1
|
Gordon CT, Fabiano GA, Schatz NK, Hulme K, Vujnovic RK. Parenting Stress during Late Adolescence in Mothers of Individuals with ADHD with and without ODD. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2021; 30:2966-2979. [PMID: 35755320 PMCID: PMC9231756 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-021-02131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although children with ADHD continue to experience impairment well into adolescence, research exploring the experiences of their parents during late adolescence is lacking. Thus, we examined changes in parenting stress and family conflict in mothers of adolescents with ADHD during the transition to early adulthood. We also explored predictors of these changes in addition to investigating differences in these trajectories due to comorbid ODD. Forty-nine mothers of adolescents with ADHD only and thirty-seven mothers of adolescents with ADHD/ODD reported on parenting stress and perceptions of family conflict at baseline (mean age = 16.88) and at 3-month, 9-month, and 15-month follow up assessments. Growth curve modeling indicated that both groups of mothers reported relative declines in parenting stress and family conflict across time. However, the mothers of adolescents with ADHD/ODD persistently reported more stress and conflict. Furthermore, decreases in family conflict were more predictive of reduced parenting stress in families of adolescents only diagnosed with ADHD. Our findings suggest that comorbid ODD is associated with parenting stress during late adolescence. Thus, interventions should focus on further reducing this stress as adolescents with ADHD/ODD transition to adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Karen Hulme
- University of Buffalo, State University of New York
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Park SY, Kim JH, Jeong MY, Lee YS, Shin JE, Lee YJ. Reliability and Validity of the Korean Version of the Parental Stress Scale for Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Psychiatry Investig 2021; 18:1188-1197. [PMID: 34872238 PMCID: PMC8721293 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2021.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study standardizes the Parental Stress Scale (PSS) for Republic of Korean parents of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and verifies its reliability and validity. METHODS Data from 160 parents of children with ADHD who completed the following self-reported questionnaires were analyzed: the Korean ADHD Rating Scales, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the PSS, and the Global Assessment of Recent Stress Scale. All scale items were measured for reliability and validity, and the appropriate factors for measuring stress in Korean parents with ADHD children were extracted. RESULTS Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses derived two sub-factors and 11 items. Goodness of fit was confirmed, and the scale was deemed suitable for explaining stress in parents of children with ADHD. CONCLUSION In this study, the validity and reliability of the K-PSS-ADHD were investigated. We expect that the K-PSS-ADHD will be used as a basis for future studies on stress in parents of children with ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seo Young Park
- Sejong-si Community Mental Health Welfare Center, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ho Kim
- Department of Nursing, Masan University, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Young Jeong
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Sung Lee
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Shin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Jung Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Godovich SA, Adelsberg S, Roy AK. Parental Responses to Temper Outbursts in Children With ADHD: The Role of Psychological Factors. J Atten Disord 2020; 24:2054-2063. [PMID: 29224417 DOI: 10.1177/1087054717745595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Children with ADHD frequently exhibit temper outbursts (TO). One related factor may be parental responses, such as harsh discipline and accommodation. This study tests the hypotheses that these responses will be associated with greater TO, and parental characteristics of higher anger and lower sense of competence, in children with ADHD. Method: Participants included 79 5- to 9-year-old children with ADHD (77.22% boys). Regressions were used to determine the association between parental psychological factors and responses to TO while covarying for TO frequency, severity, and duration. Results: Parental anger and sense of competence were not significantly related to any discipline responses after covarying for TO characteristics, although sense of competence predicted spanking at trend-level significance. Both parental anger and sense of competence significantly predicted accommodation over and above TO characteristics. Conclusion: Results underscore the importance of parental anger and sense of competency in predicting parental behavior, specifically parental accommodation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amy Krain Roy
- Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA.,New York University Langone Medical Center, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kumar K, Sharma R, Mehra A, Saini L, Shah R, Sharma A. Quality of life, adjustment, and associative comorbid conditions in children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A comparative study. Ind Psychiatry J 2020; 29:123-129. [PMID: 33776285 PMCID: PMC7989465 DOI: 10.4103/ipj.ipj_119_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common pediatric, neurodevelopmental disorder, with serious impacts on lives of those suffering from it. ADHD is known to be associated with social and emotional difficulties, poor self-regulation, aggression, reduced empathy, inability to regulate socially desirable behavior along with conflicts within family, and increased conflict with peers and several associated comorbid conditions. AIM The study aims at exploring quality of life (QOL) and adjustment along with associated comorbid conditions in children diagnosed with ADHD in comparison with normal children. METHODS A total sample of 60 children including 30 children diagnosed with ADHD and 30 normal children were selected and assessed using Vanderbilt ADHD Parent rating scale Childhood Psychopathology Measurement Schedule, KINDL QOL: Parent Questionnaire and Pre-Adolescent adjustment Scale to assess level of ADHD, comorbid psychopathologies, their QOL and adjustment respectively. RESULTS Overall results have indicated that parents reported lesser symptom and pathology in comparisons to teachers for ADHD. Those diagnosed with ADHD had positive and significant comorbidities associated of; low intelligence with behavioral problems and high levels of conduct problems, anxiety, depression, psychotic tendencies, physical illness with emotional problems and somatization in comparison to normal and thus a poor adjusted life, with significant report of poor self-esteem and peer relations and QOL. CONCLUSION The results of the present study has clearly stated that severe burden has been perceived by ADHD children, with a poor perceived QOL, several adjustment issues, and sufferance of one or other comorbidity. Thus, the study could help understand and emphasize the need of holistic treatment comprising medicinal and therapeutic methods, including intervention for parents, focusing exclusively on enhancing and curbing these factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajni Sharma
- Advance Pediatric Center, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Aseem Mehra
- Department of Psychiatry, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Lokesh Saini
- Advance Pediatric Center, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ruchita Shah
- Department of Psychiatry, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Furukawa E, Alsop B, Shimabukuro S, Tripp G. Is increased sensitivity to punishment a common characteristic of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder? An experimental study of response allocation in Japanese children. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 11:433-443. [PMID: 31098948 DOI: 10.1007/s12402-019-00307-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Research on motivational processes in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) focuses on reward. Studies with punishment are limited and findings mixed. This study evaluated the effects of punishment on response allocation in Japanese children with and without ADHD. Thirty-four children meeting DSM-IV criteria for ADHD and 59 typically developing control-group children completed an operant task in which they choose between playing two simultaneously available games. Reward was arranged symmetrically across the games under concurrent variable interval schedules. Asymmetric punishment schedules were superimposed with responses on one game punished four times as often as responses on the other. Children with ADHD showed greater behavioral sensitivity to punishment than controls. They allocated significantly more responses to the less frequently punished alternative and were more likely to play this game on consecutive trials and responded more slowly to the more punished game. Control group children allocated their responses evenly across games. Punishment exerted greater control over the behavior of Japanese children with ADHD than controls, similar to findings with children from Western countries, suggesting this is a common characteristic of the disorder. The behavior of typically developing Japanese children, while demonstrating awareness of punishment, was not controlled by the frequency of its occurrence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emi Furukawa
- Human Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.
| | - Brent Alsop
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Shizuka Shimabukuro
- Human Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Gail Tripp
- Human Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lowry LS, Schatz NK, Fabiano GA. Exploring Parent Beliefs and Behavior: The Contribution of ADHD Symptomology Within Mothers and Fathers. J Atten Disord 2018; 22:1255-1265. [PMID: 25555630 DOI: 10.1177/1087054714562587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use a multi-method approach to examine the association of parental ADHD and gender with observed and self-reported parenting beliefs and behaviors. METHOD Seventy-nine mother-father dyads completed measures of child behavior and impairment, parenting beliefs and behaviors, and self- and partner ratings of ADHD symptoms and functional impairment. Forty-five parents also completed structured parent-child interactions. RESULTS A hierarchical linear model suggests impairment in functional domains may be associated with negative emotions about parenting and less effective parenting strategies. For fathers, greater severity of partner-reported symptoms of ADHD may be associated with greater frequency of negative talk during parent-child interactions. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that higher levels of parental ADHD symptoms and functional impairment may be associated with reported beliefs and behaviors related to parenting. Differences emerged among mothers' and fathers' use of parenting strategies when self- and other-report of ADHD symptoms and impairment were assessed.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kurman J, Rothschild-Yakar L, Angel R, Katz M. How Good Am I? Implicit and Explicit Self-Esteem as a Function of Perceived Parenting Styles Among Children With ADHD. J Atten Disord 2018; 22:1207-1217. [PMID: 25672670 DOI: 10.1177/1087054715569599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate implicit and explicit self-esteem and academic self-evaluation among children with ADHD as a function of parenting styles, namely, authoritarian, authoritative and permissive parenting. METHOD Participants included 43 children with ADHD and 35 non-ADHD controls who filled out self-concept and perceived parenting style questionnaires. They also took an Implicit Association Test (IAT) that measured unacknowledged self-esteem. RESULTS Lower self-esteem was found among children with ADHD than among controls, with stronger effect on the implicit level. Perceived authoritarian parenting was related to lower implicit self-esteem among children with ADHD. Higher self-esteem was found in the authoritative than in the permissive parenting groups in the non-ADHD control group but not among children with ADHD. CONCLUSION The role of parental support versus authoritarian parenting in terms of implicit self-esteem points to the importance of promoting responsiveness strategies among parents in the treatment of children with ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Miri Katz
- 2 Safra Children's Hospital, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Musabelliu G, Wiener J, Rogers M. Parental involvement in the learning of adolescents with and without ADHD. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY INTERNATIONAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0143034318766374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study examined parental involvement in adolescents' learning of parents of 108 adolescents 13- to 18-years of age (54 mothers of adolescents with ADHD, 44 mothers of adolescents without ADHD; 42 fathers of adolescents with ADHD and 35 fathers of adolescents without ADHD). Compared to mothers and fathers of adolescents without ADHD, both mothers and fathers of adolescents with ADHD reported lower self-efficacy in their ability to help their teens on the Parent Involvement Project Questionnaire-Modified (PIPQ-M). On the Parental Support for Learning Scale (PSLS), mothers of adolescents with ADHD perceived themselves as being less supportive and having fewer aspirations regarding their adolescents' future, compared with mothers of adolescents without ADHD. There were no differences between parents of adolescents with and without ADHD in any other aspects of involvement beliefs, experiences, and behaviors according to parent and adolescent report. Implications for school psychology practice are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gladiola Musabelliu
- University of Toronto, Ontario Institute of Studies in Education, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Judith Wiener
- University of Toronto, Ontario Institute of Studies in Education, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Rogers
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Thompson MJJ, Au A, Laver-Bradbury C, Lange AM, Tripp G, Shimabukuro S, Zhang JS, Shuai L, Thompson CE, Daley D, Sonuga-Barke EJ. Adapting an attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder parent training intervention to different cultural contexts: The experience of implementing the New Forest Parenting Programme in China, Denmark, Hong Kong, Japan, and the United Kingdom. Psych J 2017; 6:83-97. [PMID: 28371554 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The New Forest Parenting Programme (NFPP) is a parenting program developed for parents who have a child with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It is a manualized program that is delivered in a parent's home over 8 weeks, or in a group format, or through a self-help manual. Three randomized controlled trials have been carried out in the United Kingdom. The NFPP group has adapted the program according to feedback from parents and therapists, and for use with different populations, both within the United Kingdom and internationally. The first international trial took place in New York, United States. Trials in Denmark, Hong Kong, and Japan followed. More recently, a trial of the self-help manual has been carried out in mainland China. This paper will outline the adaptions that were needed in order to be able to deliver the program in different countries with their own expectations of parenting, culture, and language. Training had to be differently focused; manuals and handouts had to be revised, translated and back-translated; and supervision had to be delivered at a distance to maintain the fidelity of the program. The international group will outline their experience of running trials in their own countries with the NFPP in a face-to-face format (Denmark), a group format (Hong Kong and Japan), and a self-help format (mainland China).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret J J Thompson
- Academic Unit of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,CAMHS, Solent NHS Trust, Better Care Centre, Southampton, UK
| | - Alma Au
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Anne-Mette Lange
- Centre for Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Research Department, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Gail Tripp
- Human Developmental Neurobiology Research Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Shizuka Shimabukuro
- Human Developmental Neurobiology Research Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Jin S Zhang
- Department of Medical Psychology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Shuai
- Department of Medical Psychology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - David Daley
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine & Centre for ADHD and Neurodevelopmental Disorders Across the Lifespan & NIHR MindTech Health Care Technology Cooperative, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Edmund J Sonuga-Barke
- Academic Unit of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Centre for Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Research Department, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark.,Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
The role of socio-economic disadvantage in the development of comorbid emotional and conduct problems in children with ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 26:723-732. [PMID: 28064369 PMCID: PMC5446547 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-017-0940-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Previous research shows that, compared to children without ADHD, children with ADHD have worse socio-emotional outcomes and more experience of socio-economic disadvantage. In this study, we explored if and how the increased emotional and behavioural difficulties faced by children with ADHD may be accounted for by their more disadvantaged socio-economic circumstances. Our study, using data from 180 children (149 boys) with ADHD from the Millennium Cohort Study, had two aims. First, to examine the role of socio-economic disadvantage in the trajectories of emotional and conduct problems in children with ADHD at ages 3, 5, 7 and 11 years. Second, to explore the roles of the home environment (household chaos) and parenting (quality of emotional support, quality of the parent-child relationship and harsh parental discipline) in mediating any associations between socio-economic disadvantage and child emotional and conduct problems. Using growth curve models, we found that socio-economic disadvantage was associated with emotional and conduct problems but neither the home environment nor parenting attenuated this association. Lower quality of the parent-child relationship and harsher discipline were associated with more conduct problems. It appears that socio-economic disadvantage and parenting contribute independently to the prediction of comorbid psychopathology in children with ADHD.
Collapse
|
11
|
Williamson D, Johnston C. Marital and Coparenting Relationships: Associations With Parent and Child Symptoms of ADHD. J Atten Disord 2016; 20:684-94. [PMID: 23390081 DOI: 10.1177/1087054712471717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine relations between symptoms of ADHD and reports of marital and coparenting functioning. METHOD Parents of 8- to 12-year-old boys with (n = 26) and without (n =38) ADHD participated. RESULTS Although mothers of children with ADHD had the highest levels of ADHD symptoms, their symptoms were typically not related to measures of the couples' functioning, particularly when controlling for family ADHD and comorbidities. Father ADHD symptoms were related to their reports of couple functioning, and fathers' ADHD symptoms were associated with their negative attributions for their wives' behavior, even with child and mother ADHD controlled. However, when fathers' depression and hostility symptoms were controlled, these were more important predictors of the attributions than ADHD symptoms. CONCLUSION It is important to consider parental levels of ADHD symptoms in the context of other family members' symptoms as well as other forms of psychopathology.
Collapse
|
12
|
Booker JA, Ollendick TH, Dunsmore JC, Greene RW. Perceived Parent-Child Relations, Conduct Problems, and Clinical Improvement Following the Treatment of Oppositional Defiant Disorder. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2016; 25:1623-1633. [PMID: 27284234 PMCID: PMC4894338 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-015-0323-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Our objective in this study was to examine the moderating influence of parent-child relationship quality (as viewed by the child) on associations between conduct problems and treatment responses for children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). To date, few studies have considered children's perceptions of relationship quality with parents in clinical contexts even though extant studies show the importance of this factor in children's behavioral adjustment in non-clinical settings. In this study, 123 children (ages 7 - 14 years, 61.8% male, 83.7% white) who fulfilled DSM-IV criteria for ODD received one of two psychosocial treatments: Parent Management Training or Collaborative & Proactive Solutions. In an earlier study, both treatments were found to be effective and equivalent in treatment outcomes (Ollendick et al., in press). In the current study, pre-treatment maternal reports of conduct problems and pre-treatment child reports of relations with parents were used to predict outcomes in ODD symptoms and their severity following treatment. Elevated reports of children's conduct problems were associated with attenuated reductions in both ODD symptoms and their severity. Perceived relationship quality with parents moderated the ties between conduct problems and outcomes in ODD severity but not the number of symptoms. Mother reports of elevated conduct problems predicted attenuated treatment response only when children viewed relationship quality with their parents as poorer. When children viewed the relationship as higher quality, they did not show an attenuated treatment response, regardless of reported conduct problems. The current findings underscore the importance of children's perspectives in treatment response and reductions in externalizing child behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A. Booker
- Family Narratives Lab, Department of Psychology, Emory University
| | | | | | - Ross W. Greene
- Child Study Center, Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Danforth JS, Connor DF, Doerfler LA. The Development of Comorbid Conduct Problems in Children With ADHD: An Example of an Integrative Developmental Psychopathology Perspective. J Atten Disord 2016; 20:214-29. [PMID: 24412971 DOI: 10.1177/1087054713517546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We describe interactions among factors that contribute to the development of conduct problems among children with ADHD. METHOD An integrative developmental psychopathology analysis combines various approaches and posits one model of how diverse risk factors operate together to contribute to the development of conduct problems among children with ADHD. RESULTS Substantial genetic risk increases covariation between ADHD and conduct problems. Candidate genes are associated with CNS monoaminergic neurotransmission. Subsequent neurodevelopmental impairment interferes with executive function, with impaired verbal working memory playing an important role. Parent/child bi-directional influences exacerbate the risk for conduct problems when ADHD symptoms increase the likelihood of a coercive parenting style. Parent stress in reaction to child comorbid ADHD and conduct problems, and parent attribution for the child's conduct problem behavior, add to the potential for coercion and reduce constructive parent-child interaction that might otherwise enhance the development of verbal working memory. CONCLUSION In an integrated manner, these variables increase the risk that a child with ADHD will subsequently develop conduct problems.
Collapse
|
14
|
Tarver J, Daley D, Sayal K. Beyond symptom control for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): what can parents do to improve outcomes? Child Care Health Dev 2015; 41:1-14. [PMID: 24910021 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and its associated behavioural manifestations develop and progress as the result of complex gene-environment interactions. Parents exert a substantial influence and play a major role in their child's social environment. Despite this, recent evidence has suggested that adapting the child's environment via parenting interventions has minimal effects on child ADHD symptoms when analysing data from informants who are probably blind to treatment allocation. However, adverse parenting and family environments may act as a source of environmental risk for a number of child outcomes beyond ADHD symptoms. This is a narrative review that critically discusses whether parenting interventions are beneficial for alternative functioning outcomes in ADHD including neuropsychological, academic and social functioning and disruptive behaviour and how parenting and familial environments may be associated with these outcomes. In addition, the review explores how parental depression and parenting efficacy impact on capacity for optimal parenting and whether parenting interventions benefit parents too. A review of the evidence suggests that with modification, parenting interventions are beneficial for a number of outcomes other than ADHD symptom reduction. Improving the parent-child relationship may have indirect benefits for disruptive behaviour. Furthermore, parenting behaviours may directly benefit child neuropsychological, academic and social functioning. Parenting interventions can have therapeutic benefits for parents as well as children, which is important as parent and child well-being is likely to have a transactional relationship. Evaluation of the clinical success of parenting interventions should focus on a wider range of outcomes in order to aid understanding of the multifaceted benefits that they may be able to offer. Parenting interventions should not be seen as a redundant adjunct to medication in multi-modal treatment approaches for ADHD; they have the potential to target outcomes that, at present, medication seems less able to improve.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Tarver
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Centre for ADHD and Neuro-developmental Disorders across the Life Span (CANDAL), Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tarver J, Daley D, Sayal K. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): an updated review of the essential facts. Child Care Health Dev 2014; 40:762-74. [PMID: 24725022 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex disorder that can affect individuals across the lifespan. It is associated with substantial heterogeneity in terms of aetiology, clinical presentation and treatment outcome and is the subject of extensive research. Because of this, it can be difficult for clinicians to stay up to date with the most relevant findings and know how best to respond to parents' questions and concerns about the disorder and interventions. This is a narrative review that aims to summarize key findings from recent research into ADHD and its treatment that clinicians can share with families in order to increase their knowledge about ADHD and intervention options. ADHD develops as a result of complex interplay between interdependent genetic and non-genetic factors. The disorder is associated with substantial impairments in functioning and poor long-term outcomes. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment options are available for symptom management and to improve function, but functioning outcomes often fail to normalize in children with ADHD. Despite extensive advances in understanding this complex disorder, it is clear that there is still a long way to go. In particular, we address the need for future non-pharmacological interventions to be more specifically targeted for ADHD symptoms and its commonly associated functioning deficits in order to ensure the best long-term outcomes for children with ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Tarver
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Centre for ADHD and Neurodevelopmental Disorders Across the Lifespan (CANDAL), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Olivier MAJ, Gomes AM, Greyling AJ. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)—Dilemmas and Solutions. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY IN AFRICA 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/14330237.2009.10820285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
17
|
Effects of the SAFE Children preventive intervention on developmental trajectories of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Dev Psychopathol 2014; 26:1161-79. [PMID: 24713426 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579414000170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether a family-based preventive intervention for inner-city children entering the first grade could alter the developmental course of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. Participants were 424 families randomly selected and randomly assigned to a control condition (n = 192) or Schools and Families Educating Children (SAFE) Children (n = 232). SAFE Children combined family-focused prevention with academic tutoring to address multiple developmental-ecological needs. A booster intervention provided in the 4th grade to randomly assigned children in the initial intervention (n =101) evaluated the potential of increasing preventive effects. Follow-up occurred over 5 years with parents and teachers reporting on attention problems. Growth mixture models identified multiple developmental trajectories of ADHD symptoms. The initial phase of intervention placed children on more positive developmental trajectories for impulsivity and hyperactivity, demonstrating the potential for ADHD prevention in at-risk youth, but the SAFE Children booster had no additional effect on trajectory or change in ADHD indicators.
Collapse
|
18
|
Schueler CM, Prinz RJ. The role of caregiver contingent responsiveness in promoting compliance in young children. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2013; 44:370-81. [PMID: 22949163 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-012-0331-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine relations between parents' contingent responding and the behavior of their young children, in the context of other relevant parenting behaviors. Parents were observed interacting with their 3-6 year-old children during two laboratory tasks. Parent responses to child bids were classified into four mutually exclusive categories: contingent responses, non-contingent non-negative responses, negative responses, and no response. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to examine relations between contingent responsiveness and child compliance, after accounting for the quality of parent directives and parent negativity. Contingent responsiveness was uniquely associated with greater child compliance for mothers during both tasks and for fathers during one task. An interaction effect was found, indicating that fathers' responsiveness during the second task was associated with greater child compliance in older, but not younger, children. Implications for clinical practice and future research directions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christie M Schueler
- Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kim DH, Yoo IY. Relationship between attention deficit hyperactive disorder symptoms and perceived parenting practices of school-age children. J Clin Nurs 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2012.04343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hee Kim
- Sungshin University; College of Nursing; Seoul; Korea
| | - Il Young Yoo
- Yonsei University; College of Nursing; Seoul; Korea
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li JJ, Lee SS. Interaction of dopamine transporter gene and observed parenting behaviors on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a structural equation modeling approach. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2012; 42:174-86. [PMID: 23153115 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2012.736355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that some individuals may be simultaneously more responsive to the effects from environmental adversity and enrichment (i.e., differential susceptibility). Given that parenting behavior and a variable number tandem repeat polymorphism in the 3'untranslated region of the dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene are each independently associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), our goal was to evaluate the potential interactive effects of child DAT1 genotype with positive and negative parenting behaviors on childhood ADHD. We recruited an ethnically diverse sample of 150 six- to nine-year-old boys and girls with and without ADHD. Children were genotyped for a common polymorphism of the DAT1 gene, and objective counts of observed parenting behavior (i.e., negativity and praise) were obtained from a valid parent-child interaction task. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the interactive effects of DAT1 and observed parenting with a latent ADHD factor. We detected a significant interaction between observed praise and child DAT1 (coded additively), which suggested that praise was associated with increased ADHD, but only among youth with the 9/10 genotype. In addition, a marginally significant interaction between DAT1 (coded additively and recessively) and observed negativity emerged for ADHD, such that negativity was positively associated with ADHD but only for youth with the 9/9 genotype. Although differential susceptibility theory was not fully supported, these preliminary results suggest that interactive exchanges between parenting behavior and child genotype potentially contribute to the development of ADHD. Clinical implications for interactions between parenting behavior and child genotype are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James J Li
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Becker SP, Luebbe AM, Langberg JM. Co-occurring Mental Health Problems and Peer Functioning Among Youth with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Review and Recommendations for Future Research. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2012; 15:279-302. [PMID: 22965872 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-012-0122-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Becker
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Keown LJ. Predictors of boys' ADHD symptoms from early to middle childhood: the role of father-child and mother-child interactions. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2012; 40:569-81. [PMID: 22038253 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-011-9586-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This prospective 3 year longitudinal study investigated preschool paternal and maternal parenting predictors of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) in a community sample of 93 school-age boys. Participants were recruited on the basis of inattention-hyperactivity at age 4 and fathers and mothers were observed interacting with their sons. Teachers, fathers, and mothers reported children's ADHD symptoms and impairment. Results from dimensional analysis showed that less observed paternal sensitivity and maternal positive regard predicted higher levels of inattentiveness in middle childhood, and that intrusive paternal behavior was predictive of hyperactive-impulsive behavior at school. In categorical analysis, less maternal warmth and sensitivity were predictive of later ADHD. These predictions held after statistical adjustment for the effects of preschool ADHD behaviors and conduct problems. At follow-up, parents of boys with ADHD reported more negative child-parent relationship perceptions than comparison parents. Findings highlight the importance of examining responsive parenting behaviors of both fathers and mothers in relation to multi-informant ratings of ADHD symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise J Keown
- Faculty of Education, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92601, Symonds St., Auckland, 1150, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Johnston C, Mash EJ, Miller N, Ninowski JE. Parenting in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Clin Psychol Rev 2012; 32:215-28. [PMID: 22459785 PMCID: PMC4838457 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although the validity of adult ADHD is well established and research has identified a variety of impairments associated with the condition in adults, study of how ADHD impacts an adult's ability to parent has been relatively neglected. Parenting is a particularly important domain of functioning given the familial nature of the disorder and emerging evidence that parenting behaviors play a role in the development or maintenance of child ADHD symptoms, comorbid psychopathologies, and other associated difficulties. In this paper, we focus on three broad categories of cognitive dysfunction proposed across models of ADHD - cognitive processes (e.g., working memory, planning, and inhibitory control), self-regulation deficits (e.g., self-monitoring of performance to detect errors or the need for regulation of behavior and/or emotions), and motivational or arousal difficulties (e.g., response to incentives, delay aversion). We consider how these deficits may lead to impairments in the parenting behaviors of effective behavioral control and emotional responsiveness, and review the available evidence regarding parenting in adults with ADHD symptoms. We conclude by noting the limitations in existing studies, and argue for further research that is theoretically grounded in how core deficits of ADHD may be related to dimensions of parenting. The implications of an improved understanding of how ADHD impacts parenting for the development of early intervention or prevention programs are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Johnston
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Harvey EA, Metcalfe LA. The interplay among preschool child and family factors and the development of ODD symptoms. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2012; 41:458-70. [PMID: 22530755 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2012.673161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined (a) the interactions between early behavior, early parenting, and early family adversity in predicting later oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms, and (b) the reciprocal relations between parent functioning and ODD symptoms across the preschool years. Participants were 258 three-year-old children (138 boys, 120 girls) and their parents from diverse backgrounds who participated in a 4-year longitudinal study. Early child behavior, parenting, and family adversity did not significantly interact in the predicted direction. Reciprocal relations between ODD symptoms and parent functioning were observed for maternal and paternal depression, and maternal warmth. Paternal laxness at age 4 predicted ODD symptoms at age 5 and paternal laxness at age 5 predicted ODD symptoms at age 6, but child ODD did not significantly predict paternal laxness. Results suggest that ODD symptoms may develop through a transactional process between parent and child functioning across the preschool years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Harvey
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Tobin Hall, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Glatz T, Stattin H, Kerr M. Parents' reactions to youths' hyperactivity, impulsivity, and attention problems. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2012; 39:1125-35. [PMID: 21748550 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-011-9541-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hyperactivity, impulsivity, and attention problems (HIA) in children and adolescents are stressful for parents. In this study, we used theories of parents' perceived power and attributions for youths' behaviors to develop a model to understand parents' reactions to their youths' HIA. We followed 706 youths (376 boys and 330 girls, aged 10-12 years at T1) and their parents in a community-based project over 5 years. Measures of youths' HIA, youths' unresponsiveness to correction, parents' feelings of powerlessness, parental monitoring, and parents' negative behaviors toward their youths, were used. HIA in youths predicted increases in parents' perceptions that their youths were unresponsive to correction, which in turn prompted parents to feel more powerless over time. Further, parents' feelings of powerlessness were associated with increases in negative parenting behaviors over time. These results indicate a movement to more negative parenting practices over time as a result of youths' HIA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terese Glatz
- Center for Developmental Research at JPS, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
van der Oord S, Bögels SM, Peijnenburg D. The Effectiveness of Mindfulness Training for Children with ADHD and Mindful Parenting for their Parents. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2012; 21:139-147. [PMID: 22347788 PMCID: PMC3267931 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-011-9457-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training for children aged 8-12 with ADHD and parallel mindful parenting training for their parents. Parents (N = 22) completed questionnaires on their child's ADHD and ODD symptoms, their own ADHD symptoms, parenting stress, parental overreactivity, permissiveness and mindful awareness before, immediately after the 8-week training and at 8-week follow-up. Teachers reported on ADHD and ODD behavior of the child. A within-group waitlist was used to control for the effects of time and repeated measurement. Training was delivered in group format. There were no significant changes between wait-list and pre-test, except on the increase of teacher-rated ODD behavior. There was a significant reduction of parent-rated ADHD behavior of themselves and their child from pre-to posttest and from pre- to follow-up test. Further, there was a significant increase of mindful awareness from pre-to posttest and a significant reduction of parental stress and overreactivity from pre-to follow-up test. Teacher-ratings showed non-significant effects. Our study shows preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of mindfulness for children with ADHD and their parents, as rated by parents. However, in the absence of substantial effects on teacher-ratings, we cannot ascertain effects are due to specific treatment procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saskia van der Oord
- Clinical Psychology, University of Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Susan M. Bögels
- Research Institute Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- UVA-Virenze, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gopin CB, Healey DM, Grossman BR, Campbel SB, Halperin JM. Task Palatability, But Not Structure, Differentially Influences Mother-Child Interactions in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Children With and Without Oppositional Defiant Disorder. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaya B. Gopin
- Department of Neurology; Long Island Jewish Medical Center, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System; New Hyde Park; NY; USA
| | - Dione M. Healey
- Department of Psychology; University of Otago; Dunedin; New Zealand
| | | | - Susan B. Campbel
- Department of Psychology; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh; PA; USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sonuga-Barke EJS, Halperin JM. Developmental phenotypes and causal pathways in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: potential targets for early intervention? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2010; 51:368-89. [PMID: 20015192 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Early intervention approaches have rarely been implemented for the prevention of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this paper we explore whether such an approach may represent an important new direction for therapeutic innovation. We propose that such an approach is most likely to be of value when grounded in and informed by developmental models of the dynamic, complex and heterogeneous nature of the condition. First, we set out a rationale for early intervention grounded in the science of ADHD viewed through developmental models. Second, we re-examine the concept of disorder-onset from the perspective of developmental trajectories and phenotypes. Third, we examine potential causal pathways to ADHD with regard to originating risk, pathophysiological mediators, environmental moderators and developmental continuities. Finally, we explore the potential value of strategies for identifying young children at risk for ADHD, and implementing interventions in ways that can target these underlying pathogenic processes. The utility of such an approach represents an important area for future research but still requires 'proof of concept'. Therefore prior to widespread clinical implementation, far greater knowledge is required of (i) developmental pathways into ADHD, (ii) the value of identifying neuropsychological mediators of these pathways, and (iii) the extent to which targeting mediating mechanisms will improve treatment outcomes for children with ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke
- Developmental Brain-Behaviour Laboratory, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
A systematic review of parenting in relation to the development of comorbidities and functional impairments in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2010; 41:168-92. [PMID: 19768532 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-009-0159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This review synthesizes recent research evidence regarding the parenting characteristics associated with families with children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). ADHD is a complex, heterogeneous disorder with a range of genetic and environmental factors that contribute to its behavioral expression and different developmental trajectories. The current review adopts a developmental psychopathology perspective to conceptualize the risk and protective factors that might shape the developmental pathways of the disorder across different domains. Following from Johnston and Mash's review (Johnston and Mash, Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 4:183-207, 2001), the present review systematically examines empirical studies from 2000-2008 that investigate parenting variables in relation to the development of children with ADHD, with a particular focus on the development of externalizing and internalizing comorbidities, as well as functional impairments in academic and social contexts. The most recent research evidence uses correlational designs to show that ADHD is associated with problematic family functioning, including greater stress within the family, higher rates of parental psychopathology and conflicted parent-child relationships, which appears to be exacerbated in children with comorbid oppositional and conduct problems. However, there is an absence of literature that considers the role that parents play in contributing to children's development in areas such as academic achievement and peer competence, as well as the development of internalizing difficulties. Future research should examine family factors that are associated with resilience in children with ADHD, using longitudinal designs that reflect the dynamic changes associated with a developmental psychopathology framework.
Collapse
|
30
|
Oh WO, Kendall J. Patterns of parenting in Korean mothers of children with ADHD: A Q-methodology study. JOURNAL OF FAMILY NURSING 2009; 15:318-342. [PMID: 19531629 DOI: 10.1177/1074840709339595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate patterns of parenting in Korean mothers of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and identify major threads that structured various patterns of parenting. Q-methodology, a technique for extracting subjective attitudes, was used for data collection and analysis. Participants were asked to sort statements on issues associated with parenting. Factor analysis was applied to identify patterns in the ranking of statements. Participants were 45 Korean mothers of children with ADHD. As a result, three patterns of parenting emerged: Praise-Fairness, Strict-Control, and Sensitive Response-Balanced. These patterns differed on two axes: external and internal control and positive and negative reinforcement. This study provides an opportunity to enhance our understanding of the parenting patterns of mothers of children with ADHD in Korea. The findings can function as a cornerstone for developing future models of parenting children with ADHD and parent-child interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won-Oak Oh
- Department of Nursing, College of Medciine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju City, South Korea.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Parental involvement in children's learning: Comparing parents of children with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). J Sch Psychol 2009; 47:167-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsp.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
32
|
Evans SW, Sibley M, Serpell ZN. Changes in caregiver strain over time in young adolescents with ADHD: the role of oppositional and delinquent behavior. J Atten Disord 2009; 12:516-24. [PMID: 18955733 DOI: 10.1177/1087054708322987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to identify the relationships between caregiver strain among parents of young adolescents with ADHD and child characteristics during a 1-year period. METHOD Parents of 52 middle-school-aged youth with ADHD participated in this study and completed two evaluations 1 year apart. RESULTS Ratings of oppositional and delinquent behavior best predicted levels of caregiver strain, and change over time did not significantly add to the equation. Patterns of change in caregiver strain indicated important individual differences. CONCLUSION Oppositional, delinquent behavior was the best predictor of caregiver strain and suggests that preventing and treating these child behavior problems should be a high priority when working with young adolescents with ADHD. Given the variability in parent responses to changes in oppositional and delinquent behavior, it may also be important to address personal coping strategies for parents of youth exhibiting high rates of these behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Evans
- James Madison University, Alvin V. Baird Attention and Learning Disabilities Center, Harrinburg, VA 22807, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Jans T, Philipsen A, Graf E, Ihorst G, Gerlach M, Warnke A. Does the treatment of maternal attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) enhance the efficacy of a behavioural parent training for the treatment of their children’s ADHD? Study protocol of a randomized controlled multicentre trail. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 1:33-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s12402-009-0004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
34
|
ADHD and Anger Contexts: Electronic Diary Mood Reports from Mothers and Children. J Pediatr Psychol 2009; 34:940-53. [DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsn138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
35
|
Watkins SJ, Mash EJ. Sub‐clinical levels of symptoms of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and self‐reported parental cognitions and behaviours in mothers of young infants. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/02646830801918448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
36
|
Peters K, Jackson D. Mothers’ experiences of parenting a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Adv Nurs 2009; 65:62-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04853.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
37
|
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a condition typically arising in childhood, which untreated, can have consequences reaching into adolescence and beyond. Effective pharmacological treatment is available and has become widespread in the West. Outcomes for both the child with ADHD and the parent may be influenced by the nature of interaction between them. The authors of this article aim to review published research examining the interaction between parents and their children with ADHD. A PubMed search was conducted of studies written in English between 2000 and 2007 with the keywords ADHD and parenting. Child ADHD elicits high levels of parental stress and maladaptive parenting. The presence of parental psychopathology is common and influences the parent's response to the child's ADHD symptoms. Optimizing parent-child interaction and parental psychiatric status may improve outcomes for both parent and child.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vania Modesto-Lowe
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut Valley Hospital, Middletown, Connecticut, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Canu WH, Newman ML, Morrow TL, Pope DLW. Social appraisal of adult ADHD: stigma and influences of the beholder's Big Five personality traits. J Atten Disord 2008; 11:700-10. [PMID: 17934181 DOI: 10.1177/1087054707305090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigates social stigma associated with a diagnosis of ADHD in adulthood and whether Big Five personality traits predict appraisals of affected individuals. METHOD A sample of 257 undergraduates rate the desirability of targets with ADHD, minor medical problems, and with no appreciable weakness, across several social engagement contexts. RESULTS Participants exhibit significantly less desire to engage with those with ADHD (as compared to both controls). Agreeableness, Extraversion, and Conscientiousness are found to predict appraisals of targets with and without ADHD, moderated by sex of the target and the beholder. CONCLUSION It is suggested that fairly subtle, negative bias toward ADHD contributes to rejection of individuals with the disorder, particularly in academic and work settings. Findings also suggest peers' personalities do have some effect on appraisals of targets with ADHD
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Will H Canu
- Department of Psychology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Chen M, Johnston C. Maternal Inattention and Impulsivity and Parenting Behaviors. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2007; 36:455-68. [PMID: 17658988 DOI: 10.1080/15374410701448570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study extends previous research by examining whether maternal inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity are associated with different parenting behaviors. Ninety-six mother-son dyads participated in the study, and the boys ranged between 4 and 8 years of age. Maternal inattention was uniquely and positively associated with mothers' use of inconsistent discipline and lower involvement with the child after controlling for impulsivity and the control variables of child age, maternal depression and hostility, family socioeconomic status, and child behavior problems. Maternal impulsivity was uniquely and negatively associated with mothers' use of positive reinforcement after similar controls. Possible reasons for the different patterns of associations between maternal inattention and impulsivity, and parenting and the clinical implications of the findings are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Chen
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Huijbregts SCJ, Séguin JR, Zoccolillo M, Boivin M, Tremblay RE. Associations of maternal prenatal smoking with early childhood physical aggression, hyperactivity-impulsivity, and their co-occurrence. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2007; 35:203-15. [PMID: 17294130 PMCID: PMC1915590 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-006-9073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated associations between maternal prenatal smoking and physical aggression (PA), hyperactivity-impulsivity (HI) and co-occurring PA and HI between ages 17 and 42 months in a population sample of children born in Québec (Canada) in 1997/1998 (N=1745). Trajectory model estimation showed three distinct developmental patterns for PA and four for HI. Multinomial regression analyses showed that prenatal smoking significantly predicted children's likelihood to follow different PA trajectories beyond the effects of other perinatal factors, parental psychopathology, family functioning and parenting, and socio-economic factors. However, prenatal smoking was not a significant predictor of HI in a model with the same control variables. Further multinomial regression analyses showed that, together with gender, presence of siblings and maternal hostile reactive parenting, prenatal smoking independently predicted co-occurring high PA and high HI compared to low levels of both behaviors, to high PA alone, and to high HI alone. These results show that maternal prenatal smoking predicts multiple behavior regulation problems in early childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan C J Huijbregts
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Section Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Faculty of Social Sciences, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Cunningham CE. A Family-Centered Approach to Planning and Measuring the Outcome of Interventions for Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 7:60-72. [PMID: 17261485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ambp.2006.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2005] [Revised: 04/25/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper discusses a set of closely related parenting and family factors that should be considered when planning and measuring the outcome of interventions for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). These include parenting and parent-child relationships, parental cognitions, parental adjustment, marital interactions, general family relationships, and adaptive child functioning within the family. The measurement of each construct is discussed, and comparative, longitudinal, and treatment outcome studies using these measures are reviewed. It is concluded that measures of treatment outcome for children with ADHD could be improved by utilizing multiple informants, developing tools with greater content and contextual validity, relying more on observational methods, and identifying those measures which are of greatest importance to families. Given the multiple pathways via which both psychosocial and pharmacological interventions exert their influence, composite measures combining multi-informant, multimethod constructs may represent more useful measures of treatment outcome than measures of primary ADHD symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Cunningham
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ninowski JE, Mash EJ, Benzies KM. Symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in first-time expectant women: Relations with parenting cognitions and behaviors. Infant Ment Health J 2007. [PMID: 28640382 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.20122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between maternal symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and parenting cognitions and behaviors was studied in 86 first-time expectant women. Women high on ADHD symptoms were less likely to be married, less likely to have obtained at least some university education, and less likely to report that they wanted to get pregnant at the time they became pregnant. As predicted, ADHD symptoms were positively correlated with symptoms of anxiety and depression, and predicted less positive prenatal expectations regarding the infant and the future maternal role and lower maternal self-efficacy. Contrary to predictions, ADHD did not predict any incremental variance in maternal stressful life events or social support. Symptoms of ADHD were negatively correlated with attendance at recommended prenatal checkups, but were unrelated to other behaviors during pregnancy. Findings suggest that even prior to any contact with their infant, women with ADHD symptoms have maladaptive cognitions regarding their expectations of motherhood and parenting abilities. As a result, they may benefit from early interventions that focus on attenuating the potential negative effects that these maladaptive cognitions might have on the mother-infant relationship and later developmental outcomes for their children.
Collapse
|
43
|
Goldstein LH, Harvey EA, Friedman-Weieneth JL. Examining Subtypes of Behavior Problems Among 3-Year-Old Children, Part III: Investigating Differences in Parenting Practices and Parenting Stress. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2006; 35:125-36. [PMID: 17136458 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-006-9047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examined parenting of mothers and fathers of 3-year-old children who were classified as hyperactive (HYP), hyperactive and oppositional defiant (HYP/OD), and non-problem based on mothers' reports of behavior. Parents of children with HYP/OD were less warm, showed more negative affect, and more laxness than parents of non-problem children; however, contrary to prediction, they did not differ significantly from parents of children in the HYP group. Compared to mothers of non-problem children, mothers of children in the HYP/OD group reported significantly more parenting stress across all domains, whereas mothers of children in the HYP group only reported elevated levels of stress associated with having a difficult child. Theoretical and treatment implications are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren H Goldstein
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Tobin Hall, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|