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Fernández-Vigo JI, Fernández-Aragón S, de-Pablo-Gómez-de-Liaño L, Fernández-Vigo C, Almorín-Fernández-Vigo I, García-Feijóo J, Fernández-Vigo JA. Assessment of the ciliary muscle and scleral anterior thickness in high myopia by optical coherence tomography. ARCHIVOS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA 2024; 99:16-22. [PMID: 38008380 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftale.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess ciliary muscle (CM) and anterior scleral thickness (AST) dimensions in vivo in high myopia using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) and to compare with emmetropic and hyperopic subjects. METHODS Cross-sectional study that included 34 high myopic patients (≥ -6 diopters [D]), 90 emmetropes (-1 to +1 D) and 38 hyperopic patients (≥ +3.5 D). CM thickness (CMT) and AST were measured in the temporal and nasal quadrants at 1, 2, and 3 mm from the scleral spur using SS-OCT. In addition, the length of the CM (CML) was evaluated. RESULTS The dimensions of the CML and the CMT at any of their measurement points were greater in high myopes and emmetropes than in hyperopes, both in the nasal and temporal quadrants (P < .001). However, there were no differences between high myopes and emmetropes for any of the parameters (P ≥ .076) except for the CMT at 3 mm in the temporal quadrant (P < .001). There were no differences in the AST between high myopes, emmetropes and hyperopes, in any of the measurement points or quadrants studied (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS The SS-OCT allows to measure the CM in vivo, not observing differences in its dimensions between high myopes and emmetropes, but they were smaller in hyperopes. In the measurement of the anterior sclera, no differences were observed between the three groups analyzed according to refraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Fernández-Vigo
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Centro Internacional de Oftalmología Avanzada, Madrid, Spain.
| | - S Fernández-Aragón
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Centro Internacional de Oftalmología Avanzada, Madrid, Spain
| | - L de-Pablo-Gómez-de-Liaño
- Centro Internacional de Oftalmología Avanzada, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Fernández-Vigo
- Centro Internacional de Oftalmología Avanzada, Madrid, Spain; Centro Internacional de Oftalmología Avanzada, Badajoz, Spain
| | | | - J García-Feijóo
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Fernández-Vigo
- Centro Internacional de Oftalmología Avanzada, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
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2
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Fernández-Vigo JI, Fernández-Aragón S, Burgos-Blasco B, Ly-Yang F, De-Pablo-Gómez-de-Liaño L, Almorín-Fernández-Vigo I, Martínez-de-la-Casa JM, Fernández-Vigo JÁ. Comparison in conjunctival-Tenon's capsule thickness, anterior scleral thickness and ciliary muscle dimensions between Caucasians and Hispanic by optical coherence tomography. Int Ophthalmol 2023; 43:3969-3977. [PMID: 37405569 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-023-02798-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the differences in the dimensions of the anterior ocular segment, and specifically in conjunctival-Tenon's capsule thickness (CTT), anterior scleral thickness (AST) and ciliary muscle thickness (CMT), between Caucasian and Hispanic subjects using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). METHODS Cross-sectional study including 53 Hispanic and 60 Caucasian healthy participants, matched by age, sex and refractive error, who underwent a complete ophthalmological examination. CTT, AST and CMT were manually measured in the temporal and nasal quadrants at 0, 1, 2 and 3 mm from the scleral spur using SS-OCT. RESULTS Mean age and refractive error were 38.7 ± 12.3 years and -1.05 ± 2.6 diopters, and 41.8 ± 11.7 years and -0.50 ± 2.6 diopters for the Hispanic and Caucasians, respectively (p = 0.165 and p = 0.244). The CTT was increased in the temporal quadrant in the Hispanic group in the three studied regions (CTT1, CTT2 and CTT3; being the means 223.0 ± 68.4, 215.3 ± 66.4 and 203.8 ± 67.1 µm versus 190.8 ± 51.0, 189.4 ± 53.2 and 187.4 ± 55.3 µm respectively; p < 0.001). Larger AST values were observed in the temporal quadrant in the Hispanic group (AST2: 559.8 ± 80.8 µm and AST3: 591.6 ± 83.0 µm) compared to the Caucasian group (520.7 ± 50.1 and 558.9 ± 54.7 respectively; p ≤ 0.022). No differences were observed in the nasal quadrant for CTT, AST1 and AST3 (p ≥ 0.076). No differences emerged in the CM dimensions (p ≥ 0.055). CONCLUSION CTT and AST measurements were thicker in the temporal quadrant of Hispanic patients compared to Caucasians. This could have implications for the pathogenesis of different ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ignacio Fernández-Vigo
- Centro Internacional de Oftalmología Avanzada, Zurbano 71 Street, 28010, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Bárbara Burgos-Blasco
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Ly-Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía De-Pablo-Gómez-de-Liaño
- Centro Internacional de Oftalmología Avanzada, Zurbano 71 Street, 28010, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - José Ángel Fernández-Vigo
- Centro Internacional de Oftalmología Avanzada, Zurbano 71 Street, 28010, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
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Luo F, Hao J, Li L, Liu J, Chen W, Fu J, Congdon N. Baseline Refractive Error, Habitual Accommodative Tone, and Its Association With Myopia in Children: The Lhasa Childhood Eye Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:4. [PMID: 37535008 PMCID: PMC10408770 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.11.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to describe the baseline refractive error, habitual accommodative tone (HAT) in Tibetan children and its longitudinal association with incident myopia and myopia progression. METHODS This was a prospective cohort study. From 7 elementary schools, 1440 children with mean age of 6.83 ± 0.46 years were included with full noncycloplegic and cycloplegic refraction data at baseline, 1-year and 2-year follow-up in the Lhasa Childhood Eye Study. Noncycloplegic and cycloplegic automated refraction were performed at baseline and annually over the next 2 years. HAT was measured as the difference in spherical equivalent (DSE) between noncycloplegic and cycloplegic refraction. RESULTS The mean HAT decreased from a baseline value of 0.92 ± 0.82 diopters (D) to 0.55 ± 0.65 D, P < 0.0001 at 2 years. In multivariable logistic regression models, only baseline spherical equivalent (SE; P < 0.0001) was significantly (negatively) associated with 1- and 2-year incident myopia. Among 1386 children without myopia at baseline, 271 developed myopia over 2 years. For hyperopic children, baseline HAT was significantly associated with the incidence of myopia over 2 years (odds ratio [OR] = 0.43, P < 0.001), and the incidence of myopia was significantly lower with baseline HAT ≥0.5 D, compared to children <0.5 D. For 54 (3.75%) children who were myopic at baseline, SE was significant positively associated with myopic progression in univariable (P = 0.03) and multivariable general mixed linear regression analysis (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Baseline SE was an independent influencing factor for the incidence of myopia and its progression. The incidence of myopia was significantly higher with lower baseline HAT among hyperopic children, indicating that lower HAT was potentially associated with myopic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Luo
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Hao
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawen Liu
- Industrial Engineering and Operations Research, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Fu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nathan Congdon
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
- Orbis International, New York, New York, United States
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Straßer T, Wagner S. Performance of the Deep Neural Network Ciloctunet, Integrated with Open-Source Software for Ciliary Muscle Segmentation in Anterior Segment OCT Images, Is on Par with Experienced Examiners. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12123055. [PMID: 36553062 PMCID: PMC9777151 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12123055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT), being non-invasive and well-tolerated, is the method of choice for an in vivo investigation of ciliary muscle morphology and function. The analysis requires the segmentation of the ciliary muscle, which is, when performed manually, both time-consuming and prone to examiner bias. Here, we present a convolutional neural network trained for the automatic segmentation of the ciliary muscle in AS-OCT images. Ciloctunet is based on the Freiburg U-net and was trained and validated using 1244 manually segmented OCT images from two previous studies. An accuracy of 97.5% for the validation dataset was achieved. Ciloctunet's performance was evaluated by replicating the findings of a third study with 180 images as the test data. The replication demonstrated that Ciloctunet performed on par with two experienced examiners. The intersection-over-union index (0.84) of the ciliary muscle thickness profiles between Ciloctunet and an experienced examiner was the same as between the two examiners. The mean absolute error between the ciliary muscle thickness profiles of Ciloctunet and the two examiners (35.16 µm and 45.86 µm) was comparable to the one between the examiners (34.99 µm). A statistically significant effect of the segmentation type on the derived biometric parameters was found for the ciliary muscle area but not for the selective thickness reading ("perpendicular axis"). Both the inter-rater and the intra-rater reliability of Ciloctunet were good to excellent. Ciloctunet avoids time-consuming manual segmentation, thus enabling the analysis of large numbers of images of ample study cohorts while avoiding possible examiner biases. Ciloctunet is available as open-source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Straßer
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- University Eye Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Sandra Wagner
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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Zhang X, Wu Q, Wen T, Zhao H, Tian Q, Xu J, Tang G, Li R, Guo X, Song J, Bi H. In vivo analysis of ciliary muscle in myopic Chinese young adults using ArcScan Insight ® 100. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2022; 42:559-570. [PMID: 35261043 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse the morphological characteristics of the ciliary muscle (CM) and to explore its relationship with different ocular biometric parameters in myopic young Chinese adults. METHODS This observational, cross-sectional study included 50 right eyes from 50 myopic adults. The CM area (CMA), CM thickness (CMT) and CM length (CML) were measured using the ArcScan Insight® 100. CMT was determined at three points: 1.0 mm (CMT-1), 2.0 mm (CMT-2) and 3.0 mm (CMT-3) posterior to the scleral spur. CML was measured on the scleral (CMLs) and vitreous (CMLv) aspects. The spherical equivalent refraction (SER), axial length (AL) and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) were examined to determine their associations with CM parameters (CMA, CML and CMT). RESULTS The mean SER and AL were -4.39 ± 2.29 D and 25.61 ± 1.15 mm, respectively. Compared with the nasal CMA, CML and CMT (CMT-1, CMT-2 and CMT-3) findings, the temporal CM parameters (CMA, CMLs, CMLv, CMT-1, CMT-2 and CMT-3) were found to be significantly thicker (all p < 0.001, except CMLv and CMT-1; p < 0.01). The nasal CMA was associated with the average corneal curvature (r = 0.30, p = 0.03) and SER (r = -0.30, p = 0.04). Nasal and temporal CMT-2 were negatively correlated with SER (r = -0.33 and -0.32, respectively, both p < 0.05). There was no correlation between CM parameters (except nasal CMLs, r = 0.31, p = 0.03) and SFCT, or between CM parameters and either the AL or anterior chamber depth (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSION These results suggest that there is temporal versus nasal asymmetry of the CM. CMA, CMT or CML did not vary with axial growth of the eye. The CM is not simply stretched as the eye elongates in myopic young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyan Zhang
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Qiuxin Wu
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.,Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Tiancai Wen
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haiqiang Zhao
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Qingmei Tian
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Guodong Tang
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Runkuan Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.,Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.,Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jike Song
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.,Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Hongsheng Bi
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Xie X, Corradetti G, Song A, Pardeshi A, Sultan W, Lee JY, Yu F, Zhang L, Chen S, Chopra V, Sadda SR, Xu B, Huang AS. Age- and refraction-related changes in anterior segment anatomical structures measured by swept-source anterior segment OCT. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240110. [PMID: 33095821 PMCID: PMC7584205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the effects of age and refractive status on anterior segment anatomical structures, including the ciliary body, using a new swept-source anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) device. METHODS This prospective observational study included 63 healthy volunteers (mean age: 44.2 years). Images of the anterior segment were obtained using a new swept-source AS-OCT (ANTERION, Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany) with tracking and image averaging from the right eye of all participants. Repeatability as well as inter- and intra-observer reliability of biometric measurements were evaluated. The impact of image tracking and averaging on ciliary muscle measurements was tested. Univariate and multivariable statistical models were developed to evaluate the relationship of age and refractive status on anterior segment biometric measurements. RESULTS For all test-retest repeatability and inter- and intra-observer reproducibility of swept-source AS-OCT measurements, high intraclass correlation (ICC) was noted (0.88-1.00). The nasal maximum ciliary muscle thickness (CMTMAX) and distance between scleral spur to the thickest point of the ciliary muscle (SSMAX) were larger than those on the temporal side (p<0.001 and p = 0.006, respectively). Nasal and temporal CMTMAX (p = 0.004 and p<0.001, respectively) and lens thickness (p<0.01) increased with age. Nasal and temporal SSMAX decreased with older age and increasing hyperopia (p = 0.01 and p<0.001, respectively). Image averaging resulted in improved ciliary muscle measurements (p = 0.008 to 0.02). Lens vault increased with older age and increased hyperopia (p<0.01). OCT measurements of the angle decreased with older age and increased hyperopia (p<0.001 to 0.03). Aqueous depth decreased with older age and increased hyperopia (p<0.01). Pupil diameter decreased with older age (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Repeatability and reproducibility of biometric measurements using the ANTERION AS-OCT were excellent. Image averaging improved the accuracy of ciliary muscle measurements. The device produced measurements of biometric parameters that described superficial and deep structures including the ciliary body and full lens thickness from a single image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Xie
- Eye Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Doheny Eye Institute and Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Giulia Corradetti
- Doheny Eye Institute and Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Abe Song
- Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Anmol Pardeshi
- Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - William Sultan
- Doheny Eye Institute and Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jong Yeon Lee
- Doheny Eye Institute and Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Fei Yu
- Doheny Eye Institute and Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Eye Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Eye Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Vikas Chopra
- Doheny Eye Institute and Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Srinivas R. Sadda
- Doheny Eye Institute and Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Xu
- Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Alex S. Huang
- Doheny Eye Institute and Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Review of the application of the open-source software CilOCT for semi-automatic segmentation and analysis of the ciliary muscle in OCT images. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234330. [PMID: 32516331 PMCID: PMC7282635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Presbyopia and myopia research shows a growing interest in ciliary muscle biometry using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Until now, segmentation of the ciliary muscle is often performed manually using either custom-developed programs or image processing software. Here we present a novel software for semi-automatic segmentation of the ciliary muscle. It provides direct import of OCT images in DICOM format, a standardized procedure for segmentation, image distortion correction, the export of anatomical ciliary muscle landmarks, like ciliary muscle apex and scleral spur, as well as a continuous thickness profile of the ciliary muscle as a novel way of analysis. All processing steps are stored as XML files, fostering documentation and reproducibility of research through the possibility of replicating the analysis. Additionally, CilOCT supports batch processing for the automated analysis of large numbers of images and the respective data export to tabulated text files based on the stored XML files. CilOCT was successfully applied in several studies and their results will be summarized in this paper.
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