The role of sirt1 in the retinal ganglion cells cultured by high glucose

Longevity factor FOXO3a: A potential therapeutic target for age-related ocular diseases

The forkhead box protein O3 (FOXO3a) belongs to the subgroup O of the forkhead transcription factor family and plays an important role in regulating the aging process by participating in the regulation of various life processes, including cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, autophagy, oxidative stress, and DNA repair. The eye is an organ that is affected by aging earlier. However, the functional role and potential clinical applications of FOXO3a in age-related eye diseases have not received widespread attention and lacked comprehensive and clear clarification. In this review, we demonstrated the relationship between FOXO3a and visual system health, summarized the functional roles of FOXO3a in various eye diseases, and potential ocular-related therapies and drugs targeting FOXO3a in visual system diseases through a review and summary of relevant literature. This review indicates that FOXO3a is an important factor in maintaining the normal function of various tissues in the eye, and is closely related to the occurrence and development of ophthalmic-related diseases. Based on its vital role in the normal function of the visual system, FOXO3a has potential clinical application value in related ophthalmic diseases. At present, multiple molecules and drugs targeting FOXO3a have been reported to have the potential for the treatment of related ophthalmic diseases, but further clinical trials are needed. In conclusion, this review can facilitate us to grasp the role of FOXO3a in the visual system and provide new views and bases for the treatment strategy research of age-related eye diseases.

Mechanistic and therapeutic perspectives of non-coding RNA-modulated apoptotic signaling in diabetic retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a significant and vision-endangering complication associated with diabetes mellitus, constitutes a substantial portion of acquired instances of preventable blindness. The progression of DR appears to prominently feature the loss of retinal cells, encompassing neural retinal cells, pericytes, and endothelial cells. Therefore, mitigating the apoptosis of retinal cells in DR could potentially enhance the therapeutic approach for managing the condition by suppressing retinal vascular leakage. Recent advancements have highlighted the crucial regulatory roles played by non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in diverse biological processes. Recent advancements have highlighted that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), act as central regulators in a wide array of biogenesis and biological functions, exerting control over gene expression associated with histogenesis and cellular differentiation within ocular tissues. Abnormal expression and activity of ncRNAs has been linked to the regulation of diverse cellular functions such as apoptosis, and proliferation. This implies a potential involvement of ncRNAs in the development of DR. Notably, ncRNAs and apoptosis exhibit reciprocal regulatory interactions, jointly influencing the destiny of retinal cells. Consequently, a thorough investigation into the complex relationship between apoptosis and ncRNAs is crucial for developing effective therapeutic and preventative strategies for DR. This review provides a fundamental comprehension of the apoptotic signaling pathways associated with DR. It then delves into the mutual relationship between apoptosis and ncRNAs in the context of DR pathogenesis. This study advances our understanding of the pathophysiology of DR and paves the way for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.

From Bench to Bed: The Current Genome Editing Therapies for Glaucoma

Glaucoma is a group of optic neuropathies featured by degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and loss of their axons in the optic nerve. The only currently approved therapies focus on lowering intraocular pressure with medication and surgery. Over the previous few decades, technological advances and research progress regarding pathogenesis has brought glaucomatous gene therapy to the forefront. In this review, we discuss the three current genome editing methods and potential disease mechanisms of glaucoma. We further summarize different genome editing strategies that are being developed to target a number of glaucoma-related genes and pathways from four aspects including strategies to lower intraocular pressure, neuroprotection, RGC and optic nerve neuro-regeneration, and other strategies. In summary, genome therapy is a promising therapy for treating patients with glaucoma and has great potential to be widely applied in clinical practice.

Sulforaphane ameliorates amyloid-β-induced inflammatory injury by suppressing the PARP1/SIRT1 pathway in retinal pigment epithelial cells

Age-associated macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive eye disorder that leads to irreversible impairment of central vision, and effective therapies are lacking. Here, we explore how oligomeric amyloid-β_1-42 can trigger inflammatory injury in retinal pigment epithelial cells and how sulforaphane can mitigate such injury. ARPE-19 retinal pigment epithelial cells expressing low, endogenous, or high levels of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP1) were treated with oligomeric amyloid-β_1-42 in the presence or absence of various signaling inhibitors or sulforaphane. Cell viability, apoptosis, inflammatory responses, and activity of the PARP1/Sirtuin (SIRT1) axis were assayed. Treating ARPE-19 cells with oligomeric amyloid-β_1-42 promoted the production of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-ɑ, which was partially reversed by inhibiting PARP1 and activating SIRT1. PARP1 was found to act upstream of SIRT1, and expression of the two proteins correlated negatively with each other. Sulforaphane also mitigated the injury due to oligomeric amyloid-β_1-42 through a mechanism involving inactivation of the PARP1/SIRT1 pathway. Oligomeric amyloid-β_1-42 can trigger AMD-like injury in retinal pigment epithelium by activating PARP1 and repressing SIRT1. Moreover, sulforaphane can induce cell viability and SIRT1 expression, but reduce cell apoptosis, the activity of caspase-3 or -9, and PARP1 expression in oAβ_1-42-treated cells. However, PARP1 inactivation or SIRT1 activation weaken these effects. In summary, sulforaphane reduces the inflammatory injury induced by oAβ_1-42 in ARPE-19 cell by inactivating the PARP1/SIRT1 pathway. Thus, the compound may be an effective therapy against AMD.