1
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Bella-Fernández M, Martin-Moratinos M, Li C, Wang P, Blasco-Fontecilla H. Differences in Ex-Gaussian Parameters from Response Time Distributions Between Individuals with and Without Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2024; 34:320-337. [PMID: 36877328 PMCID: PMC10920450 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-023-09587-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood and adolescence. Differences in reaction times (RT) in cognitive tasks have been consistently observed between ADHD and typical participants. Instead of estimating means and standard deviations, fitting non-symmetrical distributions like the ex-Gaussian, characterized by three parameters (µ, σ, and τ), account for the whole RT distributions. A meta-analysis is performed with all the available literature using ex-Gaussian distributions for comparisons between individuals with ADHD and controls. Results show that τ and σ are generally greater for ADHD samples, while µ tends to be larger for typical groups but only for younger ages. Differences in τ are also moderated by ADHD subtypes. τ and σ show, respectively, quadratic and linear relationships with inter-stimulus intervals from Continuous Performance Test and Go/No Go tasks. Furthermore, tasks and cognitive domains influence the three parameters. Interpretations of ex-Gaussian parameters and clinical implications of these findings are also discussed. Fitting ex-Gaussian distributions to RT data is a useful way to explore differences between individuals with ADHD and healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Bella-Fernández
- Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Pontificia de Comillas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Martin-Moratinos
- Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Chao Li
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ping Wang
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hilario Blasco-Fontecilla
- Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- CIBERSAM Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- ITA Mental Health, Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Ferguson C, Hobson C, Hedge C, Waters C, Anning K, van Goozen S. Disentangling the relationships between motor control and cognitive control in young children with symptoms of ADHD. Child Neuropsychol 2024; 30:289-314. [PMID: 36946244 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2023.2190965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Children with ADHD experience difficulties with motor and cognitive control. However, the relationships between these symptoms are poorly understood. As a step toward improving treatment, this study investigated associations between specific aspects of motor control and cognitive control in children with varying levels of hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. A heterogeneous sample of 255 children of 4 to 10 years of age (median = 6.50, MAD = 1.36) completed a battery of tests probing motor generation, visuomotor fluency, visuomotor flexibility, cognitive inhibition, verbal and visuospatial working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Their caregivers were interviewed regarding their hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. 25.9% of the main sample met diagnostic criteria for ADHD. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine whether specific aspects of motor control were associated with specific aspects of cognitive control, and whether any associations were moderated by hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. Additionally, cognitive modeling (the drift diffusion model approximated with EZ-DM) was used to understand performance on a cognitive inhibition task. Visuomotor fluency was significantly associated with cognitive inhibition. Visuomotor flexibility was significantly associated with cognitive flexibility. There were no significant moderation effects. Cognitive modeling was inconclusive. In conclusion, the ability to fluently perform visually guided continuous movement is linked with the ability to inhibit the effects of distracting information. The ability to spontaneously use visual information to flexibly alter motor responses is related to the ability to cognitively shift from one frame of mind to another. These relationships appear to be quantitatively and qualitatively similar across the childhood hyperactive-impulsive continuum as rated by parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Ferguson
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Community Neurological Rehabilitation Service, Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, NHS Wales, Newport, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Hobson
- South Wales Doctoral Programme in Clinical Psychology, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, NHS Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Neurodevelopment Assessment Unit, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Hedge
- School of Psychology, Aston University, Aston, United Kingdom
| | - Cerith Waters
- South Wales Doctoral Programme in Clinical Psychology, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, NHS Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Neurodevelopment Assessment Unit, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Anning
- Neurodevelopment Assessment Unit, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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3
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Peterson RK, Duvall P, Crocetti D, Palin T, Robinson J, Mostofsky SH, Rosch KS. ADHD-related sex differences in frontal lobe white matter microstructure and associations with response control under conditions of varying cognitive load and motivational contingencies. Brain Imaging Behav 2023; 17:674-688. [PMID: 37676408 PMCID: PMC11059212 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-023-00795-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) demonstrate reduced response inhibition, increased response time variability, and atypical frontal lobe white matter microstructure with emerging evidence of sex differences. This study aims to examine whether frontal lobe white matter microstructure is differentially impacted in ADHD by sex and whether this relates to Go/No-Go (GNG) task performance. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) from 187 children (8-12 years), including ADHD (n = 94) and typically developing controls (TD; n = 93). Participants completed three GNG tasks with varying cognitive demands and incentives (standard, cognitive, and motivational). Fractional anisotropy (FA) was examined as an index of white matter microstructure within bilateral frontal lobe regions of interest. Children with ADHD showed reduced FA in primary motor (M1) and supplementary motor area (SMA) regardless of sex. Sex-based dissociation for the effect of diagnosis was observed in medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC), with higher FA in girls with ADHD and lower FA in boys with ADHD. Both diagnosis and sex contributed to performance on measures of response inhibition and reaction time (RT) variability, with all children with ADHD demonstrating poorer performance on all GNG tasks, but boys with ADHD demonstrating more impulsivity on standard and motivational behavioral paradigms compared to girls with ADHD. Analyses revealed associations between reduced FA in M1, SMA, and mOFC and increased response inhibition and RT variability with some sex-based differences. These findings provide novel insights regarding the brain basis of ADHD and associated impairments in response inhibition and RT variability, and contribute to our understanding of sexual dimorphic behavioral outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Peterson
- Neuropsychology Department, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 1750 E. Fairmount Avenue, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Philip Duvall
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Deana Crocetti
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tara Palin
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joshua Robinson
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stewart H Mostofsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keri S Rosch
- Neuropsychology Department, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 1750 E. Fairmount Avenue, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
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4
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Puyjarinet F, Madramany P, Autexier A, Madieu E, Nesensohn J, Biotteau M. Psychomotor intervention to improve handwriting skills in children with ADHD: A single-case experimental design with direct inter-subject and systematic replications. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2023; 33:1537-1563. [PMID: 36007100 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2022.2114503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dysgraphia is highly prevalent in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and adversely affects academic and developmental trajectories. To date, no study has rigorously examined the effects of a training program on handwriting quality in this specific population. Our objective was thus to develop an innovative program - we entitled PRO-PEN - and to evaluate its effects. We planned a multiple-baseline design across participants from grade 3-5, with direct inter-subject and systematic replications. Children of Group 1 (n = 4) were diagnosed with ADHD. Systematic replication was conducted in a second group of participants (Group 2, n = 4) with a diagnosis of developmental coordination disorder in addition to ADHD. The primary assessment focused on quality of handwriting. Generalization measures evaluated diverse neuropsychological and behavioural domains. In Group 1, effect sizes regarding handwriting quality were large (Taus > .60). Improvement was also observed for children of Group 2 (Taus > .50). Importantly, the positive effects persisted three months after the end of the training. Generalization effects extended beyond handwriting sphere. Therefore, PRO-PEN can be considered a promising training program for improving handwriting quality in ADHD, with a possible impact on wide cerebral regulation loops underpinning both handwriting and other neuropsychological and behavioural domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Puyjarinet
- University of Montpellier, UFR Médecine Montpellier-Nîmes, Institut de Formation en Psychomotricité de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Anne Autexier
- Academy of Montpellier, French National Education Institute, France
| | | | - Jessica Nesensohn
- University of Montpellier, UFR Médecine Montpellier-Nîmes, Institut de Formation en Psychomotricité de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- CHRU of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Maëlle Biotteau
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Children's Hospital, Toulouse-Purpan University Hospital, Toulouse, France
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5
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Intra-Subject Variability in Mathematical Learning Difficulties. J Cogn 2022; 5:33. [PMID: 36072114 PMCID: PMC9400629 DOI: 10.5334/joc.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Method: Results: Conclusions:
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6
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The presence of excessive mirror overflow in children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is discussed in numerous published reports. These reports, however, include a limited age range in their samples. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of diagnosis and sex on mirror overflow and standard deviation (SD) of tap time in children with and without ADHD across a larger age range (5-12 years) of children. METHODS One-hundred and forty-eight children with ADHD and 112 age- and sex-matched typically developing (TD) children completed a finger sequencing task. Mirror overflow, SD of tap time, and mean tap time were measured using finger twitch transducers. RESULTS Results reveal a significant diagnostic effect on mirror overflow such that boys and girls with ADHD demonstrate increased overflow compared to same-sex TD children. Boys with ADHD demonstrated more variable tap times compared to TD boys; no diagnostic effect was observed in the girls. CONCLUSIONS Boys with ADHD exhibit anomalous motor variability; girls with ADHD show similar levels of variability as TD girls. Boys and girls with ADHD exhibit similar levels of excessive mirror overflow. This lack of sex differences on mirror overflow is distinct from reports finding sex effects on overflow and could result from an examination of a broader age range than is included in prior reports. Adolescent data would provide a greater understanding of the trajectory of anomalous mirror overflow across development. Examination of functional and structural connectivity would expand the current understanding of the neurobiological foundation of motor overflow.
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7
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Zhao Y, Nebel MB, Caffo BS, Mostofsky SH, Rosch KS. Beyond Massive Univariate Tests: Covariance Regression Reveals Complex Patterns of Functional Connectivity Related to Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Age, Sex, and Response Control. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 2:8-16. [PMID: 35528865 PMCID: PMC9074810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies of brain functional connectivity (FC) typically involve massive univariate tests, performing statistical analysis on each individual connection. In this study, we apply a novel whole-matrix regression approach referred to as covariate assisted principal regression to identify resting-state FC brain networks associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and response control. Methods Participants included 8- to 12-year-old children with ADHD (n = 115; 29 girls) and typically developing control children (n = 102; 35 girls) who completed a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scan and a Go/NoGo task. We modeled three sets of covariates to identify resting-state networks associated with an ADHD diagnosis, sex, and response inhibition (commission errors) and variability (ex-Gaussian parameter tau). Results The first network includes FC between striatal-cognitive control (CC) network subregions and thalamic-default mode network (DMN) subregions and is positively related to age. The second consists of FC between CC-visual-somatomotor regions and between CC-DMN subregions and is positively associated with response variability in boys with ADHD. The third consists of FC within the DMN and between DMN-CC-visual regions and differs between boys with and without ADHD. The fourth consists of FC between visual-somatomotor regions and between visual-DMN regions and differs between girls and boys with ADHD and is associated with response inhibition and variability in boys with ADHD. Unique networks were also identified in each of the three models, suggesting some specificity to the covariates of interest. Conclusions These findings demonstrate the utility of our novel covariance regression approach to studying functional brain networks relevant for development, behavior, and psychopathology.
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8
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Fietsam AC, Tucker JR, Kamath MS, Huang-Pollock C, Wang Z, Neely KA. Manual dexterity and strength and in young adults with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Neurosci Lett 2022; 766:136349. [PMID: 34785312 PMCID: PMC9578534 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Manual motor deficits are common in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); however, it is unclear whether these impairments persist into adulthood. The aim of this study was to examine manual dexterity and strength in young adults with ADHD aged 18-25 years. Sixty-one individuals with confirmed ADHD and 56 adults without ADHD completed Purdue Pegboard tasks for manual dexterity and maximal hand- and pinch-grip tests for strength. In the Purdue Pegboard task, participants placed pins using the right, left, and both-hands, respectively. In addition, participants built assemblies using pins, washers, and collars with alternating hand movements. The results demonstrated that women without ADHD out-performed the other three groups in the right-hand, bimanual, and assembly PPB tasks. Both maximal hand strength tests demonstrated that men were stronger than women, but no differences were observed between adults with and without ADHD. The current findings suggest that adults with ADHD may have deficits in manual dexterity and tasks requiring bimanual coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, FL, United States
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9
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Distinct Patterns of Impaired Cognitive Control Among Boys and Girls with ADHD Across Development. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2021; 49:835-848. [PMID: 33646480 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-021-00792-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether girls and boys with ADHD show similar impairments in cognitive control from childhood into adolescence and the developmental relationship between cognitive control and ADHD symptoms. Participants include 8-17-year-old children with ADHD (n = 353, 104 girls) and typically developing (TD) controls (n = 241, 86 girls) with longitudinal data obtained from n = 137. Participants completed two go/no-go (GNG) tasks that varied in working memory demand. Linear mixed-effects models were applied to compare age-related changes in cognitive control for each GNG task among girls and boys with ADHD and TD controls and in relation to ADHD symptoms. Boys with ADHD showed impaired response inhibition and increased response variability across tasks. In contrast, girls with ADHD showed impaired response inhibition only with greater working memory demands whereas they displayed increased response variability regardless of working memory demands. Analysis of age-related change revealed that deficits in cognitive control under minimal working memory demands increase with age among girls with ADHD and decrease with age among boys with ADHD. In contrast, deficits in cognitive control with greater working memory demands decrease with age among both boys and girls with ADHD compared to TD peers. Among children with ADHD poor response inhibition during childhood predicted inattentive symptoms in adolescence and was associated with less age-related improvement in inattentive symptoms. These findings suggest that girls and boys with ADHD show differential impairment in cognitive control across development and response inhibition in childhood may be an important predictor of ADHD symptoms in adolescence.
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10
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Bluschke A, Zink N, Mückschel M, Roessner V, Beste C. A novel approach to intra-individual performance variability in ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 30:733-745. [PMID: 32410131 PMCID: PMC8060200 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01555-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Patients with attention deficit/(hyperactivity) disorder (AD(H)D) show increased intra-individual variability (IIV) in behavioral performance. This likely reflects dopaminergic deficiencies. However, the precise performance profile across time and the pattern of fluctuations within it have not yet been considered, partly due to insufficient methods. Yet, such an analysis may yield important theory-based implications for clinical practice. Thus, in a case-control cross-sectional study, we introduce a new method to investigate performance fluctuations in patients with ADD (n = 76) and ADHD (n = 67) compared to healthy controls (n = 45) in a time estimation task. In addition, we also evaluate the effects of methylphenidate (MPH) treatment on this performance pattern in 29 patients with AD(H)D. Trial-by-trial differences in performance between healthy controls and patients with AD(H)D do not persist continuously over longer time periods. Periods during which no differences in performance between healthy controls and patients occur alternate with periods in which such differences are present. AD(H)D subtype and surprisingly also medication status does not affect this pattern. The presented findings likely reflect (phasic) deficiencies of the dopaminergic system in patients with AD(H)D which are not sufficiently ameliorated by first-line pharmacological treatment. The presented findings carry important clinical and scientific implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annet Bluschke
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nicolas Zink
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Moritz Mückschel
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Veit Roessner
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
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11
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Crasta JE, Zhao Y, Seymour KE, Suskauer SJ, Mostofsky SH, Rosch KS. Developmental trajectory of subtle motor signs in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A longitudinal study from childhood to adolescence. Child Neuropsychol 2020; 27:317-332. [PMID: 33243074 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2020.1847265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the developmental trajectory of neurodevelopmental motor signs among boys and girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and typically-developing (TD) children. Seventy children with ADHD and 48 TD children, aged 8-17 years, were evaluated on at least two time-points using the Physical and Neurological Assessment of Subtle Signs (PANESS). Age-related changes in subtle motor signs (overflow, dysrhythmia, speed) were modeled using linear mixed-effects models to compare the developmental trajectories among four subgroups (ADHD girls and boys and TD girls and boys). Across visits, both boys and girls with ADHD showed greater overflow, dysrhythmia, and slower speed on repetitive motor tasks compared to TD peers; whereas, only girls with ADHD were slower on sequential motor tasks than TD girls. Developmental trajectory analyses revealed a greater reduction in overflow with age among boys with ADHD than TD boys; whereas, trajectories did not differ among girls with and without ADHD, or among boys and girls with ADHD. For dysrhythmia and speed, there were no trajectory differences between the subgroups, with all groups showing similar reductions with age. Children with ADHD show developmental trajectories of subtle motor signs that are consistent with those of TD children, with one clear exception: Boys with ADHD show more significant reductions in overflow from childhood to adolescence than do their TD peers. Our findings affirm the presence of subtle motor signs in children with ADHD and suggest that some of these signs, particularly motor overflow in boys, resolve through adolescence while dysrhythmia and slow speed, may persist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jewel E Crasta
- Occupational Therapy Division, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Karen E Seymour
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stacy J Suskauer
- Brain Injury Clinical Research Center, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Departments of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stewart H Mostofsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keri S Rosch
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
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12
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Matsuhashi T, Segalowitz SJ, Murphy TI, Nagano Y, Hirao T, Masaki H. Medial frontal negativities predict performance improvements during motor sequence but not motor adaptation learning. Psychophysiology 2020; 58:e13708. [PMID: 33111987 PMCID: PMC7816271 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in our environment require us to learn or alter motor skills to remain efficient. Also, damage or injury may require the relearning of motor skills. Two types have been identified: movement adaptation and motor sequence learning. Doyonet al. (2003, Distinct contribution of the cortico-striatal and cortico-cerebellar systems to motor skill learning. Neuropsychologia, 41(3), 252-262) proposed a model to explain the neural mechanisms related to adaptation (cortico-cerebellar) and motor sequence learning (cortico-striatum) tasks. We hypothesized that medial frontal negativities (MFNs), event-related electrocortical responses including the error-related negativity (ERN) and correct-response-related negativity (CRN), would be trait biomarkers for skill in motor sequence learning due to their relationship with striatal neural generators in a network involving the anterior cingulate and possibly the supplementary motor area. We examined 36 participants' improvement in a motor adaptation and a motor sequence learning task and measured MFNs elicited in a separate Spatial Stroop (conflict) task. We found both ERN and CRN strongly predicted performance improvement in the sequential motor task but not in the adaptation task, supporting this aspect of the Doyon model. Interestingly, the CRN accounted for additional unique variance over the variance shared with the ERN suggesting an expansion of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuto Matsuhashi
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | | | - Timothy I Murphy
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Yuichiro Nagano
- Faculty of Human Studies, Bunkyo Gakuin University, Fujimino, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hirao
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Masaki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
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13
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Wang YY, Sun L, Liu YW, Pan JH, Zheng YM, Wang YF, Zang YF, Zhang H. The Low-Frequency Fluctuation of Trial-by-Trial Frontal Theta Activity and Its Correlation With Reaction-Time Variability in Sustained Attention. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1555. [PMID: 32765356 PMCID: PMC7381245 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Reaction-time variability is a critical index of sustained attention. However, researchers still lack effective measures to establish the association between neurophysiological activity and this behavioral variability. Here, the present study recorded reaction time (RT) and cortical electroencephalogram (EEG) in healthy subjects when they continuously performed an alternative responding task. The frontal theta activity and reaction-time variability were examined trial by trial using the measures of standard deviation (SD) in the time domain and amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) in the frequency domain. Our results showed that the SD of reaction-time variability did not have any correlation with the SD of trial-by-trial frontal theta activity, and the ALFF of reaction-time variability has a significant correlation with the ALFF of trial-by-trial frontal theta activity in 0.01–0.027 Hz. These results suggested the methodological significance of ALFF in establishing the association between neurophysiological activity and reaction-time variability. Furthermore, these findings also support the low-frequency fluctuation as a potential feature of sustained attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Yao Wang
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, College of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Sun
- Institute of Mental Health, The Sixth Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Wei Liu
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, College of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Hui Pan
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, College of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Ming Zheng
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, College of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Feng Wang
- Institute of Mental Health, The Sixth Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Feng Zang
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, College of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, College of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Rivera D, García A, Ortega JE, Alarcos B, van der Meulen K, Velasco JR, Del Barrio C. Intraindividual Variability Measurement of Fine Manual Motor Skills in Children Using an Electronic Pegboard: Cohort Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2019; 7:e12434. [PMID: 31464193 PMCID: PMC6738021 DOI: 10.2196/12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pegboard tests are a powerful technique used by health and education professionals to evaluate manual dexterity and fine motor speed, both in children and adults. Using traditional pegboards in tests, the total time that, for example, a 4-year-old child needs for inserting pegs in a pegboard, with the left or right hand, can be measured. However, these measurements only allow for studying the variability among individuals, whereas no data can be obtained on the intraindividual variability in inserting and removing these pegs with one and the other hand. Objective The aim of this research was to study the intraindividual variabilities in fine manual motor skills of 2- to 3-year-old children during playing activities, using a custom designed electronic pegboard. Methods We have carried out a pilot study with 39 children, aged between 25 and 41 months. The children were observed while performing a task involving removing 10 pegs from 10 holes on one side and inserting them in 10 holes on the other side of a custom-designed sensor-based electronic pegboard, which has been built to be able to measure the times between peg insertions and removals. Results A sensor-based electronic pegboard was successfully developed, enabling the collection of single movement time data. In the piloting, a lower intraindividual variability was found in children with lower placement and removal times, confirming Adolph et al’s hypothesis. Conclusions The developed pegboard allows for studying intraindividual variability using automated wirelessly transmitted data provided by its sensors. This novel technique has been useful in studying and validating the hypothesis that children with lower movement times present lower intraindividual variability. New research is necessary to confirm these findings. Research with larger sample sizes and age ranges that include additional testing of children’s motor development level is currently in preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Rivera
- Departamento de Automática, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Antonio García
- Departamento de Automática, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Jose Eugenio Ortega
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernardo Alarcos
- Departamento de Automática, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Kevin van der Meulen
- Departamento de Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan R Velasco
- Departamento de Automática, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Cristina Del Barrio
- Departamento de Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Tang X, Seymour KE, Crocetti D, Miller MI, Mostofsky SH, Rosch KS. Response control correlates of anomalous basal ganglia morphology in boys, but not girls, with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Behav Brain Res 2019; 367:117-127. [PMID: 30914308 PMCID: PMC6520987 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Anomalous basal ganglia morphology may contribute to deficient motor response control in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study expands upon recent evidence of sex differences in subcortical morphology and motor response control deficits among children with ADHD to examine basal ganglia volume and shape in relation to motor response control. Participants included 8-12 year-old children with ADHD (n = 52, 21 girls) and typically developing (TD) controls (n = 45, 19 girls). High resolution T1-weighted 3D MPRAGE images covering the whole brain were acquired for all participants on a 3 T scanner. Participants performed two computer-based go/no-go tasks that differed in the extent to which working memory was necessary to guide response selection. Shape-based morphometric analyses were performed in addition to traditional volumetric comparisons and correlations with measures of motor response control were examined. Boys with ADHD consistently demonstrated increased commission error rate and response variability, regardless of task demands, suggesting broad response control deficits. In contrast, response control deficits among girls with ADHD varied depending on task demands and performance measures. Volumetric reductions and inward deformation (compression) on the dorsal surface of the globus pallidus and within subregions of the putamen receiving projections from limbic, executive and motor cortices were observed in boys, but not girls, with ADHD relative to TD children. Mediation analyses revealed that putamen and globus pallidus volumes mediated the relationship between diagnosis and commission error rate. Furthermore, reduced volumes of these structures and localized inward deformation within executive and motor circuits correlated with poorer response control, particularly under conditions of increased cognitive load. These findings suggest that anomalous basal ganglia morphology is related to impaired motor response control among boys with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Tang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Karen E Seymour
- The Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Deana Crocetti
- The Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael I Miller
- The Center for Imaging Science, the Institute for Computational Medicine, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stewart H Mostofsky
- The Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keri S Rosch
- The Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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16
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Abstract
Development of the frontal lobe is critical to acquisition, execution, and control of a wide range of functions, from basic motor response to complex decision-making. These functions are influenced by contingency-based (e.g., reward and response-cost/punishment) feedback that is mediated through the adaptive integration of fronto-subcortical neural circuitry. The frontal lobe manages incoming information and chooses the appropriate action based on one's goals in a particular context. This aspect of frontal function, while only one component, is crucial to development and maintenance of approach and avoidance behavior central to all human (and animal) behavior. Furthermore, disruptions in fronto-subcortical circuitry governing motivated behavior appear to contribute to a range of developmental disorders, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and confer vulnerability for psychopathology more broadly. The particular deficits that manifest in altered behavior depend upon the specific circuitry that is compromised due to the functional specificity of distinct regions of the frontal lobe and its interconnections with subcortical structures. Neurobiologic models of motivated behavior provide a valuable framework for characterizing developmental disorders from a transdiagnostic dimensional systems perspective. Improved characterization of approach and avoidance motivation across neurodevelopmental disorders has the potential to inform the development of novel interventions and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri Shiels Rosch
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - Stewart Mostofsky
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
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17
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Liu ZZ, Qu HJ, Tian ZL, Han MJ, Fan Y, Ge LZ, Zang YF, Zhang H. Reproducibility of frequency-dependent low frequency fluctuations in reaction time over time and across tasks. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184476. [PMID: 28910331 PMCID: PMC5598978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Increased levels of reaction time variability (RTV) are characteristics of sustained attention deficits. The clinical significance of RTV has been widely recognized. However, the reliability of RTV measurements has not been widely studied. The present study aimed to assess the test-retest reliability of RTV conventional measurements, e.g., the standard deviation (SD), the coefficient of variation (CV), and a new measurement called the amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (ALFF) of RT. In addition, we aimed to assess differences and similarities of these measurements between different tasks. Method Thirty-seven healthy college students participated in 2 tasks, i.e., an Eriksen flanker task (EFT) and a simple reaction task (SRT), twice over a mean interval of 56 days. Conventional measurements of RTV including RT-SD and RT-CV were assessed first. Then the RT time series were converted into frequency domains, and RT-ALFF was further calculated for the whole frequency band (0.0023–0.167 Hz) and for a few sub-frequency bands including Slow-6 (<0.01 Hz), Slow-5 (0.01–0.027 Hz), Slow-4 (0.027–0.073 Hz), and Slow-3 (0.073–0.167 Hz). The test-retest reliability of these measurements was evaluated through intra-class correlation (ICC) tests. Differences and correlations between each EFT and SRT measurement were further examined during both visits. Results 1) The RT-ALFF of the Slow-5/4/3 and conventional measurements of RT-SD and RT-CV showed moderate to high levels of test-retest reliability. EFT RT-ALFF patterns generated slightly higher ICC values than SRT values in higher frequency bands (Slow-3), but SRT RT-ALFF values showed slightly higher ICC values than EFT values in lower frequency bands (Slow-5 and Slow-4). 2) RT-ALFF magnitudes in each sub-frequency band were greater for the SRT than those for the EFT. 3) The RT-ALFF in the Slow-4 of the EFT was found to be correlated with the RT-ALFF in the Slow-5 of the SRT for both two visits, but no consistently significant correlation was found between the same frequency bands. Conclusions These findings reveal good test-retest reliability for conventional measurements and for the RT-ALFF of RTV. The RT-ALFF presented frequency-dependent similarities across tasks. All of our results reveal the presence of different frequency structures between the two tasks, and thus the frequency-dependent characteristics of different tasks deserve more attention in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zan-Zan Liu
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Jie Qu
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhuo-Ling Tian
- Institutes of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Jian Han
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Fan
- Institutes of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lie-Zhong Ge
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Feng Zang
- Institutes of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (YFZ); (HZ)
| | - Hang Zhang
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Centers for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail: (YFZ); (HZ)
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18
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Stephens JA, Salorio CF, Gomes JP, Nebel MB, Mostofsky SH, Suskauer SJ. Response Inhibition Deficits and Altered Motor Network Connectivity in the Chronic Phase of Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017. [PMID: 28648110 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor response inhibition is a hallmark of pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI). We assessed motor response inhibition by measuring commission error rates on Simple (minimized cognitive demands) and Motivation (monetary reward) Go/No-Go tasks, comparing 17 children with chronic TBI (>1 year post-injury) and 14 matched, uninjured peers. Using resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we examined between-group differences in whole-brain intrinsic connectivity of the motor network as derived from the averaged time course of bilateral primary motor cortex seeds, to identify regions of interest (ROIs) for brain-behavior correlations. Independent sample t tests compared Go/No-Go performance and connectivity at the ROI level. Pearson correlations examined relationships between intrinsic connectivity at the ROI level and Go/No-Go performance. Adolescents with TBI showed poorer performance on Simple and Motivation Go/No-Go tasks compared with controls. In whole-brain contrasts, adolescents with TBI showed significantly reduced functional connectivity between the motor network and voxels within the left caudate. Furthermore, in ROI analyses, the group with TBI had significantly lower connectivity between the motor network and left caudate and numerically lower connectivity between the motor network and right caudate. In adolescents with TBI, lower motor network to left caudate connectivity correlated with poorer Simple task performance; lower motor network to right caudate connectivity correlated with poorer Simple and Motivation task performance. No significant brain-behavior relationships existed among controls. These results are consistent with previous pediatric TBI literature and suggest that disrupted intrinsic connectivity of a corticostriatal motor network may contribute to response inhibition deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn A Stephens
- 1 Kennedy Krieger Institute , Baltimore, Maryland.,2 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cynthia F Salorio
- 1 Kennedy Krieger Institute , Baltimore, Maryland.,2 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jerald P Gomes
- 1 Kennedy Krieger Institute , Baltimore, Maryland.,3 Howard University College of Medicine , Washington, DC
| | - Mary Beth Nebel
- 1 Kennedy Krieger Institute , Baltimore, Maryland.,4 Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stewart H Mostofsky
- 1 Kennedy Krieger Institute , Baltimore, Maryland.,4 Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,5 Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stacy J Suskauer
- 1 Kennedy Krieger Institute , Baltimore, Maryland.,2 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,5 Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
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19
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Patros CHG, L Sweeney K, Mahone EM, Mostofsky SH, Rosch KS. Greater delay discounting among girls, but not boys, with ADHD correlates with cognitive control. Child Neuropsychol 2017; 24:1026-1046. [PMID: 28768457 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2017.1359525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive neuroscience models suggest both reward valuation and cognitive control contribute to reward-based decision-making. The current study examined the relationship between cognitive control and delay discounting (i.e., choosing smaller, immediate over larger, delayed rewards) in a large sample of boys and girls diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; N = 95) and typically developing control children (TD; N = 59). Specifically, we examined performance on multiple measures of cognitive control (i.e., Go/No-Go task, Stop Signal task, and Spatial Span task) and delay discounting (i.e., Classic Delay Discounting and Real-Time Delay Discounting tasks), as well as the relationship between these measures. Results indicated that sex moderated the effects of group on task performance. Specifically, girls with ADHD, but not boys with the disorder, exhibited atypical delay discounting of real-time rewards. Results from correlational analyses indicated that delay discounting and cognitive control were not significantly correlated in the overall sample. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that among girls with ADHD poorer spatial working memory and inhibitory control predicted greater real-time discounting. Collectively, findings provide support for distinct patterns of cognitive control and delay discounting among school-aged girls and boys with ADHD. Additionally, findings suggest that among girls with ADHD, those who exhibit relatively poor working memory and inhibitory control might be a particularly vulnerable subgroup with the greatest propensity to exhibit maladaptive decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor H G Patros
- a Department of Psychology , Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Kristie L Sweeney
- b Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research , Kennedy Krieger Institute , Baltimore , MD , USA.,c Department of Neuropsychology , Kennedy Krieger Institute , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - E Mark Mahone
- b Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research , Kennedy Krieger Institute , Baltimore , MD , USA.,c Department of Neuropsychology , Kennedy Krieger Institute , Baltimore , MD , USA.,d Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Stewart H Mostofsky
- b Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research , Kennedy Krieger Institute , Baltimore , MD , USA.,d Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA.,e Department of Neurology , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Keri S Rosch
- b Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research , Kennedy Krieger Institute , Baltimore , MD , USA.,c Department of Neuropsychology , Kennedy Krieger Institute , Baltimore , MD , USA.,d Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
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20
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Marchand-Krynski MÈ, Morin-Moncet O, Bélanger AM, Beauchamp MH, Leonard G. Shared and differentiated motor skill impairments in children with dyslexia and/or attention deficit disorder: From simple to complex sequential coordination. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177490. [PMID: 28542319 PMCID: PMC5438138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyslexia and Attention deficit disorder (AD) are prevalent neurodevelopmental conditions in children and adolescents. They have high comorbidity rates and have both been associated with motor difficulties. Little is known, however, about what is shared or differentiated in dyslexia and AD in terms of motor abilities. Even when motor skill problems are identified, few studies have used the same measurement tools, resulting in inconstant findings. The present study assessed increasingly complex gross motor skills in children and adolescents with dyslexia, AD, and with both Dyslexia and AD. Our results suggest normal performance on simple motor-speed tests, whereas all three groups share a common impairment on unimanual and bimanual sequential motor tasks. Children in these groups generally improve with practice to the same level as normal subjects, though they make more errors. In addition, children with AD are the most impaired on complex bimanual out-of-phase movements and with manual dexterity. These latter findings are examined in light of the Multiple Deficit Model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Ève Marchand-Krynski
- Research center in neuropsychology and cognition (CERNEC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Ste-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Olivier Morin-Moncet
- Research center in neuropsychology and cognition (CERNEC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Miriam H. Beauchamp
- Research center in neuropsychology and cognition (CERNEC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Ste-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gabriel Leonard
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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21
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Investigating the Impact of Cognitive Load and Motivation on Response Control in Relation to Delay Discounting in Children with ADHD. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 45:1339-1353. [PMID: 27943064 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-016-0237-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by deficits in impulse control across a range of behaviors, from simple actions to those involving complex decision-making (e.g., preference for smaller-sooner versus larger later rewards). This study investigated whether changes in motor response control with increased cognitive load and motivational contingencies are associated with decision-making in the form of delay discounting among 8-12 year old children with and without ADHD. Children with ADHD (n = 26; 8 girls) and typically developing controls (n = 40; 11 girls) completed a standard go/no-go (GNG) task, a GNG task with motivational contingencies, a GNG task with increased cognitive load, and two measures of delay discounting: a real-time task in which the delays and immediately consumable rewards are experienced in real-time, and a classic task involving choices about money at longer delays. Children with ADHD, particularly girls, exhibited greater delay discounting than controls during the real-time discounting task, whereas diagnostic groups did not significantly differ on the classic discounting task. The effect of cognitive load on response control was uniquely associated with greater discounting on the real-time task for children with ADHD, but not for control children. The effect of motivational contingencies on response control was not significantly associated with delay discounting for either diagnostic group. The findings from this study help to inform our understanding of the factors that influence deficient self-control in ADHD, suggesting that impairments in cognitive control may contribute to greater delay discounting in ADHD.
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22
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Fasmer OB, Johansen EB. Patterns of motor activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats compared to Wistar Kyoto rats. Behav Brain Funct 2016; 12:32. [PMID: 27906019 PMCID: PMC5131462 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-016-0117-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased motor activity is a defining characteristic of patients with ADHD, and spontaneously hypertensive rats have been suggested to be an animal model of this disorder. In the present study, we wanted to use linear and non-linear methods to explore differences in motor activity patterns in SHR/NCrl rats compared to Wistar Kyoto (WKY/NHsd) rats. METHODS A total number of 42 rats (23 SHR/NCrl and 19 WKY/NHsd, male and female) were tested. At PND 51, the animals' movements were video-recorded during an operant test procedure that lasted 90 min. Total activity level and velocity (mean and maximum), standard deviation (SD) and root mean square successive differences (RMSSD) were calculated. In addition, we used Fourier analysis, autocorrelations and two measures of complexity to characterize the time series; sample entropy and symbolic dynamics. RESULTS The SHR/NCrl rats showed increased total activity levels in addition to increased mean and maximum velocity of movements. The variability measures, SD and RMSSD, were markedly lower in the SHR/NCrl compared to the WKY/NHsd rats. At the same time, the SHR/NCrl rats displayed a higher complexity of the time series, particularly with regard to the total activity level as evidenced by analyses of sample entropy and symbolic dynamics. Autocorrelation analyses also showed differences between the two strains. In the Fourier analysis, the SHR/NCrl rats had an increased variance in the high frequency part of the spectrum, corresponding to the time period of 9-17 s. CONCLUSION The findings show that in addition to increased total activity and velocity of movement, the organization of behavior is different in SHR/NCrl relative to WKY/NHsd controls. Compared to controls, behavioral variability is reduced in SHR/NCrl at an aggregate level, and, concomitantly, more complex and unpredictable from moment-to-moment. These finding emphasize the importance of the measures and methods used when characterizing behavioral variability. If valid for ADHD, the results indicate that decreased behavioral variability can co-exist with increased behavioral complexity, thus representing a challenge to current theories of variability in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Bernt Fasmer
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Section for Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Bergen, Norway
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23
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Cognitive Load Differentially Impacts Response Control in Girls and Boys with ADHD. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 44:141-54. [PMID: 25624066 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-015-9976-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) consistently show impaired response control, including deficits in response inhibition and increased intrasubject variability (ISV) compared to typically-developing (TD) children. However, significantly less research has examined factors that may influence response control in individuals with ADHD, such as task or participant characteristics. The current study extends the literature by examining the impact of increasing cognitive demands on response control in a large sample of 81children with ADHD (40 girls) and 100 TD children (47 girls), ages 8-12 years. Participants completed a simple Go/No-Go (GNG) task with minimal cognitive demands, and a complex GNG task with increased cognitive load. Results showed that increasing cognitive load differentially impacted response control (commission error rate and tau, an ex-Gaussian measure of ISV) for girls, but not boys, with ADHD compared to same-sex TD children. Specifically, a sexually dimorphic pattern emerged such that boys with ADHD demonstrated higher commission error rate and tau on both the simple and complex GNG tasks as compared to TD boys, whereas girls with ADHD did not differ from TD girls on the simple GNG task, but showed higher commission error rate and tau on the complex GNG task. These findings suggest that task complexity influences response control in children with ADHD in a sexually dimorphic manner. The findings have substantive implications for the pathophysiology of ADHD in boys versus girls with ADHD.
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24
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Gaddis A, Rosch KS, Dirlikov B, Crocetti D, MacNeil L, Barber AD, Muschelli J, Caffo B, Pekar JJ, Mostofsky SH. Motor overflow in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is associated with decreased extent of neural activation in the motor cortex. Psychiatry Res 2015; 233:488-95. [PMID: 26272039 PMCID: PMC4554770 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Motor overflow is a developmental phenomenon that typically disappears by late childhood. Abnormal persistence of motor overflow is often present in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study employed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a finger-sequencing task to examine whether excessive motor overflow in children with ADHD is associated with decreased extent of motor circuit activation. Thirty-four right-handed children (18 typically developing controls, 16 ADHD) completed fMRI while performing a finger-sequencing task. Motor overflow was evaluated during a finger-sequencing task and a motor examination (the PANESS) performed outside the scanner. Diagnostic differences in behavioral measures of overflow and extent of activation in the contralateral and ipsilateral motor network ROIs were examined, along with correlations between overflow and extent of activation. Children with ADHD demonstrated greater overflow and lesser extent of activation in left primary motor cortex (BA4) and bilateral premotor cortex (BA6) and supplementary motor area (SMA) during right-hand finger-sequencing compared to controls. Decreased extent of primary motor and premotor activation correlated with increased hand-related overflow movements in children with ADHD but not controls. These findings suggest that overflow movements in children with ADHD may reflect decreased recruitment of neural circuitry involved in active inhibition of homologous motor circuitry unnecessary to task execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Gaddis
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keri S. Rosch
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Corresponding author: 716 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Tel.: +1 (443)923-9465; Fax: +1 (443)923-9279;
| | - Benjamin Dirlikov
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Deana Crocetti
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lindsey MacNeil
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anita D. Barber
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John Muschelli
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Biostatistics, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brian Caffo
- Department of Biostatistics, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James J. Pekar
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA,F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stewart H. Mostofsky
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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25
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Rosch KS, Dirlikov B, Mostofsky SH. Reduced intrasubject variability with reinforcement in boys, but not girls, with ADHD: Associations with prefrontal anatomy. Biol Psychol 2015; 110:12-23. [PMID: 26141238 PMCID: PMC4564325 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the impact of motivational contingencies (reinforcement and punishment) on go/no-go (GNG) task performance in girls and boys with ADHD relative to typically developing (TD) children and associations with prefrontal anatomy. Children ages 8-12 with ADHD (n=107, 36 girls) and TD controls (n=95, 34 girls) completed a standard and a motivational GNG task and associations with prefrontal cortex (PFC) surface area were examined. Intrasubject variability (ISV) was lower during the motivational compared to the standard GNG among TD girls and boys, and boys with ADHD, but not among girls with ADHD. A greater reduction in ISV was associated with greater PFC surface area among children with ADHD. This novel demonstration of improvement in ISV with motivational contingencies for boys, but not girls, with ADHD and associations with PFC anatomy informs our understanding of sex differences and motivational factors contributing to ISV in children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri S Rosch
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Benjamin Dirlikov
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stewart H Mostofsky
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Autism and Related Disorders, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Duda TA, Casey JE, McNevin N. Development of graphomotor fluency in adults with ADHD: Evidence of attenuated procedural learning. Hum Mov Sci 2015; 44:1-10. [PMID: 26296142 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study sought to determine if adults with ADHD demonstrate reduced graphomotor learning relative to controls. METHOD Twenty-eight control adults (n=14) and adults with ADHD (n=14) were recruited and wrote a novel grapheme on a digitizing tablet 30 times. Participants with ADHD were counterbalanced on and off stimulant medication. RESULTS Control participants, F(1,13)=13.786, p=.003, ω(2)partial=.460, and participants with ADHD on medication, F(1,13)=10.462, p=.007, ω(2)partial=.387, demonstrated significant improvement in graphomotor fluency with equivalent practice whereas participants with ADHD off medication did not, F(1,12)=0.166, NS. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that graphomotor program learning in adults with ADHD may occur more slowly than typically developing peers. Findings have implications for providing accommodations to adults with ADHD, potential benefits of stimulant medication, and using digitizing technology as a neuropsychological assessment instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Duda
- University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada.
| | - Joseph E Casey
- University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Nancy McNevin
- University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
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Kaiser ML, Schoemaker MM, Albaret JM, Geuze RH. What is the evidence of impaired motor skills and motor control among children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? Systematic review of the literature. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2015; 36C:338-357. [PMID: 25462494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a review of the studies that have analysed the motor skills of ADHD children without medication and the influence of medication on their motor skills. The following two questions guided the study: What is the evidence of impairment of motor skills and aspects of motor control among children with ADHD aged between 6 and 16 years? What are the effects of ADHD medication on motor skills and motor control? The following keywords were introduced in the main databases: attention disorder and/or ADHD, motor skills and/or handwriting, children, medication. Of the 45 articles retrieved, 30 described motor skills of children with ADHD and 15 articles analysed the influence of ADHD medication on motor skills and motor control. More than half of the children with ADHD have difficulties with gross and fine motor skills. The children with ADHD inattentive subtype seem to present more impairment of fine motor skills, slow reaction time, and online motor control during complex tasks. The proportion of children with ADHD who improved their motor skills to the normal range by using medication varied from 28% to 67% between studies. The children who still show motor deficit while on medication might meet the diagnostic criteria of developmental coordination disorder (DCD). It is important to assess motor skills among children with ADHD because of the risk of reduced participation in activities of daily living that require motor coordination and attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-L Kaiser
- Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands; University Hospital of Lausanne, Pierre-Decker 5, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - M M Schoemaker
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Centre for Human Movement Science, PO Box 30,001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J-M Albaret
- University of Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, PRISSMH-EA4561, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - R H Geuze
- Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands
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