1
|
Anion Exchange Membranes Prepared from Quaternized Polyepichlorohydrin Cross-Linked with 1-(3-aminopropyl)imidazole Grafted Poly(arylene ether ketone) for Enhancement of Toughness and Conductivity. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10070138. [PMID: 32629946 PMCID: PMC7408090 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10070138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel anion exchange membrane was synthesized via crosslinking of the quaternized polyepichlorohydrin (QPECH) by 1-(3-aminopropyl) imidazole grafted poly(arylene ether ketone) (PAEK-API). While the QPECH provided an excellent ion conductive property, the rigid rod-structured PAEK-API played a reinforcing role, along with providing the high conductivity associated with the pendant API group. The chemical structure of QPECH/PAEK-API membranes was identified by 1H nuclear magnetic resonace spectroscopy. A variety of membrane properties, such as anion conductivity, water uptake, length swelling percentage, and thermal, mechanical and chemical stability, were investigated. The QPECH/PAEK-API1 membrane showed quite high hydroxide ion conductivity, from 0.022 S cm−1 (30 °C) to 0.033 S cm−1 (80 °C), and excellent mechanical strength, associated with the low water uptake of less than 40%, even at 80 °C. Such high conductivity at relatively low water uptake is attributed to the concentrated cationic groups, in a cross-linked structure, facilitating feasible ion transport. Further, the QPECH/PAEK-API membranes showed thermal stability up to 250 °C, and chemical stability for 30 days in a 4 NaOH solution, without significant loss of ion exchange capacity.
Collapse
|
2
|
Higa M, Mehdizadeh S, Feng S, Endo N, Kakihana Y. Cell performance of direct methanol alkaline fuel cell (DMAFC) using anion exchange membranes prepared from PVA-Based block copolymer. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
3
|
Ramaswamy N, Mukerjee S. Alkaline Anion-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: Challenges in Electrocatalysis and Interfacial Charge Transfer. Chem Rev 2019; 119:11945-11979. [PMID: 31702901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline anion-exchange membrane (AAEM) fuel cells have attracted significant interest in the past decade, thanks to the recent developments in hydroxide-anion conductive membranes. In this article, we compare the performance of current state of the art AAEM fuel cells to proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells and elucidate the sources of various overpotentials. While the continued development of highly conductive and thermally stable anion-exchange membranes is unambiguously a principal requirement, we attempt to put the focus on the challenges in electrocatalysis and interfacial charge transfer at an alkaline electrode/electrolyte interface. Specifically, a critical analysis presented here details the (i) fundamental causes for higher overpotential in hydrogen oxidation reaction, (ii) mechanistic aspects of oxygen reduction reaction, (iii) carbonate anion poisoning, (iv) unique challenges arising from the specific adsorption of alkaline ionomer cation-exchange head groups on electrocatalysts surfaces, and (v) the potential of alternative small molecule fuel oxidation. This review and analysis encompasses both the precious and nonprecious group metal based electrocatalysts from the perspective of various interfacial charge-transfer phenomena and reaction mechanisms. Finally, a research roadmap for further improvement in AAEM fuel cell performance is delineated here within the purview of electrocatalysis and interfacial charge transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagappan Ramaswamy
- Northeastern University Center for Renewable Energy Technology, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , 317 Egan Research Center, 360 Huntington Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Sanjeev Mukerjee
- Northeastern University Center for Renewable Energy Technology, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , 317 Egan Research Center, 360 Huntington Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kim MJ, Kim OH, Kim S, Choi YW, Cho YH, Sung YE. A facile approach to improve the performance of alkaline anion exchange membrane fuel cells by reducing ionic resistance. J IND ENG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
5
|
Chen R, Guo J, Hsu A. Non-Pt Cathode Electrocatalysts for Anion-Exchange-Membrane Fuel Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-4911-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
|
6
|
Couture G, Alaaeddine A, Boschet F, Ameduri B. Polymeric materials as anion-exchange membranes for alkaline fuel cells. Prog Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
7
|
Jiang R, Chu D. An air-breathing H2/air cell design suitable for fast screening of electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
8
|
Sakamoto T, Asazawa K, Yamada K, Tanaka H. Study of Pt-free anode catalysts for anion exchange membrane fuel cells. Catal Today 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2010.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
9
|
Kim H, Zhou J, Ünlü M, Anestis-Richard I, Joseph K, Kohl PA. The effect of hydrophobicity in alkaline electrodes for passive DMFC. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.11.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
10
|
Permeant transport properties and cell performance of potassium hydroxide doped poly(vinyl alcohol)/fumed silica nanocomposites. J Memb Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
11
|
|
12
|
Gu S, Cai R, Luo T, Chen Z, Sun M, Liu Y, He G, Yan Y. A Soluble and Highly Conductive Ionomer for High-Performance Hydroxide Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:6499-502. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200806299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 514] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
13
|
Gu S, Cai R, Luo T, Chen Z, Sun M, Liu Y, He G, Yan Y. A Soluble and Highly Conductive Ionomer for High-Performance Hydroxide Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200806299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
14
|
Oxygen reduction on carbon supported Pt and PtRu catalysts in alkaline solutions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2009.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
15
|
Adams LA, Poynton SD, Tamain C, Slade RCT, Varcoe JR. A carbon dioxide tolerant aqueous-electrolyte-free anion-exchange membrane alkaline fuel cell. CHEMSUSCHEM 2008; 1:79-81. [PMID: 18605667 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.200700013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Latifah A Adams
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Asazawa K, Yamada K, Tanaka H, Oka A, Taniguchi M, Kobayashi T. A Platinum-Free Zero-Carbon-Emission Easy Fuelling Direct Hydrazine Fuel Cell for Vehicles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:8024-7. [PMID: 17853521 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200701334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Asazawa
- Advanced R&D Division, Daihatsu Motor Co., Ltd. Ryuo, Gamo, Shiga 520-2593, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Asazawa K, Yamada K, Tanaka H, Oka A, Taniguchi M, Kobayashi T. A Platinum-Free Zero-Carbon-Emission Easy Fuelling Direct Hydrazine Fuel Cell for Vehicles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200701334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
18
|
Varcoe JR. Investigations of the ex situ ionic conductivities at 30 °C of metal-cation-free quaternary ammonium alkaline anion-exchange membranes in static atmospheres of different relative humidities. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:1479-86. [PMID: 17356755 DOI: 10.1039/b615478f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This article presents the first systematic study of the effect of Relative Humidity (RH) on the water content and hydroxide ion conductivity of quaternary ammonium-based Alkaline Anion-Exchange Membranes (AAEMs). These AAEMs have been developed specifically for application in alkaline membrane fuel cells, where conductivities of >0.01 S cm(-1) are mandatory. When fully hydrated, an ETFE-based radiation-grafted AAEM exhibited a hydroxide ion conductivity of 0.030 +/- 0.005 S cm(-1) at 30 degrees C without additional incorporation of metal hydroxide salts; this is contrary to the previous wisdom that anion-exchange membranes are very low in ionic conductivity and represents a significant breakthrough for metal-cation-free alkaline ionomers. Desirably, this AAEM also showed increased dimensional stability on full hydration compared to a Nafion-115 proton-exchange membrane; this dimensional stability is further improved (with no concomitant reduction in ionic conductivity) with a commercial AAEM of similar density but containing additional cross-linking. However, all of the AAEMs evaluated in this study demonstrated unacceptably low conductivities when the humidity of the surrounding static atmospheres was reduced (RH = 33-91%); this highlights the requirement for continued AAEM development for operation in H(2)/air fuel cells with low humidity gas supplies. Preliminary investigations indicate that the activation energies for OH(-) conduction in these quaternary ammonium-based solid polymer electrolytes are typically 2-3 times higher than for H(+) conduction in acidic Nafion-115 at all humidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John R Varcoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, UKGU2 7XH.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Spendelow JS, Wieckowski A. Electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction and small alcohol oxidation in alkaline media. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:2654-75. [PMID: 17627310 DOI: 10.1039/b703315j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present here a critical review of several technologically important electrocatalytic systems operating in alkaline electrolytes. These include the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) occurring on catalysts containing Pt, Pd, Ir, Ru, or Ag, the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) occurring on Pt-containing catalysts, and the ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) occurring on Ni-Co-Fe alloy catalysts. Each of these catalytic systems is relevant to alkaline fuel cell (AFC) technology, while the ORR systems are also relevant to chlor-alkali electrolysis and metal-air batteries. The use of alkaline media presents advantages both in electrocatalytic activity and in materials stability and corrosion. Therefore, prospects for the continued development of alkaline electrocatalytic systems, including alkaline fuel cells, seem very promising.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Spendelow
- MPA-11, Sensors and Electrochemical Devices, Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Spendelow JS, Goodpaster JD, Kenis PJA, Wieckowski A. Methanol dehydrogenation and oxidation on Pt(111) in alkaline solutions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:10457-64. [PMID: 17129016 DOI: 10.1021/la0615995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption, dehydrogenation, and oxidation of methanol on Pt(111) in alkaline solutions has been examined from a fundamental mechanistic perspective, focusing on the role of adsorbate-adsorbate interactions and the effect of defects on reactivity. CO has been confirmed as the main poisoning species, affecting the rate of methanol dehydrogenation primarily through repulsive interactions with methanol dehydrogenation intermediates. At direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC)-relevant potentials, methanol oxidation occurs almost entirely through a CO intermediate, and the rate of CO oxidation is the main limiting factor in methanol oxidation. Small Pt island defects greatly enhance CO oxidation, though they are effective only when the CO coverage is 0.20 ML or higher. Large Pt islands enhance CO oxidation as well, but unlike small Pt islands, they also promote methanol dehydrogenation. Perturbations in electronic structure are responsible for the CO oxidation effect of defects, but the role of large Pt islands in promoting methanol dehydrogenation is primarily explained by surface geometric structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Spendelow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fang J, Shen PK. Quaternized poly(phthalazinon ether sulfone ketone) membrane for anion exchange membrane fuel cells. J Memb Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2006.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
22
|
Varcoe JR, Slade RCT, Lam How Yee E. An alkaline polymer electrochemical interface: a breakthrough in application of alkaline anion-exchange membranes in fuel cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2006:1428-9. [PMID: 16550289 DOI: 10.1039/b600838k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel alkaline polymer has been developed as an interfacial material for use in the preparation of metal-cation-free alkaline membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) for all-solid-state alkaline fuel cells (AFCs) with long-term performance stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John R Varcoe
- Chemistry (C4), University of Surrey, Guildford, UKGU2 7XH.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yu EH, Scott K, Reeve RW. Application of sodium conducting membranes in direct methanol alkaline fuel cells. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-005-9017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|