARK4/PAR1-mediated Tau phosphorylation by methylene blue for Alzheimer's disease treatment. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34784. [PMID: 27708431 PMCID: PMC5052533 DOI: 10.1038/srep34784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity. Critical components of the two AD pathological pathways, Aβ-amyloidosis and Tauopathy, have been considered as therapeutic targets. Among them, much effort is focused on aberrant Tau phosphorylation and targeting Tau-phosphorylating kinases. Methylene blue (MB), a phenothiazine dye that crosses the blood-brain barrier, has been shown to hit multiple molecular targets involved in AD and have beneficial effects in clinical studies. Here we present evidence that microtubule affinity-regulating kinase (MARK4) is a novel target of MB. MB partially rescued the synaptic toxicity in Drosophila larva overexpressing PAR1 (MARK analog). In 293T culture, MB decreased MARK4-mediated Tau phosphorylation in a dose dependent manner. Further studies revealed a two-fold mechanism by MB including down-regulation of MARK4 protein level through ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and inhibition of MARK4 kinase activity in vitro. This study highlights the importance of MARK4 as a viable target for Tauopathy and provides fresh insight into the complex mechanism used by MB to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Sun
- Biomaterial and Advanced Drug Delivery Lab, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Seongsoo Lee
- Biomaterial and Advanced Drug Delivery Lab, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Gwangju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Xiaoran Huang
- Biomaterial and Advanced Drug Delivery Lab, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Song Liu
- Biomaterial and Advanced Drug Delivery Lab, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Mohammed Inayathullah
- Biomaterial and Advanced Drug Delivery Lab, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kwang-Min Kim
- Biomaterial and Advanced Drug Delivery Lab, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hongxiang Tang
- Biomaterial and Advanced Drug Delivery Lab, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - J Wesson Ashford
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Jayakumar Rajadas
- Biomaterial and Advanced Drug Delivery Lab, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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42
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Abstract
Complementary and Integrative Medicine has been maturing as a field to support treatment for a variety of medical conditions. The approaches, including yoga, meditation, acupuncture, and dietary supplements, may assist patients in a variety of ways, though clear explanations for their mechanisms of action or measurements of their possible benefit are in most cases elusive. In this issue of the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, Khalsa examines the use of meditation as a stress-reduction technique and provides an argument that with a specific technique such stress reduction can be provided efficiently, with relatively little interference in daily activities, and might decrease Alzheimer risk. This thorough review provides some evidence of physiological benefit of meditation to brain function. While any actual effect of meditation on Alzheimer pathophysiology is only conjectural, meditation has received considerable attention as a tool that may have positive psychological and medical benefits. Consequently, this review is welcome. What is less certain is whether the recommended meditation approach is of specific benefit for Alzheimer's disease or any other condition above and beyond what might be provided by many other types of exercises (like singing in a chorus or doing cross-word puzzles) or physical activities (like swimming or yoga).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wesson Ashford
- War Related Illness & Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto HCS, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Stanford, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Louise Mahoney
- War Related Illness & Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto HCS, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Tim Burkett
- Minnesota Zen Meditation Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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43
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Abstract
In this issue, an article by Waring et al. provides a meta-analysis of the effects of apo-lipo-protein E (APOE) genotype on the beneficial effect of acetyl-cholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). There was no significant effect found. As of 2015, AChEI medications are the mainstay of AD treatment, and APOE genotype is the most significant factor associated with AD causation. This lack of a significant effect of APOE is analyzed with respect to the "Cholinergic Hypothesis" of AD, dating from 1976, through the recognition that cholinergic neurons are not the sole target of AD, but rather that AD attacks all levels of neuroplasticity in the brain, an idea originated by Ashford and Jarvik in 1985 and which still provides the clearest explanation for AD dementia. The "Amyloid Hypothesis" is dissected back to the alpha/beta pathway switching mechanism affecting the nexin-amyloid pre-protein (NAPP switch). The NAPP switch may be the critical neuroplasticity component of all learning involving synapse remodeling and subserve all learning mechanisms. The gamma-secretase cleavage is discussed, and its normal complementary products, beta-amyloid and the NAPP intracellular domain (NAICD), appear to be involved in natural synapse removal, but the link to AD dementia may involve the NAICD rather than beta-amyloid. Understanding neuroplasticity and the critical pathways to AD dementia are needed to determine therapies and preventive strategies for AD. In particular, the effect of APOE on AD predisposition needs to be established and a means found to adjust its effect to prevent AD.
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44
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Sheng T, Fairchild JK, Kong JY, Kinoshita LM, Cheng JJ, Yesavage JA, Helmer DA, Reinhard MJ, Ashford JW, Adamson MM. The influence of physical and mental health symptoms on Veterans’ functional health status. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 53:781-796. [DOI: 10.1682/jrrd.2015.07.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Sheng
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - J. Kaci Fairchild
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Lisa M. Kinoshita
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Jauhtai J. Cheng
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Jerome A. Yesavage
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Drew A. Helmer
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ
| | - Matthew J. Reinhard
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Medical Center, Washington DC
| | - J. Wesson Ashford
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Maheen M. Adamson
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA
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45
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elliott J Mufson
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Dept. Neurobiology, Phoenix, AZ 85031, USA.
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46
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Ashford JW. Book Review. J Alzheimers Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-150885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wesson Ashford
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Ansgar J Furst
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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48
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Isaac L, Main KL, Soman S, Gotlib IH, Furst AJ, Kinoshita LM, Fairchild JK, Yesavage JA, Ashford JW, Bayley PJ, Adamson MM. The impact of depression on Veterans with PTSD and traumatic brain injury: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Biol Psychol 2015; 105:20-8. [PMID: 25559772 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A significant proportion of military personnel deployed in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom were exposed to war-zone events associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI), depression (DEP) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The co-occurrence of TBI, PTSD and DEP in returning Veterans has recently increased research and clinical interest. This study tested the hypothesis that white matter abnormalities are further impacted by depression. Of particular relevance is the uncinate fasciculus (UF), which is a key fronto-temporal tract involved in mood regulation, and the cingulum; a tract that connects to the hippocampus involved in memory integration. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was performed on 25 patients with a combination of PTSD, TBI and DEP and 20 patients with PTSD and TBI (no DEP). Microstructural changes of white matter were found in the cingulum and UF. Fractional anisotropy (FA) was lower in Veterans with DEP compared to those without DEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Isaac
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, The Veterans Affairs Palo Alto HealthCare System, Palo Alto, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Keith L Main
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, The Veterans Affairs Palo Alto HealthCare System, Palo Alto, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Salil Soman
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, The Veterans Affairs Palo Alto HealthCare System, Palo Alto, USA; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ian H Gotlib
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ansgar J Furst
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, The Veterans Affairs Palo Alto HealthCare System, Palo Alto, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lisa M Kinoshita
- The Veterans Affairs Palo Alto HealthCare System, Palo Alto, USA
| | - J Kaci Fairchild
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; The Veterans Affairs Palo Alto HealthCare System, Palo Alto, USA
| | - Jerome A Yesavage
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; The Veterans Affairs Palo Alto HealthCare System, Palo Alto, USA
| | - J Wesson Ashford
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, The Veterans Affairs Palo Alto HealthCare System, Palo Alto, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peter J Bayley
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, The Veterans Affairs Palo Alto HealthCare System, Palo Alto, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maheen M Adamson
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, The Veterans Affairs Palo Alto HealthCare System, Palo Alto, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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49
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Johnston JM, Hu WT, Fardo DW, Greco SJ, Perry G, Montine TJ, Trojanowski JQ, Shaw LM, Ashford JW, Tezapsidis N. Low plasma leptin in cognitively impaired ADNI subjects: gender differences and diagnostic and therapeutic potential. Curr Alzheimer Res 2014; 11:165-74. [PMID: 24359504 DOI: 10.2174/1567205010666131212114156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of data derived from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) program showed plasma leptin levels in individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) or Alzheimer's disease (AD) to be lower than those of subjects with normal cognition (NC). Approximately 70% of both men and women with MCI have plasma leptin levels lower than the median values of NC. Additionally, half of these subjects carry at least one apolipoprotein-E4 (APOE-ε4) allele. A subgroup of participants also had cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leptin measured. Plasma leptin typically reflected the levels of leptin in CSF in all groups (Control/MCI/AD) in both genders. The data suggest that plasma leptin deficiency provides an indication of potential CNS leptin deficiency, further supporting the exploration of plasma leptin as a diagnostic marker for MCI or AD. The important question is whether leptin deficiency plays a role in the causation of AD and/or its progression. If this is the case, individuals with early AD or MCI with low plasma leptin may benefit from leptin replacement therapy. Thus, these data indicate that trials of leptin in low leptin MCI/early-stage AD patients should be conducted to test the hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nikolaos Tezapsidis
- Neurotez, Inc., 991 Highway 22, Suite 200A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, USA.
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50
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Adamson MM, Main K, Kong JY, Soman S, Furst A, Kinoshita L, Yesavage J, Ashford JW. Integration of Clinical and Research Neuroimaging to Understand Traumatic Brain Injury in the Veteran Population. Fed Pract 2014; 31:3S-7S. [PMID: 26705383 PMCID: PMC4687744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
There is a complex relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury. To understand and treat these conditions, it is necessary to apply an integrated physical and mental health care approach to postdeployment care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maheen M Adamson
- Dr. Adamson is deputy director of research and PhD fellowships for War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, California site (WRIISC CA), Ms. Kong is research assistant (WRIISC CA), Dr. Main is neuroscience postdoctoral research fellow (WRIISC CA), Dr. Soman is neuroradiologist and clinical neuroscience postdoctoral research fellow (WRIISC CA), Dr. Furst is associate director of neuroimaging laboratory (WRIISC CA), Dr. Kinoshita is Director VA Memory Clinic, Dr. Yesavage is associate chief of staff for mental health, and Dr. Ashford is director (WRIISC CA) at VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California. Dr. Adamson is a clinical assistant professor at department of psychiatry & behavioral sciences (affiliated), Dr. Furst is clinical assistant professor at department of psychiatry & behavioral sciences and neurology (affiliated), Dr. Yesavage is professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences, Dr. Ashford is clinical professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences (affiliated) at Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California
| | - Keith Main
- Dr. Adamson is deputy director of research and PhD fellowships for War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, California site (WRIISC CA), Ms. Kong is research assistant (WRIISC CA), Dr. Main is neuroscience postdoctoral research fellow (WRIISC CA), Dr. Soman is neuroradiologist and clinical neuroscience postdoctoral research fellow (WRIISC CA), Dr. Furst is associate director of neuroimaging laboratory (WRIISC CA), Dr. Kinoshita is Director VA Memory Clinic, Dr. Yesavage is associate chief of staff for mental health, and Dr. Ashford is director (WRIISC CA) at VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California. Dr. Adamson is a clinical assistant professor at department of psychiatry & behavioral sciences (affiliated), Dr. Furst is clinical assistant professor at department of psychiatry & behavioral sciences and neurology (affiliated), Dr. Yesavage is professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences, Dr. Ashford is clinical professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences (affiliated) at Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California
| | - Jennifer Y Kong
- Dr. Adamson is deputy director of research and PhD fellowships for War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, California site (WRIISC CA), Ms. Kong is research assistant (WRIISC CA), Dr. Main is neuroscience postdoctoral research fellow (WRIISC CA), Dr. Soman is neuroradiologist and clinical neuroscience postdoctoral research fellow (WRIISC CA), Dr. Furst is associate director of neuroimaging laboratory (WRIISC CA), Dr. Kinoshita is Director VA Memory Clinic, Dr. Yesavage is associate chief of staff for mental health, and Dr. Ashford is director (WRIISC CA) at VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California. Dr. Adamson is a clinical assistant professor at department of psychiatry & behavioral sciences (affiliated), Dr. Furst is clinical assistant professor at department of psychiatry & behavioral sciences and neurology (affiliated), Dr. Yesavage is professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences, Dr. Ashford is clinical professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences (affiliated) at Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California
| | - Salil Soman
- Dr. Adamson is deputy director of research and PhD fellowships for War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, California site (WRIISC CA), Ms. Kong is research assistant (WRIISC CA), Dr. Main is neuroscience postdoctoral research fellow (WRIISC CA), Dr. Soman is neuroradiologist and clinical neuroscience postdoctoral research fellow (WRIISC CA), Dr. Furst is associate director of neuroimaging laboratory (WRIISC CA), Dr. Kinoshita is Director VA Memory Clinic, Dr. Yesavage is associate chief of staff for mental health, and Dr. Ashford is director (WRIISC CA) at VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California. Dr. Adamson is a clinical assistant professor at department of psychiatry & behavioral sciences (affiliated), Dr. Furst is clinical assistant professor at department of psychiatry & behavioral sciences and neurology (affiliated), Dr. Yesavage is professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences, Dr. Ashford is clinical professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences (affiliated) at Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California
| | - Ansgar Furst
- Dr. Adamson is deputy director of research and PhD fellowships for War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, California site (WRIISC CA), Ms. Kong is research assistant (WRIISC CA), Dr. Main is neuroscience postdoctoral research fellow (WRIISC CA), Dr. Soman is neuroradiologist and clinical neuroscience postdoctoral research fellow (WRIISC CA), Dr. Furst is associate director of neuroimaging laboratory (WRIISC CA), Dr. Kinoshita is Director VA Memory Clinic, Dr. Yesavage is associate chief of staff for mental health, and Dr. Ashford is director (WRIISC CA) at VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California. Dr. Adamson is a clinical assistant professor at department of psychiatry & behavioral sciences (affiliated), Dr. Furst is clinical assistant professor at department of psychiatry & behavioral sciences and neurology (affiliated), Dr. Yesavage is professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences, Dr. Ashford is clinical professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences (affiliated) at Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California
| | - Lisa Kinoshita
- Dr. Adamson is deputy director of research and PhD fellowships for War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, California site (WRIISC CA), Ms. Kong is research assistant (WRIISC CA), Dr. Main is neuroscience postdoctoral research fellow (WRIISC CA), Dr. Soman is neuroradiologist and clinical neuroscience postdoctoral research fellow (WRIISC CA), Dr. Furst is associate director of neuroimaging laboratory (WRIISC CA), Dr. Kinoshita is Director VA Memory Clinic, Dr. Yesavage is associate chief of staff for mental health, and Dr. Ashford is director (WRIISC CA) at VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California. Dr. Adamson is a clinical assistant professor at department of psychiatry & behavioral sciences (affiliated), Dr. Furst is clinical assistant professor at department of psychiatry & behavioral sciences and neurology (affiliated), Dr. Yesavage is professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences, Dr. Ashford is clinical professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences (affiliated) at Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California
| | - Jerome Yesavage
- Dr. Adamson is deputy director of research and PhD fellowships for War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, California site (WRIISC CA), Ms. Kong is research assistant (WRIISC CA), Dr. Main is neuroscience postdoctoral research fellow (WRIISC CA), Dr. Soman is neuroradiologist and clinical neuroscience postdoctoral research fellow (WRIISC CA), Dr. Furst is associate director of neuroimaging laboratory (WRIISC CA), Dr. Kinoshita is Director VA Memory Clinic, Dr. Yesavage is associate chief of staff for mental health, and Dr. Ashford is director (WRIISC CA) at VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California. Dr. Adamson is a clinical assistant professor at department of psychiatry & behavioral sciences (affiliated), Dr. Furst is clinical assistant professor at department of psychiatry & behavioral sciences and neurology (affiliated), Dr. Yesavage is professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences, Dr. Ashford is clinical professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences (affiliated) at Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California
| | - J Wesson Ashford
- Dr. Adamson is deputy director of research and PhD fellowships for War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, California site (WRIISC CA), Ms. Kong is research assistant (WRIISC CA), Dr. Main is neuroscience postdoctoral research fellow (WRIISC CA), Dr. Soman is neuroradiologist and clinical neuroscience postdoctoral research fellow (WRIISC CA), Dr. Furst is associate director of neuroimaging laboratory (WRIISC CA), Dr. Kinoshita is Director VA Memory Clinic, Dr. Yesavage is associate chief of staff for mental health, and Dr. Ashford is director (WRIISC CA) at VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California. Dr. Adamson is a clinical assistant professor at department of psychiatry & behavioral sciences (affiliated), Dr. Furst is clinical assistant professor at department of psychiatry & behavioral sciences and neurology (affiliated), Dr. Yesavage is professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences, Dr. Ashford is clinical professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences (affiliated) at Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California
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