1
|
Vara Prasad R, Kumar Y, Arun Kumar R, Banoo T, Nagarajan S. Regioselective synthesis of 4-arylamino-1,2-naphthoquinones in eutectogel as a confined reaction medium using LED light. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3876-3881. [PMID: 38651749 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00140k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Predicting selectivity and conversion in a confined reaction medium under photochemical conditions is highly challenging as compared to the corresponding conventional synthesis. Herein, we report the use of a simple carbohydrate-derived eutectogel to facilitate LED-light-induced regioselective synthesis of 4-arylamino-1,2-naphthoquinones in good yield. This methodology, by including a reusable reaction medium, proved to have the potential of affording the regioselective formation of various desired products in good yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Vara Prasad
- Assembled Organic & Hybrid Materials Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Hanumakonda -506004, Telangana State, India.
| | - Yogendra Kumar
- Assembled Organic & Hybrid Materials Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Hanumakonda -506004, Telangana State, India.
| | - R Arun Kumar
- Assembled Organic & Hybrid Materials Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Hanumakonda -506004, Telangana State, India.
| | - Tohira Banoo
- Assembled Organic & Hybrid Materials Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Hanumakonda -506004, Telangana State, India.
| | - Subbiah Nagarajan
- Assembled Organic & Hybrid Materials Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Hanumakonda -506004, Telangana State, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Randazzo S, Geagea A, Proietto F, Galia A, Scialdone O. Oxidation of organics in water by active chlorine performed in microfluidic electrochemical reactors: a new way to improve the performances of the process. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 355:141855. [PMID: 38570051 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater polluted by organics can be treated by using electro-generated active chlorine, even if this promising route presents some important drawbacks such as the production of chlorinated by-products. Here, for the first time, this process was studied in a microfluidic electrochemical reactor with a very small inter-electrode distance (145 μm) using a water solution of NaCl and phenol and a BDD anode. The potential production of chloroacetic acids, chlorophenols, carboxylic acids, chlorate and perchlorate was carefully evaluated. It was shown, for the first time, up to our knowledge, that the use of the microfluidic device allows to perform the treatment under a continuous mode and to achieve higher current efficiencies and a lower generation of some important by-products such as chlorate and perchlorate. As an example, the use of the microfluidic apparatus equipped with an Ag cathode allowed to achieve a high removal of total organic carbon (about 76%) coupled with a current efficiency of 17% and the production of a small amount of chlorate (about 30 ppm) and no perchlorate. The effect of many parameters (namely, flow rate, current density and nature of cathode) was also investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Randazzo
- Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Viale Delle Scienze, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ange Geagea
- Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Viale Delle Scienze, Palermo, Italy
| | - Federica Proietto
- Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Viale Delle Scienze, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Galia
- Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Viale Delle Scienze, Palermo, Italy
| | - Onofrio Scialdone
- Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Viale Delle Scienze, Palermo, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Microfluidic Flow-By Reactors Minimize Energy Requirements of Electrochemical Water Treatment Without Adding Supporting Electrolytes. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
4
|
Baumgarten N, Etzold BJM, Magomajew J, Ziogas A. Scalable Microreactor Concept for the Continuous Kolbe Electrolysis of Carboxylic Acids Using Aqueous Electrolyte. ChemistryOpen 2022; 11:e202200171. [PMID: 36200517 PMCID: PMC9535501 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Kolbe electrolysis is a promising reaction to combine the usage of electrons as reagents and the application of renewable generated carboxylic acids as raw materials producing value added chemicals. Within this study, the electrolysis was conducted in a specially developed concept electrochemical microreactor and draws the particular attention to continuous operation and reuse of the aqueous electrolyte as well as of the dissolved unreacted feedstock. The electrolysis was conducted in alkaline aqueous solution using n-octanoic acid as model substance. Platinized titanium as anode material in an undivided cell setup was shown to give Kolbe selectivity above 90 %. During the technically relevant conditions of current densities up to 0.6 A cm-2 and overall electrolysis times of up to 3 h, a high electrode stability was observed. Finally, a proof-of-concept continuous operation and the numbering up potential of the ECMR could be demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Baumgarten
- Division Chemistry – Sustainable Chemical SynthesesFraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems IMMCarl-Zeiss-Straße 18–2055129MainzGermany
- Technical University of DarmstadtDepartment of ChemistryErnst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare ChemieAalrich-Weiss-Straße 864287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Bastian J. M. Etzold
- Technical University of DarmstadtDepartment of ChemistryErnst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare ChemieAalrich-Weiss-Straße 864287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Juri Magomajew
- Division Chemistry – Sustainable Chemical SynthesesFraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems IMMCarl-Zeiss-Straße 18–2055129MainzGermany
| | - Athanassios Ziogas
- Division Chemistry – Sustainable Chemical SynthesesFraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems IMMCarl-Zeiss-Straße 18–2055129MainzGermany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pokhrel T, B K B, Giri R, Adhikari A, Ahmed N. C-H Bond Functionalization under Electrochemical Flow Conditions. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202100338. [PMID: 35315954 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical C-H functionalization is a rapidly growing area of interest in organic synthesis. To achieve maximum atom economy, the flow electrolysis process is more sustainable. This allows shorter reaction times, safer working environments, and better selectivities. Using this technology, the problem of overoxidation can be reduced and less emergence of side products or no side products are possible. Flow electro-reactors provide high surface-to-volume ratios and contain electrodes that are closely spaced where the diffusion layers overlap to give the desired product, electrochemical processes can now be managed without the need for a deliberately added supporting electrolyte. Considering the importance of flow electrochemical C-H functionalization, a comprehensive review is presented. Herein, we summarize flow electrolysis for the construction of C-C and C-X (X=O, N, S, and I) bonds formation. Also, benzylic oxidation and access to biologically active molecules are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamlal Pokhrel
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, 44618, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bijaya B K
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, 44618, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ramesh Giri
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, 44618, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Achyut Adhikari
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, 44618, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cantillo D. Synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients using electrochemical methods: keys to improve sustainability. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:619-628. [PMID: 34951414 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06296d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemistry is receiving renewed attention as a green and cost-efficient synthetic technology. Electrochemical methods promote redox transformations by electron exchange between electrodes and species in solution, thus avoiding the use of stoichiometric amounts of oxidizing or reducing agents. The rapid development of electroorganic synthesis over the past decades has enabled the preparation of molecules of increasing complexity. Redox steps that involve hazardous or waste-generating reagents during the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients or their intermediates can be substituted by electrochemical procedures. In addition to enhance sustainability, increased selectivity toward the target compound has been achieved in some cases. Electroorganic synthesis can be safely and readily scaled up to production quantities. For this pupose, utilization of flow electrolysis cells is fundamental. Despite these advantages, the application of electrochemical methods does not guarantee superior sustainability when compared with conventional protocols. The utilization of large amounts of supporting electrolytes, enviromentally unfriendly solvents or sacrificial electrodes may turn electrochemistry unfavorable in some cases. It is therefore crucial to carefully select and optimize the electrolysis conditions and carry out green metrics analysis of the process to ensure that turning a process electrochemical is advantageous.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria.
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Adnan FH, Pons MN, Mousset E. Mass transport evolution in microfluidic thin film electrochemical reactors: New correlations from millimetric to submillimetric interelectrode distances. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.107097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
|
8
|
Electrochemical Synthesis of Tailor-Made Hydrocarbons from Organic Solvent Free Aqueous Fatty Acid Mixtures in a Micro Flow Reactor. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-020-00600-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe process described in the current paper is an alternative route that allows running the Kolbe electrolysis under economically attractive conditions and thus bringing it closer to an industrial application through novel process conditions, novel reactor technology, and the utilization of low-cost excess renewable electricity. The process allows the conversion of fatty acids into hydrocarbons in aqueous electrolytes without applying organic solvents. Important process parameters such as electrode material costs, surface area, and energy requirements of an electrochemical reactor in MW scale have been calculated. Depending on the fatty acid mixtures chosen, tailor-made product equivalents of jet oil, lamp oil, and diesel fuels can be achieved at high Faraday efficiency and high conversion, yields, and selectivities.
Collapse
|
9
|
Ziogas A, Hofmann C, Baranyai S, Löb P, Kolb G. Novel Flexible Electrochemical Microreactor and its Validation by Three Model Electrosyntheses. CHEM-ING-TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201900140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Athanassios Ziogas
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems IMM Carl-Zeiss-Straße 18–20 55129 Mainz Germany
| | - Christian Hofmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems IMM Carl-Zeiss-Straße 18–20 55129 Mainz Germany
| | - Sebastian Baranyai
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems IMM Carl-Zeiss-Straße 18–20 55129 Mainz Germany
- Hochschule Konstanz Technik, Wirtschaft und Gestaltung Alfred-Wachtel-Straße 8 78462 Konstanz Germany
| | - Patrick Löb
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems IMM Carl-Zeiss-Straße 18–20 55129 Mainz Germany
| | - Gunther Kolb
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems IMM Carl-Zeiss-Straße 18–20 55129 Mainz Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Translating batch electrochemistry to single-pass continuous flow conditions: an organic chemist’s guide. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-019-00050-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe recent renaissance of electrochemical methods for organic synthesis has also attracted increased interest towards flow electrochemistry as the most suitable scale-up strategy. Many electrochemical methods using flow cells are based on recirculation of the electrolyte solution. However, single-pass processing is very attractive as it permits integration of the electrochemical reaction with other synthetic or purification steps in a continuous stream. Translation of batch electrochemical procedures to single-pass continuous flow cells can be challenging to beginners in the field. Using the electrochemical methoxylation of 4-methylanisole as model, this paper provides newcomers to the field with an overview of the factors that need to be considered to develop a flow electrochemical process, including advantages and disadvantages of operating in galvanostatic and potentiostatic mode in small scale reactions, and the effect of the interelectrode gap, supporting electrolyte concentration and pressure on the reaction performance. A comparison of the reaction efficiency in batch and flow is also presented.
Collapse
|
11
|
Gleede B, Selt M, Gütz C, Stenglein A, Waldvogel SR. Large, Highly Modular Narrow-Gap Electrolytic Flow Cell and Application in Dehydrogenative Cross-Coupling of Phenols. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gleede
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maximilian Selt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Gütz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Stenglein
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
In the past decade, research into continuous-flow chemistry has gained a lot of traction among researchers in both academia and industry. Especially, microreactors have received a plethora of attention due to the increased mass and heat transfer characteristics, the possibility to increase process safety, and the potential to implement automation protocols and process analytical technology. Taking advantage of these aspects, chemists and chemical engineers have capitalized on expanding the chemical space available to synthetic organic chemists using this technology. Electrochemistry has recently witnessed a renaissance in research interests as it provides chemists unique and tunable synthetic opportunities to carry out redox chemistry using electrons as traceless reagents, thus effectively avoiding the use of hazardous and toxic reductants and oxidants. The popularity of electrochemistry stems also from the potential to harvest sustainable electricity, derived from solar and wind energy. Hence, the electrification of the chemical industry offers an opportunity to locally produce commodity chemicals, effectively reducing inefficiencies with regard to transportation and storage of hazardous chemicals. The combination of flow technology and electrochemistry provides practitioners with great control over the reaction conditions, effectively improving the reproducibility of electrochemistry. However, carrying out electrochemical reactions in flow is more complicated than just pumping the chemicals through a narrow-gap electrolytic cell. Understanding the engineering principles behind the observations can help researchers to exploit the full potential of the technology. Thus, the prime objective of this Account is to provide readers with an overview of the underlying engineering aspects which are associated with continuous-flow electrochemistry. This includes a discussion of relevant mass and heat transport phenomena encountered in electrochemical flow reactors. Next, we discuss the possibility to integrate several reaction steps in a single streamlined process and the potential to carry out challenging multiphase electrochemical transformations in flow. Due to the high control over mass and heat transfer, electrochemical reactions can be carried out with great precision and reproducibility which provide opportunities to enhance and tune the reaction selectivity. Finally, we detail on the scale-up potential of flow electrochemistry and the importance of small interelectrode gaps on pilot and industrial-scale electrochemical processes. Each principle has been illustrated with a relevant organic synthetic example. In general, we have aimed to describe the underlying engineering principles in simple words and with a minimum of equations to attract and engage readers from both a synthetic organic chemistry and a chemical engineering background. Hence, we anticipate that this Account will serve as a useful guide through the fascinating world of flow electrochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Noël
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14 − Helix, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Yiran Cao
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14 − Helix, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriele Laudadio
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14 − Helix, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fransen S, Fransaer J, Kuhn S. Current and concentration distributions in electrochemical microreactors: Numerical calculations and asymptotic approximations for self-supported paired synthesis. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.08.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
14
|
Hardwick T, Ahmed N. Advances in electro- and sono-microreactors for chemical synthesis. RSC Adv 2018; 8:22233-22249. [PMID: 35541743 PMCID: PMC9081238 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03406k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The anatomy of electrochemical flow microreactors is important to safely perform chemical reactions in order to obtain pure and high yielding substances in a controlled and precise way that excludes the use of supporting electrolytes. Flow microreactors are advantageous in handling unstable intermediates compared to batch techniques and have efficient heat/mass transfer. Electrode nature (cathode and anode) and their available exposed surface area to the reaction mixture, parameters of the spacer, flow rate and direction greatly affects the efficiency of the electrochemical reactor. Solid formation during reactions may result in a blockage and consequently decrease the overall yield, thus limiting the use of microreactors in the field of electrosynthesis. This problem could certainly be overcome by application of ultrasound to break the solids for consistent flow. In this review, we discuss in detail the aforementioned issues, the advances in microreactor technology for chemical synthesis, with possible application of sonochemistry to deal with solid formations. Various examples of flow methods for electrosynthesis through microreactors have been explained in this review, which would definitely help to meet future demands for efficient synthesis and production of various pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Hardwick
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Folgueiras-Amador AA, Qian XY, Xu HC, Wirth T. Catalyst- and Supporting-Electrolyte-Free Electrosynthesis of Benzothiazoles and Thiazolopyridines in Continuous Flow. Chemistry 2017; 24:487-491. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiang-Yang Qian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pauwels D, Geboes B, Hereijgers J, Choukroun D, De Wael K, Breugelmans T. The application of an electrochemical microflow reactor for the electrosynthetic aldol reaction of acetone to diacetone alcohol. Chem Eng Res Des 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
17
|
Pletcher D, Green RA, Brown RCD. Flow Electrolysis Cells for the Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory. Chem Rev 2017; 118:4573-4591. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Derek Pletcher
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Robert A. Green
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Atobe M, Tateno H, Matsumura Y. Applications of Flow Microreactors in Electrosynthetic Processes. Chem Rev 2017; 118:4541-4572. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahito Atobe
- Department of Environment and System Sciences, Yokohama National University, Tokiwadai 79-7, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tateno
- Department of Environment and System Sciences, Yokohama National University, Tokiwadai 79-7, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Matsumura
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yamagata University, Jonan 4-3-16, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cardoso DSP, Šljukić B, Santos DMF, Sequeira CAC. Organic Electrosynthesis: From Laboratorial Practice to Industrial Applications. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David S. P. Cardoso
- Materials Electrochemistry
Group, Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials (CeFEMA), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Biljana Šljukić
- Materials Electrochemistry
Group, Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials (CeFEMA), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diogo M. F. Santos
- Materials Electrochemistry
Group, Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials (CeFEMA), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - César A. C. Sequeira
- Materials Electrochemistry
Group, Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials (CeFEMA), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Plutschack MB, Pieber B, Gilmore K, Seeberger PH. The Hitchhiker's Guide to Flow Chemistry ∥. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11796-11893. [PMID: 28570059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1047] [Impact Index Per Article: 149.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Flow chemistry involves the use of channels or tubing to conduct a reaction in a continuous stream rather than in a flask. Flow equipment provides chemists with unique control over reaction parameters enhancing reactivity or in some cases enabling new reactions. This relatively young technology has received a remarkable amount of attention in the past decade with many reports on what can be done in flow. Until recently, however, the question, "Should we do this in flow?" has merely been an afterthought. This review introduces readers to the basic principles and fundamentals of flow chemistry and critically discusses recent flow chemistry accounts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Plutschack
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kerry Gilmore
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gütz C, Stenglein A, Waldvogel SR. Highly Modular Flow Cell for Electroorganic Synthesis. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gütz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Stenglein
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Green RA, Brown RC, Pletcher D, Harji B. An extended channel length microflow electrolysis cell for convenient laboratory synthesis. Electrochem commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
|
23
|
Turygin VV, Tomilov AP. Possible trends in the development of applied electrochemical synthesis of organic compounds (Review). RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193515110191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
24
|
Sabatino S, Galia A, Scialdone O. Electrochemical Abatement of Organic Pollutants in Continuous-Reaction Systems through the Assembly of Microfluidic Cells in Series. ChemElectroChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201500409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Sabatino
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica (DICGIM); Università degli Studi di Palermo; Viale delle Scienze 90128 Palermo Italy
| | - Alessandro Galia
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica (DICGIM); Università degli Studi di Palermo; Viale delle Scienze 90128 Palermo Italy
| | - Onofrio Scialdone
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica (DICGIM); Università degli Studi di Palermo; Viale delle Scienze 90128 Palermo Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
|
26
|
Green RA, Pletcher D, Leach SG, Brown RCD. N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Mediated Oxidative Electrosynthesis of Esters in a Microflow Cell. Org Lett 2015; 17:3290-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Green
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Derek Pletcher
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | | | - Richard C. D. Brown
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
Scialdone O, Galia A, Sabatino S, Mira D, Amatore C. Electrochemical Conversion of Dichloroacetic Acid to Chloroacetic Acid in a Microfluidic Stack and in a Series of Microfluidic Reactors. ChemElectroChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201402454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
29
|
Rix K, Kelsall GH, Hellgardt K, Hii KK(M. Chemo- and diastereoselectivities in the electrochemical reduction of maleimides. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:665-71. [PMID: 25572428 PMCID: PMC4498473 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201403184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical cathodic reduction of cyclic imides (maleimides) to succinimides can be achieved chemoselectively in the presence of alkene, alkyne, and benzyl groups. The efficiency of the system was demonstrated by using a 3D electrode in a continuous flow reactor. The reduction of 3,4-dimethylmaleimides to the corresponding succinimides proceeds with a 3:2 diastereomeric ratio, which is independent of the nitrogen substituent and electrode surface area. The stereoselectivity of the process was rationalized by using DFT calculations, involving an acid-catalyzed tautomerization of a half-enol occurring through a double hydrogen-transfer mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Rix
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College LondonExhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ (UK) E-mail:
| | - Geoffrey H Kelsall
- Department of Chemical Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College LondonLondon SW7 2AZ (UK)
| | - Klaus Hellgardt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College LondonLondon SW7 2AZ (UK)
| | - King Kuok (Mimi) Hii
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College LondonExhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ (UK) E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Electrochemical processes in macro and microfluidic cells for the abatement of chloroacetic acid from water. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.03.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
31
|
Yoshida JI, Nagaki A, Yamada D. Continuous flow synthesis. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2014; 10:e53-9. [PMID: 24050230 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This article provides a brief outline of continuous flow synthesis including the advantages of the flow method, serial combinatorial synthesis in flow, space integration of reactions, and reactions that cannot be done in batch to show that continuous flow synthesis will be a powerful and indispensable technology for pharmaceutical research and production.
Collapse
|
32
|
Scialdone O, Galia A, Sabatino S, Vaiana GM, Agro D, Busacca A, Amatore C. Electrochemical Conversion of Dichloroacetic Acid to Chloroacetic Acid in Conventional Cell and in Two Microfluidic Reactors. ChemElectroChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201300216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
33
|
Emerging technologies for metabolite generation and structural diversification. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5471-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
34
|
Roth GP, Stalder R, Long TR, Sauer DR, Djuric SW. Continuous-Flow Microfluidic Electrochemical Synthesis: Investigating a New Tool for Oxidative Chemistry. J Flow Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1556/jfc-d-13-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
35
|
Kuleshova J, Hill-Cousins JT, Birkin PR, Brown RC, Pletcher D, Underwood TJ. The methoxylation of N-formylpyrrolidine in a microfluidic electrolysis cell for routine synthesis. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.02.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
36
|
Babu KF, Sivasubramanian R, Noel M, Kulandainathan MA. A homogeneous redox catalytic process for the paired synthesis of l-cysteine and l-cysteic acid from l-cystine. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
37
|
Kristal J, Kodym R, Bouzek K, Jiricny V, Hanika J. Electrochemical Microreactor Design for Alkoxylation Reactions—Experiments and Simulations. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ie200654c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Kristal
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals AS CR, v.v.i., Rozvojova 135, 165 02, Prague 6, CZ
| | - Roman Kodym
- Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, CZ
| | - Karel Bouzek
- Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, CZ
| | - Vladimir Jiricny
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals AS CR, v.v.i., Rozvojova 135, 165 02, Prague 6, CZ
| | - Jiri Hanika
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals AS CR, v.v.i., Rozvojova 135, 165 02, Prague 6, CZ
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
A flow-microreactor approach to protecting-group-free synthesis using organolithium compounds. Nat Commun 2011; 2:264. [PMID: 21468016 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protecting-group-free synthesis has received significant recent research interest in the context of ideal synthesis and green sustainable chemistry. In general, organolithium species react with ketones very rapidly, and therefore ketone carbonyl groups should be protected before an organolithium reaction, if they are not involved in the desired transformation. If organolithium chemistry could be free from such a limitation, its power would be greatly enhanced. Here we show that a flow microreactor enables such protecting-group-free organolithium reactions by greatly reducing the residence time (0.003 s or less). Aryllithium species bearing ketone carbonyl groups are generated by iodine-lithium exchange reactions of the corresponding aryl iodides with mesityllithium and are reacted with various electrophiles using a flow-microreactor system. The present method has been successfully applied to the formal synthesis of Pauciflorol F.
Collapse
|
39
|
Kuleshova J, Hill-Cousins JT, Birkin PR, Brown RC, Pletcher D, Underwood TJ. A simple and inexpensive microfluidic electrolysis cell. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
40
|
Bouzek K, Jiřičný V, Kodým R, Křišťál J, Bystroň T. Microstructured reactor for electroorganic synthesis. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|