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Meeker TJ, Saffer MI, Frost J, Chien JH, Mullins RJ, Cooper S, Bienvenu OJ, Lenz FA. Vigilance to Painful Laser Stimuli is Associated with Increased State Anxiety and Tense Arousal. J Pain Res 2023; 16:4151-4164. [PMID: 38058982 PMCID: PMC10697823 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s412782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pain is frequently accompanied by enhanced arousal and hypervigilance to painful sensations. Here, we describe our findings in an experimental vigilance task requiring healthy participants to indicate when randomly timed moderately painful stimuli occur in a long train of mildly painful stimuli. Methods During a continuous performance task with painful laser stimuli (CPTpain), 18 participants rated pain intensity, unpleasantness, and salience. We tested for a vigilance decrement over time using classical metrics including correct targets (hits), incorrectly identified non-targets (false alarms), hit reaction time, and false alarm reaction time. We measured state anxiety and tense arousal before and after the task. Results We found a vigilance decrement across four 12.5-minute blocks of painful laser stimuli in hits [F3,51=2.91; p=0.043; time block 1>block 4 (t=2.77; p=0.035)]. Both self-report state anxiety (tpaired,17=3.34; p=0.0039) and tense arousal (tpaired,17=3.20; p=0.0053) increased after the task. We found a vigilance decrement during our laser pain vigilance task consistent with vigilance decrements found in other stimulus modalities. Furthermore, state anxiety positively correlated with tense arousal. Discussion CPTpain acutely increased tense arousal and state anxiety, consistent with previous results implicating the reciprocal interaction of state anxiety and acute painful sensations and the role of pain in augmenting tense arousal. These results may indicate a psychological process which predisposes the hypervigilant to developing greater acute pain, resulting in positive feedback, greater pain and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Meeker
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark I Saffer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jodie Frost
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jui-Hong Chien
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Roger J Mullins
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sean Cooper
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - O Joseph Bienvenu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fred A Lenz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Kondo HM, Terashima H, Kihara K, Kochiyama T, Shimada Y, Kawahara JI. Prefrontal GABA and glutamate-glutamine levels affect sustained attention. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:10441-10452. [PMID: 37562851 PMCID: PMC10545440 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention levels fluctuate during the course of daily activities. However, factors underlying sustained attention are still unknown. We investigated mechanisms of sustained attention using psychological, neuroimaging, and neurochemical approaches. Participants were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing gradual-onset, continuous performance tasks (gradCPTs). In gradCPTs, narrations or visual scenes gradually changed from one to the next. Participants pressed a button for frequent Go trials as quickly as possible and withheld responses to infrequent No-go trials. Performance was better for the visual gradCPT than for the auditory gradCPT, but the 2 were correlated. The dorsal attention network was activated during intermittent responses, regardless of sensory modality. Reaction-time variability of gradCPTs was correlated with signal changes (SCs) in the left fronto-parietal regions. We also used magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to measure levels of glutamate-glutamine (Glx) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the left prefrontal cortex (PFC). Glx levels were associated with performance under undemanding situations, whereas GABA levels were related to performance under demanding situations. Combined fMRI-MRS results demonstrated that SCs of the left PFC were positively correlated with neurometabolite levels. These findings suggest that a neural balance between excitation and inhibition is involved in attentional fluctuations and brain dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohito M Kondo
- Department of Psychology, School of Psychology, Chukyo University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8666, Japan
| | - Hiroki Terashima
- Human Information Science Laboratory, NTT Communication Science Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
| | - Ken Kihara
- Department of Information Technology and Human Factors, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Takanori Kochiyama
- Brain Activity Imaging Center, ATR-Promotions, Seika-cho, Kyoto 619-0288, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shimada
- Brain Activity Imaging Center, ATR-Promotions, Seika-cho, Kyoto 619-0288, Japan
| | - Jun I Kawahara
- Department of Psychology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
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Stevanovic D, Nasic S, Doric A, Wentz E, Knez R. The Structure and Diagnostic Accuracy of the QbTest in Pediatric ADHD: A Retrospective Clinical Study. J Atten Disord 2023; 27:1296-1305. [PMID: 37199293 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231174035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The QbTest that combines a continuous performance task (CPT) with a motion-tracking system may help identify attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study examined the structure and diagnostic ability of the QbTest in children and adolescents. METHOD Retrospective data from 1,274 children and adolescents were analyzed. The study assessed data on a principal component analysis (PCA), sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV). RESULTS The QbActivity component included the variables micro-events, distance, area, and time active; the QbImpulsivity included normalized commissions and commissions (anticipatory errors were added in a version for 6-12-year-olds only); and the QbInattention included omissions, reaction time, and reaction time variation. Sensitivity ranged between 22% and 50%, specificity 79% and 96%, PPVs 40% and 95%, and NPVs 24% and 66%. CONCLUSION The structure of the QbTest with three cardinal parameters and nine/ten CPT and motion analysis variables was supported. The diagnostic accuracy was found to be poor to moderate. Given that this is a retrospective study, the interpretation of diagnostic accuracy should be considered within this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Stevanovic
- Clinic for Neurology and Psychiatry for Children and Youth, Belgrade, Serbia
- University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Salmir Nasic
- University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- Skaraborgs Hospital, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Ana Doric
- University of Rijeka, Croatia
- IntechOpen Limited, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Rajna Knez
- University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- Skaraborgs Hospital, Skövde, Sweden
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Wiebe A, Aslan B, Brockmann C, Lepartz A, Dudek D, Kannen K, Selaskowski B, Lux S, Ettinger U, Philipsen A, Braun N. Multimodal assessment of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A controlled virtual seminar room study. Clin Psychol Psychother 2023; 30:1111-1129. [PMID: 37209018 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In the assessment of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, the diagnostic value of neuropsychological testing is limited. Partly, this is due to the rather low ecological validity of traditional neuropsychological tests, which usually present abstract stimuli on a computer screen. A potential remedy for this shortcoming might be the use of virtual reality (VR), which enables a more realistic and complex, yet still standardized test environment. The present study investigates a new VR-based multimodal assessment tool for adult ADHD, the virtual seminar room (VSR). Twenty-five unmedicated ADHD patients, 25 medicated ADHD patients, and 25 healthy controls underwent a virtual continuous performance task (CPT) in the VSR with concurrent visual, auditive, and audiovisual distractions. Simultaneously, head movements (actigraphy), gaze behaviour (eye tracking), subjective experience, electroencephalography (EEG), and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) were recorded. Significant differences between unmedicated patients with ADHD and healthy controls were found in CPT performance, head actigraphy, distractor gaze behaviour, and subjective experience. Moreover, CPT performance parameters demonstrated potential utility for assessing medication effects within the ADHD population. No group differences were found in the Theta-Beta-Ratio (EEG) or dorsolateral-prefrontal oxy-haemoglobin (fNIRS). Overall, the results are very promising regarding the potential of the VSR as an assessment tool for adult ADHD. In particular, the combined assessment of CPT, actigraphy, and eye tracking parameters appears to be a valid approach to more accurately capture the heterogeneous symptom presentation of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Wiebe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Behrem Aslan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Charlotte Brockmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexandra Lepartz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dominika Dudek
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kyra Kannen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Benjamin Selaskowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Silke Lux
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Alexandra Philipsen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Niclas Braun
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Ely SL, Zundel CG, Gowatch LC, Evanski JM, Bhogal A, Carpenter C, Shampine M, Marusak H. Attention, attention! Posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with altered attention-related brain function. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1244685. [PMID: 37670803 PMCID: PMC10476007 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1244685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating condition characterized by altered arousal, mood, and cognition. Studies report attentional alterations such as threat bias in individuals with PTSD, though this work has largely been conducted within emotionally-charged contexts (e.g., threatening stimuli). Emerging behavioral evidence suggests that PTSD-related attention deficits exist even in the absence of threatening cues or anxiety triggers. However, the role and functioning of attention brain circuits as they relate to PTSD remains underexplored. In this mini review, we highlight recent work using non-emotional stimuli to investigate the neurobiology of attention and disruptions to attention-related brain function among individuals with PTSD. We then discuss gaps in the current literature, including questions pertaining to the neural circuitry of attentional alterations in PTSD, as well as the contributions that trauma exposure, PTSD symptoms, comorbidities, and pre-existing vulnerabilities may have in this relationship. Finally, we suggest future directions for this emerging area of research, which may further inform knowledge surrounding the neurobiological underpinnings of PTSD and potential treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Ely
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
- Translational Neuroscience PhD Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Clara G. Zundel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Leah C. Gowatch
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Julia M. Evanski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Amanpreet Bhogal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Carmen Carpenter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - MacKenna Shampine
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Hilary Marusak
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
- Translational Neuroscience PhD Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
- Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
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Gallen CL, Schachtner JN, Anguera-Singla R, Anguera JA, Gazzaley A. Influence of game features on attention in adults. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1123306. [PMID: 37228349 PMCID: PMC10203248 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1123306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The incorporation of game features into cognitive tasks can inform us about the influence of reward and motivation on attention. Continuous performance tasks (CPTs), designed to assess attention abilities, are examples of cognitive tasks that have been targeted for the addition of game features. However, previous results have been mixed regarding how game elements affect attention abilities and task performance. Methods Here, we studied if there were factors that predict which individuals exhibit changes in attention from game features added to a CPT. Participants (N = 94, aged 21-71) played a traditional CPT and a game CPT with identical mechanics, but featured engaging game elements (aesthetics, storyline, competition, feedback, and reward). Results We first found corroborating evidence that game features have mixed effects on attention performance: most attention metrics of interest exhibited no overall difference between the traditional and game CPT, while game elements reduced performance for a few metrics. Importantly, we also found that specific behavioral and demographic profiles predicted individual differences in performance on the game CPT compared to the traditional CPT. Those with more attention difficulties (ADHD symptoms), more reward responsiveness, and younger adults performed better on the game CPT while, conversely, those with fewer ADHD symptoms, less reward responsiveness, and older adults performed better on the traditional CPT. Discussion These findings provide insights into how game features can influence attention in different individuals and have important implications for the use of game elements in cognitive tasks and training interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney L. Gallen
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Neuroscape Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jessica N. Schachtner
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Neuroscape Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Roger Anguera-Singla
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Neuroscape Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Joaquin A. Anguera
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Neuroscape Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Adam Gazzaley
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Neuroscape Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Wiebe A, Kannen K, Li M, Aslan B, Anders D, Selaskowski B, Ettinger U, Lux S, Philipsen A, Braun N. Multimodal Virtual Reality-Based Assessment of Adult ADHD: A Feasibility Study in Healthy Subjects. Assessment 2022:10731911221089193. [PMID: 35435010 DOI: 10.1177/10731911221089193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychological assessments are often surprisingly inaccurate in mapping clinically-reported attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, presumably due to their low ecological validity. Virtual reality (VR) might offer a potential solution for this problem, given its capability to generate standardized and yet highly realistic virtual environments. As the first adaptation of existing virtual classroom scenarios to an adult population, we developed a Virtual Seminar Room (VSR) for multimodal characterization of ADHD symptoms. To test its feasibility, N = 35 healthy participants were immersed into the VSR via a head-mounted display and carried out a VR-embedded continuous performance task (CPT) under varying levels of distractions in two experimental blocks (24 min each). CPT performance, electroencephalography (EEG) measures, and head movements (actigraphy) were simultaneously recorded and analyzed offline. Although CPT performance remained constant throughout the task, head movements increased significantly from Block 1 to Block 2. In addition, EEG theta (4-7 Hz) and beta (13-30 Hz) power was higher during Block 1 than Block 2, and during distractor-present than distractor-absent phases. Moreover, P300 amplitudes were higher during Block 1 than Block 2, and P300 latencies were prolonged in distractor-absent compared with distractor-present phases. Although the paradigm awaits further improvements, this study confirms the general feasibility of the VSR and provides a first step toward a multimodal, ecologically valid, and reliable VR-based adult ADHD assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Wiebe
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kyra Kannen
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mengtong Li
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Behrem Aslan
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - David Anders
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Benjamin Selaskowski
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Silke Lux
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexandra Philipsen
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Niclas Braun
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Feng J, Hu B, Sun J, Zhang J, Wang W, Cui G. Identifying Fragmented Reading and Evaluating Its Influence on Cognition Based on Single Trial Electroencephalogram. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:753735. [PMID: 34744666 PMCID: PMC8569705 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.753735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The use of social media daily could nurture a fragmented reading habit. However, little is known whether fragmented reading (FR) affects cognition and what are the underlying electroencephalogram (EEG) alterations it may lead to. Purpose: This study aimed to identify whether individuals have FR habits based on the single-trial EEG spectral features using machine learning (ML), as well as to find out the potential cognitive impairment induced by FR. Methods: Subjects were recruited through a questionnaire and divided into FR and noFR groups according to the time they spent on FR per day. Moreover, 64-channel EEG was acquired in Continuous Performance Task (CPT) and segmented into 0.5-1.5 s post-stimulus epochs under cue and background conditions. The sample sizes were as follows: FR in cue condition, 692 trials; noFR in cue condition, 688 trials; FR in background condition, 561 trials; noFR in background condition, 585 trials. For these single-trials, the relative power (RP) of six frequency bands [delta (1-3 Hz), theta (4-7 Hz), alpha (8-13 Hz), beta1 (14-20 Hz), beta2 (21-29 Hz), lower gamma (30-40 Hz)] were extracted as features. After feature selection, the most important feature sets were fed into three ML models, namely Support-Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), and Naive Bayes to perform the identification of FR. RP of six frequency bands was also used as feature sets to conduct classification tasks. Results: The classification accuracy reached up to 96.52% in the SVM model under cue conditions. Specifically, among six frequency bands, the most important features were found in alpha and gamma bands. Gamma achieved the highest classification accuracy (86.69% for cue, 86.45% for background). In both conditions, alpha RP in central sites of FR was stronger than noFR (p < 0.001). Gamma RP in the frontal site of FR was weaker than noFR in the background condition (p < 0.001), while alpha RP in parieto-occipital sites of FR was stronger than noFR in the cue condition (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Fragmented reading can be identified based on single-trial EEG evoked by CPT using ML, and the RP of alpha and gamma may reflect the impairment on attention and working memory by FR. FR might lead to cognitive impairment and is worth further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Feng
- College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingting Sun
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Junpeng Zhang
- College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guangbin Cui
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Burrows EL, May C, Hill T, Churliov L, Johnson KA, Hannan AJ. Mice with an autism-associated R451C mutation in neuroligin-3 show a cautious but accurate response style in touchscreen attention tasks. Genes Brain Behav 2021; 21:e12757. [PMID: 34085373 PMCID: PMC9744539 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the earliest identifiable features of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is altered attention. Mice expressing the ASD-associated R451C mutation in synaptic adhesion protein neuroligin-3 (NL3) exhibit impaired reciprocal social interactions and repetitive and restrictive behaviours. The role of this mutation in attentional abnormalities has not been established. We assessed attention in male NL3R451C mice using two well-established tasks in touchscreen chambers. In the 5-choice serial reaction task, rodents were trained to attend to light stimuli that appear in any one of five locations. While no differences between NL3R451C and WT mice were seen in accuracy or omissions, slower response times and quicker reward collection latencies were seen across all training and probe trials. In the rodent continuous-performance test, animals were required to discriminate, and identify a visual target pattern over multiple distractor stimuli. NL3R451C mice displayed enhanced ability to attend to stimuli when task-load was low during training and baseline but lost this advantage when difficulty was increased by altering task parameters in probe trials. NL3R451C mice made less responses to the distractor stimuli, exhibiting lower false alarm rates during all training stages and in probe trials. Slower response times and quicker reward latencies were consistently seen in NL3R451C mice in the rCPT. Slower response times are a major cognitive phenotype reported in ASD patients and are indicative of slower processing speed. Enhanced attention has been shown in a subset of ASD patients and we have demonstrated this phenotype also exists in the NL3R451C mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Burrows
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Carlos May
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Thomas Hill
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Leonid Churliov
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthHeidelbergVictoriaAustralia
| | - Katherine A. Johnson
- School of Psychological SciencesUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Anthony J. Hannan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia,Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
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Abstract
Objective: To identify the impact of sleep deprivation on functioning of young adults with or without ADHD on a continuous performance attention task. Method: Thirty-four men (M age = 25.38) with (n = 16) or without (n = 18) ADHD completed a continuous performance task before and after 25 hr of sustained wakefulness in a controlled environment. Results: In both groups, sleep deprivation caused a decline in performance on all variables: omission errors, commission errors, reaction time, and reaction time variability. In addition, the ADHD group made more omission and commission errors, and had greater reaction time variability. Conclusion: Sleep deprivation has a detrimental effect on attention functioning among young adults. In addition, although young adults with ADHD generally perform worse on continuous performance tasks than young adults without ADHD, the groups are similarly affected by sleep deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orrie Dan
- Max Stern Yezreel Valley College, Yezreel Valley, Israel
| | - Ami Cohen
- Max Stern Yezreel Valley College, Yezreel Valley, Israel
| | - Kfir Asraf
- Max Stern Yezreel Valley College, Yezreel Valley, Israel
| | | | - Iris Haimov
- Max Stern Yezreel Valley College, Yezreel Valley, Israel
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11
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Knez R, Stevanovic D, Nasic S, Doric A, Wentz E. The Impact of Methylphenidate on QbTest Performance of Children with ADHD: A Retrospective Clinical Study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:19-32. [PMID: 33447036 PMCID: PMC7802589 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s277490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Quantified behavior Test (QbTest), which combines a continuous performance task (CPT) and motion tracking, provides data for the core signs of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of children and adolescents with ADHD on the QbTest before and after a single methylphenidate (MPH) dose. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This retrospective chart review study included data from 149 children and 215 adolescents who completed the QbTest. A summary index of the CPT and motion capture data on the QbTest is provided by three cardinal parameters: QbActivity, QbImpulsivity, and QbInattention. The test was performed twice on the same day, before and up to three hours after MPH intake. A decrease by ≥ 0.5 in a cardinal parameter score was considered an improvement, whereas an increase by ≥ 0.5 a deterioration. RESULTS QbActivity improvement after MPH intake was present in 71.7% and 76.2% of the children and adolescents, respectively. QbImpulsivity improvement was observed in 50.4% of the children and 44.7% of the adolescents, and QbInattention improvement in 85.1% and 91.1% of the children and adolescents, respectively. All three parameters improved simultaneously in 27.7% of the children and 28.7% of the adolescents. The likelihood that one parameter deteriorated after MPH use was greater if that parameter was within the normal range before medication. This was most pronounced for QbImpulsivity. Among male adolescents, QbInattention improvement was often accompanied by QbImpulsivity deterioration. CONCLUSION The QbTest inattention and motor activity parameters improved markedly after a single MPH dose in children and adolescents with ADHD, while less so for impulsivity. Improvement of one parameter is not necessarily associated with improvement of the other two, and deterioration, especially regarding impulsivity, may occur. If confirmed, these results highlight the need for optimization and individualization of MPH treatment, while monitoring all aspects of the ADHD symptomatology based on the QbTest performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajna Knez
- Department of Pediatrics, Skaraborgs Hospital, Skövde, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dejan Stevanovic
- Psychiatry Department, Clinic for Neurology and Psychiatry for Children and Youth, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Salmir Nasic
- Research & Development Centre, Skaraborgs Hospital, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Ana Doric
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanity and Social Sciences, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Elisabet Wentz
- Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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12
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van der Hoek MD, Nieuwenhuizen A, Keijer J, Ashford JW. The MemTrax Test Compared to the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Estimation of Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 67:1045-1054. [PMID: 30776011 PMCID: PMC6398548 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a leading cause of dysfunction in the elderly. When mild cognitive impairment (MCI) occurs in elderly, it is frequently a prodromal condition to dementia. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a commonly used tool to screen for MCI. However, this test requires a face-to-face administration and is composed of an assortment of questions whose responses are added together by the rater to provide a score whose precise meaning has been controversial. This study was designed to evaluate the performance of a computerized memory test (MemTrax), which is an adaptation of a continuous recognition task, with respect to the MoCA. Two outcome measures are generated from the MemTrax test: MemTraxspeed and MemTraxcorrect. Subjects were administered the MoCA and the MemTrax test. Based on the results of the MoCA, subjects were divided in two groups of cognitive status: normal cognition (n = 45) and MCI (n = 37). Mean MemTrax scores were significantly lower in the MCI than in the normal cognition group. All MemTrax outcome variables were positively associated with the MoCA. Two methods, computing the average MTX score and linear regression were used to estimate the cutoff values of the MemTrax test to detect MCI. These methods showed that for the outcome MemTraxspeed a score below the range of 0.87 – 91 s-1 is an indication of MCI, and for the outcome MemTraxcorrect a score below the range of 85 – 90% is an indication for MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjanne D van der Hoek
- Applied Research Centre Food and Dairy, Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands.,Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Arie Nieuwenhuizen
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - J Wesson Ashford
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto HCS, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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13
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Abstract
Background. Event-related potentials (ERPs) of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) population have been extensively studied using the time-domain representation of signals but time-frequency domain techniques are less explored. Although, adult ADHD is a proven disorder, most of the electrophysiological studies have focused only on children with ADHD. Methods. ERP data of 35 university students with ADHD and 35 control adults were recorded during visual continuous performance task (CPT). Gray level co-occurrence matrix-based texture features were extracted from time-frequency (t-f) images of event-related EEG epochs. Different ERP components measures, that is, amplitudes and latencies corresponding to N1, N2, and P3 components were also computed relative to standard and target stimuli. Results. Texture analysis has shown that the mean value of contrast, dissimilarity, and difference entropy is significantly reduced in adults with ADHD than in control adults. The mean correlation and homogeneity in adults with ADHD were significantly increased as compared with control adults. ERP components analysis has reported that adults with ADHD have reduced N1 amplitude to target stimuli, reduced N2 and P3 amplitude to both standard and target stimuli than controls. Conclusions. The differences in texture features obtained from t-f images of ERPs point toward altered information processing in adults with ADHD during a cognitive task. Findings of reduction in N1, N2, and P3 components highlight deficits of early sensory processing, stimulus categorization, and attentional resources, respectively, in adults with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simranjit Kaur
- 1 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sukhwinder Singh
- 1 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Priti Arun
- 2 Department of Psychiatry, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Damanjeet Kaur
- 3 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manoj Bajaj
- 2 Department of Psychiatry, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
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14
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Martens KM, Pechacek KM, Modrak CG, Milleson VJ, Zhu B, Vonder Haar C. Cathodal Transcranial Direct-Current Stimulation Selectively Decreases Impulsivity after Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:2827-2830. [PMID: 31072218 PMCID: PMC6744944 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often results in chronic psychiatric-like symptoms. In a condition with few therapeutic options, neuromodulation has emerged as a promising potential treatment avenue for these individuals. The goal of the current study was to determine if transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) could treat deficits of impulsivity and attention in rats. This could then be used as a model to investigate treatment parameters and the mechanism of action underlying therapeutic effects. Rats were trained on a task to measure attention and motor impulsivity (five-choice serial reaction time task), then given a frontal, controlled cortical impact injury. After rats recovered to a new baseline, tDCS (cathodal, 10 min, 800 μA) was delivered daily prior to testing in a counterbalanced, cross-over design. Treatment with tDCS selectively reduced impulsivity in the TBI group, and the greatest recovery occurred in the rats with the largest deficits. With these data, we have established a rat model for studying the effects of tDCS on psychiatric-like dysfunction. More research is needed to determine the mechanism of action by which tDCS-related gains occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris M Martens
- Injury and Recovery Laboratory, Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Kristen M Pechacek
- Injury and Recovery Laboratory, Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Cassandra G Modrak
- Injury and Recovery Laboratory, Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Virginia J Milleson
- Injury and Recovery Laboratory, Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Binxing Zhu
- Injury and Recovery Laboratory, Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Cole Vonder Haar
- Injury and Recovery Laboratory, Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
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15
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Hernández MM, Eisenberg N, Valiente C, Spinrad TL, Johns SK, Berger RH, Silva KM, Diaz A, Gal-Szabo DE, Thompson MS, Southworth J. Self-Regulation and Academic Measures Across the Early Elementary School Grades: Examining Longitudinal and Bidirectional Associations. Early Educ Dev 2018; 29:914-938. [PMID: 31997874 PMCID: PMC6988410 DOI: 10.1080/10409289.2018.1496722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the association between children's (N = 301) self-regulation and math and reading achievement in kindergarten, first grade, and second grade. Children's self-regulation was assessed using the Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders (HTKS) task (involving control of gross body movements) and a computerized continuous performance task (CPT; assessing primarily inhibitory control) in kindergarten, first grade, and second grade. Research findings: Based on cross-lagged structural equation panel models, HTKS task performance positively predicted later math and reading achievement. Math achievement significantly and positively predicted later HTKS and CPT scores. Earlier math and reading achievement moderated the association between CPT scores and later math and reading achievement; inhibitory control-based self-regulation assessed with the CPT predicted higher math or reading achievement in subsequent grades for children with lower math or reading achievement in prior grades. Performance on the CPT moderated the paths from HTKS scores to later reading achievement; behavioral self-regulation assessed with the HTKS task predicted higher reading achievement in subsequent grades for children with low or average CPT performance in prior grades. Practice: Results from this study have the potential to inform targeted academic interventions focused on enhancing self-regulation in school contexts. The findings highlight the utility of assessing multiple measures of self-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlos Valiente
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University
| | - Tracy L. Spinrad
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University
| | | | - Rebecca H. Berger
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University
| | - Kassondra M. Silva
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University
| | - Anjolii Diaz
- Department of Psychological Science, Ball State University
| | - Diana E. Gal-Szabo
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University
| | - Marilyn S. Thompson
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University
| | - Jody Southworth
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University
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16
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Hvoslef-Eide M, Nilsson SR, Hailwood JM, Robbins TW, Saksida LM, Mar AC, Bussey TJ. Effects of anterior cingulate cortex lesions on a continuous performance task for mice. Brain Neurosci Adv 2018; 2. [PMID: 31168482 PMCID: PMC6546594 DOI: 10.1177/2398212818772962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Important tools in the study of prefrontal cortical-dependent executive functions are cross-species behavioural tasks with translational validity. A widely used test of executive function and attention in humans is the continuous performance task (CPT). Optimal performance in variations of this task is associated with activity along the medial wall of the prefrontal cortex, including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), for its essential components such as response control, target detection and processing of false alarm errors. We assess the validity of a recently developed rodent touchscreen continuous performance task (rCPT) that is analogous to typical human CPT procedures. Here we evaluate the performance of mice with quinolinic acid-induced lesions centred on the ACC in the rCPT following a range of task parameter manipulations designed to challenge attention and impulse control. Lesioned mice showed a disinhibited response profile expressed as a decreased response criterion and increased false alarm rates. ACC lesions also resulted in a milder increase in inter-trial interval responses ('ITI touches') and hit rate. Lesions did not affect discriminative sensitivity d'. The disinhibited behaviour of ACC lesioned animals was stable and not affected by the manipulation of variable task parameter manipulations designed to increase task difficulty. The results are in general agreement with human studies implicating the ACC in the processing of inappropriate responses. We conclude that the rCPT may be useful for studying prefrontal cortex function in mice and has the capability of providing meaningful links between animal and human cognitive tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Hvoslef-Eide
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.,MRC and Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Simon Ro Nilsson
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.,MRC and Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.,Neuroscience Institute, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan M Hailwood
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.,MRC and Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.,MRC and Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Lisa M Saksida
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.,MRC and Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.,Molecular Medicine Research Group, Robarts Research Institute & Department of Physiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,The Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Adam C Mar
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.,MRC and Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.,Neuroscience Institute, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Timothy J Bussey
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.,MRC and Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.,Molecular Medicine Research Group, Robarts Research Institute & Department of Physiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,The Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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17
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the use of the Continuous Performance Task (CPT) reaction time variability (intraindividual variability or standard deviation of reaction time), as a measure of vigilance in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and stimulant medication response, utilizing a simple CPT X-task vs an A-X-task. METHOD Comparative analyses of two separate X-task vs A-X-task data sets, and subgroup analyses of performance on and off medication were conducted. RESULTS The CPT X-task reaction time variability had a direct relationship to ADHD clinician severity ratings, unlike the CPT A-X-task. Variability in X-task performance was reduced by medication compared with the children's unmedicated performance, but this effect did not reach significance. When the coefficient of variation was applied, severity measures and medication response were significant for the X-task, but not for the A-X-task. CONCLUSION The CPT-X-task is a useful clinical screening test for ADHD and medication response. In particular, reaction time variability is related to default mode interference. The A-X-task is less useful in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Levy
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales and Head, Child and Family East, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Pipingas
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth V Harris
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maree Farrow
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Richard B Silberstein
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
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18
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deficient reward processing has gained attention as an important aspect of ADHD, but little is known about reward-based decision-making (DM) in adults with ADHD. This article summarizes research on DM in adult ADHD and contextualizes DM deficits by comparing them to attention deficits. METHOD Meta-analytic methods were used to calculate average effect sizes for different DM domains and continuous performance task (CPT) measures. RESULTS None of the 59 included studies (DM: 12 studies; CPT: 43; both: 4) had indications of publication bias. DM and CPT measures showed robust, small to medium effects. Large effect sizes were found for a drift diffusion model analysis of the CPT. CONCLUSION The results support the existence of DM deficits in adults with ADHD, which are of similar magnitude as attention deficits. These findings warrant further examination of DM in adults with ADHD to improve the understanding of underlying neurocognitive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guido Biele
- University of Oslo, Norway Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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19
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Esterman M, Noonan SK, Rosenberg M, Degutis J. In the zone or zoning out? Tracking behavioral and neural fluctuations during sustained attention. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 23:2712-23. [PMID: 22941724 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite growing recognition that attention fluctuates from moment-to-moment during sustained performance, prevailing analysis strategies involve averaging data across multiple trials or time points, treating these fluctuations as noise. Here, using alternative approaches, we clarify the relationship between ongoing brain activity and performance fluctuations during sustained attention. We introduce a novel task (the gradual onset continuous performance task), along with innovative analysis procedures that probe the relationships between reaction time (RT) variability, attention lapses, and intrinsic brain activity. Our results highlight 2 attentional states-a stable, less error-prone state ("in the zone"), characterized by higher default mode network (DMN) activity but during which subjects are at risk of erring if DMN activity rises beyond intermediate levels, and a more effortful mode of processing ("out of the zone"), that is less optimal for sustained performance and relies on activity in dorsal attention network (DAN) regions. These findings motivate a new view of DMN and DAN functioning capable of integrating seemingly disparate reports of their role in goal-directed behavior. Further, they hold potential to reconcile conflicting theories of sustained attention, and represent an important step forward in linking intrinsic brain activity to behavioral phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Esterman
- Neuroimaging Research Center for Veterans (151), VA Boston Healthcare System
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20
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Swartwout MD, Cirino PT, Hampson AW, Fletcher JM, Brandt ME, Dennis M. Sustained attention in children with two etiologies of early hydrocephalus. Neuropsychology 2008; 22:765-75. [PMID: 18999350 PMCID: PMC2593153 DOI: 10.1037/a0013373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown that children with spina bifida meningomyelocele (SBM) and hydrocephalus have attention problems on parent ratings and difficulties in stimulus orienting associated with a posterior brain attention system. Less is known about response control and inhibition associated with an anterior brain attention system. Using the Gordon Vigilance Task (Gordon, 1983), we studied error rate, reaction time, and performance over time for sustained attention, a key anterior attention function, in 101 children with SBM, 17 with aqueductal stenosis (AS; another condition involving congenital hydrocephalus), and 40 typically developing controls (NC). In SBM, we investigated the relation between cognitive attention and parent ratings of inattention and hyperactivity and explored the impact of medical variables. Children with SBM did not differ from AS or NC groups on measures of sustained attention, but they committed more errors and responded more slowly. Approximately one-third of the SBM group had attention symptoms, although parent attention ratings were not associated with task performance. Hydrocephalus does not account for the attention profile of children with SBM, which also reflects the distinctive brain dysmorphologies associated with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maegan D Swartwout
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5355, USA.
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Abstract
The General Theory of Crime proposes that crime is explained by the combination of situational opportunity and lack of self-control. Impulsivity is one of the important components of self-control. Because behavioral measures of impulsivity are becoming more commonly utilized to assess forensic populations, this manuscript provides an overview of three current behavioral measures. In doing so, an example of their application is provided using a group of individuals likely to come into contact with the legal system: adolescents with Conduct Disorder. Earlier age of onset of Conduct Disorder symptoms has been shown to be an important predictor of the persistence of poor outcomes into adulthood, including participation in criminal activities. This study found differential behavioral profiles across distinct measures of impulsivity by those with childhood- versus adolescent-onset Conduct Disorder. Legal implications for defining behavioral deficits using behavioral measures of impulsivity and their current limitations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W Mathias
- Neurobehavioral Research Laboratory and Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Mail Code 7792, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
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