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Lee S, Bernstein R, Ip KI, Olson SL. Developmental cascade models linking contextual risks, parenting, and internalizing symptoms: A 17-year longitudinal study from early childhood to emerging adulthood. Dev Psychopathol 2024; 36:144-160. [PMID: 36453121 PMCID: PMC10232681 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579422001043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Although internalizing problems are the most common forms of psychological distress among adolescents and young adults, they have precursors in multiple risk domains established during childhood. This study examined cascading risk pathways leading to depression and anxiety symptoms in emerging adulthood by integrating broad contextual (i.e., multiple contextual risks), parental (i.e., negative parenting), and child (i.e., internalizing behaviors) characteristics in early and middle childhood. We also compared common and differential pathways to depression and anxiety symptoms depending on the conceptualization of symptom outcomes (traditional symptom dimension vs. bifactor dimensional model). Participants were 235 children (109 girls) and their families. Data were collected at 3, 6, 10, and 19 years of child age, using multiple informants and contexts. Results from a symptom dimension approach indicated mediation pathways from early childhood risk factors to depression and anxiety symptoms in emerging adulthood, suggesting common and distinct risk processes between the two disorders. Results from a bifactor modeling approach indicated several indirect pathways leading to a general internalizing latent factor, but not to symptom-specific (i.e., depression, anxiety) latent factors. Our findings highlighted comparative analytic approaches to examining transactional processes associated with later internalizing symptoms and shed light on issues of early identification and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rachel Bernstein
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ka I Ip
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sheryl L Olson
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Elucidating the Roles of Maternal Overcontrol and Warmth in the Development of Childhood Anxiety and Depression: A Moderated Mediation Framework. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2023; 54:609-622. [PMID: 34705125 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-021-01274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies have linked childhood anxiety and depression with parenting characterized by high control and low warmth. However, few studies have examined how control and warmth may work together to influence internalizing symptoms in children. Therefore, the goal of this study was to examine the moderating effect of warmth on the relationship between overcontrol and anxiety and depressive symptoms, as well as whether negative thoughts serve as a mediator of these pathways. A total of 182 fourth and fifth grade children completed measures of maternal parenting behavior, negative thoughts, and anxiety and depressive symptoms. Results showed an interaction between overcontrol and warmth for depressive but not anxiety symptoms. Furthermore, low warmth increased the strength of the mediating relationship between overcontrol and depression via thoughts of personal failure. Findings may signal a need for early interventions to address parenting behaviors, such as controlling behaviors, in parents of children at risk for internalizing difficulties.
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Construct Validation for Toddler-Solicited Maternal Comforting Behavior as Relevant to Family Accommodation and Child Anxiety Risk. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2023; 51:413-425. [PMID: 36370221 PMCID: PMC9660142 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-022-00990-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Reciprocal parent-child interactions are theorized to play a crucial role in child anxiety development and maintenance. The current study tested whether toddler-solicited maternal comforting behavior in low-threat (mildly challenging and novel) situations may be a unique, early indicator of anxiety-relevant interactions. Controlling for other types of maternal comforting behavior, a path model tested solicited comforting behavior in a low-threat context in relation to both family accommodation (FA) and child anxiety symptoms, which may subsequently continue to predict each other over time. Identifying the emergence of this cycle in early childhood could bolster anxiety development theory and preventative interventions. Mother-child dyads (n = 166) of predominantly non-Hispanic/Latinx European American and socioeconomically diverse backgrounds were assessed at child ages 2, 4, and school-age via laboratory observation and maternal report. A longitudinal path model showed that solicited comforting observed in a low-threat situation at age 2 predicted mother-reported FA and child anxiety symptoms at age 4, above and beyond unsolicited comforting behavior and comforting behavior in a high-threat context. Furthermore, FA and child anxiety were bidirectionally related between age 4 and school-age assessments. Results suggest that toddler-solicited comforting in low-threat situations may be a unique indicator of child-directed anxiogenic family processes. The current study also expands the FA literature by providing empirical evidence for a bi-directional relation between anxiety and accommodation in young children.
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Brooker RJ, Mistry-Patel S, Kiel EJ, Liu S, Van Lieshout RJ, Schmidt LA, John-Henderson N. Infant Negativity Moderates Trajectories of Maternal Emotion Across Pregnancy and the Peripartum Period. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2023; 11:100481. [PMID: 36700059 PMCID: PMC9873204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although the effects of maternal behavior on the development of child emotion characteristics is relatively well-established, effects of infant characteristics on maternal emotion development is less well known. This gap in knowledge persists despite repeated calls for including child-to-mother effects in studies of emotion. We tested the theory-based postulate that infant temperamental negativity moderates longitudinal trajectories of mothers' perinatal symptoms of anxiety and depression. Method Participants were 92 pregnant community women who enrolled in a longitudinal study of maternal mental health; symptoms of anxiety and depression were assessed during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy and again at infant age 4 months. A multimethod assessment of infants' temperament-based negative reactivity was conducted at infant age 4 months. Results Maternal symptoms of anxiety showed smaller postnatal declines when levels of infant negativity were high. Negative reactivity, assessed via maternal report of infant behavior, was related to smaller postnatal declines in maternal anxiety, while infant negative reactivity, at the level of neuroendocrine function, was largely unrelated to longitudinal changes in maternal anxiety symptoms. Infant negativity was related to early levels, but largely unrelated to trajectories of maternal symptoms of depression. Limitations Limitations of this work include a relatively small and low-risk sample size, the inability to isolate environmental effects, and a nonexperimental design that precludes causal inference. Conclusions Findings suggest that levels of infant negativity are associated with differences in the degree of change in maternal anxiety symptoms across the perinatal period.
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Anderson SL, Goulter N, McMahon RJ. Examining the Directionality of the Relationship Between Maternal Warmth and Early School-Age Anxiety. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2022; 53:1161-1173. [PMID: 34089434 PMCID: PMC8643364 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-021-01197-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Maternal warmth has been identified as a contributing factor to the development of child anxiety; however, no studies to date have examined observed maternal warmth longitudinally in this relationship. The present study addressed this knowledge gap by examining the simultaneous development of maternal warmth and child anxiety over time (between-person effects using latent growth curve modeling) and the directionality of associations (within-person effects using autoregressive latent trajectory modeling). Participants included 753 mothers and children. Between-person effects indicated that lower initial levels of anxiety were related to greater levels of maternal warmth over time. Within-person effects showed that maternal warmth in grade 1 predicted subsequent decreases in child anxiety in grade 2 (i.e., a parent effect). Present findings demonstrate the importance of maternal warmth in the early school-age years for decreasing subsequent child anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Anderson
- Department of Psychology, B.C. Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada,B.C. Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Natalie Goulter
- B.C. Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B. C., Canada
| | - Robert J. McMahon
- B.C. Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B. C., Canada
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Smith CG, Jones EJH, Wass SV, Jacobs D, Fitzpatrick C, Charman T. The effect of perinatal interventions on parent anxiety, infant socio-emotional development and parent-infant relationship outcomes: A systematic review. JCPP ADVANCES 2022; 2:e12116. [PMID: 37431423 PMCID: PMC10242933 DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infants of parents with perinatal anxiety are at elevated likelihood of experiencing disruption in the parent-infant relationship, as well as difficulties with socio-emotional functioning in later development. Interventions delivered in the perinatal period have the potential to protect the early dyadic relationship and support infants' ongoing development and socio-emotional outcomes. This review primarily aimed to examine the efficacy of perinatal interventions on parent anxiety, infant socio-emotional development/temperament, and parent-infant relationship outcomes. Secondarily, the review sought to understand how interventions focused principally on one member of the dyad affected the outcomes of the other, and which intervention components were common to successful interventions. METHOD Five electronic databases as well as manual search procedures were used to identify randomised controlled trials according to a PICO eligibility criteria framework. Risk of bias assessments were undertaken, and a narrative synthesis was conducted. The review was pre-registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021254799). RESULTS Twelve studies were analysed in total, including five interventions focused on the adult, and seven interventions focused on the infant, or the infant's relationship with their parent. Interventions incorporating cognitive behavioural strategies for affective disorders showed reductions in parent anxiety (N = 3), and interventions focusing on altering distorted maternal internal representations showed positive change in parent-child dyadic interactions, and infant outcomes (N = 2). Evidence that interventions focused on one partner of the dyad led to improved outcomes for the other partner was limited. However, evidence was of mixed methodological quality. CONCLUSIONS It is important to integrate both parents and infants into treatment programmes for perinatal anxiety. Implications for clinical practice and future intervention trials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia G. Smith
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | | | | | | | | | - Tony Charman
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
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Gouze KR, Hopkins J, Lavigne JV, Bryant FB. A Multi-level Longitudinal Model of Risk Factors for Generalized and Separation Anxiety Symptoms in a Community Sample of 6-year-olds. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2022; 53:405-417. [PMID: 33590383 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-021-01132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The current longitudinal study examined the relations between variables in four domains-contextual (SES, family conflict, stress), parent (caretaker depression), parenting (support hostility, autonomy granting), and child (negative affect, effortful control, sensory regulation, attachment)-and both the presence of generalized and separation anxiety symptoms at age 6 in a community sample of 796 children and the change in these anxiety symptoms from ages 4 to 6. Anxiety was highly stable over time. Specific results revealed both direct and indirect pathways between age 4 and age 5 variables, and age 6 anxiety. Caretaker depression and the child variables of attachment, effortful control, negative affect, and sensory regulation were directly related to anxiety symptoms at age 6. Contextual variables (SES) at age 4 were indirectly related to age 6 anxiety through parent depression at age 5. Parent depression was indirectly related to age 6 anxiety through age 5 child negative affect. Child negative affect at age 4 was indirectly related to age 6 anxiety through age 5 effortful control and age 4 effortful control was indirectly related to age 6 anxiety through age 5 negative affect. With the exception of attachment, there was a reduction in the impact of other variables when initial levels of anxiety symptoms were included in the model. Implications of results for early intervention and further study are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen R Gouze
- Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 225 E. Chicago Ave. #10, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA.
| | - Joyce Hopkins
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John V Lavigne
- Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 225 E. Chicago Ave. #10, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA
| | - Fred B Bryant
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Goger P, Weersing VR. Family based treatment of anxiety disorders: A review of the literature (2010-2019). JOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY 2022; 48:107-128. [PMID: 34424998 DOI: 10.1111/jmft.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are the most common and impairing mental health problems across the lifespan. Familial factors are strongly implicated in the onset and maintenance of anxiety, but available evidence-based treatments are usually individual-focused. The aim of this review was to evaluate the current evidence base (2010-2019) of family based interventions addressing youth and adult anxiety and highlight findings comparing family based and individual-focused treatments. A systematic literature search was conducted. Articles were considered if they targeted primarily anxiety-related issues and utilized a randomized controlled trial design, resulting in 22 included youth studies. No adult studies met criteria for inclusion. Overall, family based treatments performed better than no-treatment controls and as well as individual-based interventions, with some evidence that family based interventions might outperform individual-based ones in certain populations (i.e., autism). Family based interventions may represent a good alternative for anxiety treatment in youth. Additional research on family based treatment for anxiety is adults is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Goger
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, California, USA
| | - V Robin Weersing
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, California, USA
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Kiel EJ, Aaron EM, Risley SM, Luebbe AM. Transactional relations between maternal anxiety and toddler anxiety risk through toddler-solicited comforting behavior. Depress Anxiety 2021; 38:1267-1278. [PMID: 34157158 PMCID: PMC9210828 DOI: 10.1002/da.23185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transactional developmental and anxiety theories suggest that mothers and toddlers may influence each other's anxiety development across early childhood. Further, toddlers' successful solicitations of comfort during uncertain, yet manageable, situations, may be a behavioral mechanism by which mothers and toddlers impact each other over time. To test these ideas, the current study employed a longitudinal design to investigate bidirectional relations between maternal anxiety and toddler anxiety risk (observed inhibited temperament and mother-perceived anxiety, analyzed separately), through the mediating role of toddler-solicited maternal comforting behavior, across toddlerhood. METHODS Mothers (n = 174; 93.6% European American) and their toddlers (42.4% female; 83.7% European American) participated in laboratory assessments at child ages 1, 2, and 3 years. Mothers self-reported anxiety symptoms. Toddler anxiety risk was observed in the laboratory as inhibited temperament and reported by mothers. Solicited comforting interactions were observed across standardized laboratory tasks. RESULTS Direct and indirect bidirectional effects were tested simultaneously in two longitudinal path models. Toddler anxiety risk, but not maternal anxiety, predicted solicited comforting behavior, and solicited comforting behavior predicted maternal anxiety. No convincing evidence for parent-directed effects on toddler anxiety risk emerged. CONCLUSION Results support continued emphasis on child-elicited effects in child and parent anxiety development in early childhood.
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Yirmiya K, Motsan S, Kanat-Maymon Y, Feldman R. From mothers to children and back: Bidirectional processes in the cross-generational transmission of anxiety from early childhood to early adolescence. Depress Anxiety 2021; 38:1298-1312. [PMID: 34254404 DOI: 10.1002/da.23196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal psychopathology and caregiving behavior are linked with child anxiety and these associations may be particularly salient when families face mass trauma together and members influence each other's symptomatology and resilience. Despite the well-known mother-to-child effects, less research addressed the longitudinal bidirectional effects of maternal and child's anxiety symptoms on each other. METHODS Mothers and children exposed to chronic war-related trauma from Sderot, Israel, and comparison group were followed at three time-points; Early childhood (T1:N = 232, MAge = 2.76 years), late childhood (T3:N = 176, MAge = 9.3 years), and early adolescence (T4:N = 110, MAge = 11.66 years). At each time-point maternal and child's anxiety symptoms were evaluated via questionnaires and maternal sensitivity was coded from videotaped observations of parent-child interactions. Bidirectional associations were examined using traditional cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) and CLPM with random intercepts (RI-CLPM). RESULTS Trauma-exposed mothers and children exhibited more anxiety symptoms and lower maternal sensitivity. Cross-lagged panel models revealed cross-time bidirectional associations between maternal anxiety and child anxiety from early to late childhood. Child anxiety at each time-point predicted maternal anxiety and maternal sensitivity at the next stage; however, maternal sensitivity did not show longitudinal associations with child anxiety, highlighting children's role in shaping caregiving. CONCLUSIONS Findings demonstrate bidirectional cross-generational influences of mother and child on each other's anxiety in contexts of trauma and pinpoint early childhood as a sensitive period for such mutual influences. Children's increased anxiety following trauma appears to be further exacerbated via its impact on increasing maternal anxiety and compromising sensitive caregiving, underscoring the potential benefits of parental and mother-child interventions for trauma-exposed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Yirmiya
- Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya, Israel.,Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Shai Motsan
- Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya, Israel.,Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Pereira M, Lourenco A, Lima M, Serpell J, Silva K. Evaluation of mediating and moderating effects on the relationship between owners’ and dogs’ anxiety: A tool to understand a complex problem. J Vet Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Bidirectional and transactional relationships between parenting styles and child symptoms of ADHD, ODD, depression, and anxiety over 6 years. Dev Psychopathol 2021; 34:1400-1411. [PMID: 34103100 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579421000201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that mothers' parenting impacts children's adjustment. However, much less is known about how children's psychopathology impacts their mothers' parenting and how parenting and child symptoms relate either bidirectionally (i.e., a relationship in both directions over two time points) or transactionally (i.e., a process that unfolds over time) to one another over a span of several years. In addition, relatively little research addresses the role of fathers' parenting in the development of children's symptoms and, conversely, how children may elicit certain types of parenting from fathers. In this study, data were collected from 491 families on mothers' and fathers' parenting styles (authoritarianism, authoritativeness, permissiveness, and overprotectiveness) and children's symptoms of psychopathology (attention deficit, oppositional defiant, depression, and anxiety) when children were age 3, 6, and 9 years old. Cross-lagged panel analyses revealed that parents and children affected one another in a bidirectional and transactional fashion over the course of the six years studied. Results suggest that children's symptoms may compound over time partially because they reduce exposure to adaptive and increase exposure to maladaptive parenting styles. Likewise, maladaptive parenting may persist over time due to the persistence of children's symptoms.
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Franssens R, Abrahams L, Brenning K, Van Leeuwen K, De Clercq B. Unraveling Prospective Reciprocal Effects between Parental Invalidation and Pre-Adolescents' Borderline Traits: Between- and Within-Family Associations and Differences with Common Psychopathology-Parenting Transactions. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2021; 49:1387-1401. [PMID: 34021460 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-021-00825-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of borderline personality pathology has consistently been framed as an interactional process between child vulnerability (i.e. emotional sensitivity and reactivity; Linehan, 1993) and invalidating parenting strategies, which evolves into increased emotion dysregulation and disinhibited behavior of the child and in turn activates more parental invalidation. Despite the strong theoretical base in support of these high-risk parent-child transactions, invalidating parenting behaviors have mostly been explored as a cause of child dysregulation and disinhibition, rather than as a result of child-driven effects. Also, most transactional research in this regard focused at differences between families, thereby not addressing potential changes within families across time. The current study therefore examines bidirectional between- and within-family effects of childhood borderline-related traits and maternal invalidation in the sensitive developmental phase of pre-adolescence (n = 574; 54.4% girls) along three assessment points. Cross-Lagged Panel Models and Random-Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Models indicated detrimental parenting effects of invalidation on subsequent development in borderline-related traits of the child both between and within families, and additional child-driven effects for subsequent invalidating parenting strategies within families. Beyond these transactions between borderline-related traits and parenting, the current study also indicates significant differences in the direction of effects when exploring transactions between more common dimensions of child internalizing/externalizing symptomatology and parental invalidation, suggesting a more substantial parenting etiology in the developmental process of borderline traits throughout pre-adolescence. Future longitudinal research may explore to what extent the transactional nature of borderline personality traits during important developmental stages indeed holds unique aspects compared to more common manifestations of symptomatology at young age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raissa Franssens
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University. H, Dunantlaan 2, B-9000, Gent, Belgium.
| | - Loes Abrahams
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University. H, Dunantlaan 2, B-9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Katrijn Brenning
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University. H, Dunantlaan 2, B-9000, Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Barbara De Clercq
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University. H, Dunantlaan 2, B-9000, Gent, Belgium
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Gao Y, Liu Y, Wang P, An X, Xu S, Yu F, Chen Q, Li Y, Wang S, Lv J, Pan G, Wang P. Resemblance and clustering of mother's and father's psychopathology levels among Chinese parents of schoolchildren with psychiatric disorders. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 63:e100. [PMID: 33109292 PMCID: PMC7737180 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies have assessed the characteristics of spousal psychopathologies among parents of schoolchildren with and without psychological disorders (PD) in China. Methods Parental symptoms were measured using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) in 275 mothers and 278 fathers of 298 schoolchildren with PDs diagnosed in a population survey and in 825 mothers and 834 fathers of 894 schoolchildren without PDs as a 1:3 matched comparison group. Spousal GHQ scores were compared. Childhood PD type, presence of childhood comorbidities, and multiple parental and family characteristics were examined as predictors for parental GHQ scores by multiple linear regression analyses. Results The GHQ scores were significantly higher among mothers and fathers of children with any PD. Maternal GHQ scores were higher than paternal scores and significantly correlated with paternal GHQ scores in both groups. Spousal GHQ, personal PD history, and childhood PD comorbidity were significant independent predictors of both parents’ GHQ scores. There were also significant associations among parental chronic disease, low family income, and paternal and maternal GHQ score, as well as among low maternal education, less common disorder (LCD) prevalence in children and maternal GHQ score. The rate of GHQ score ≥3 for both parents was significantly higher in the study group than the control group (15.1 vs.7.0%). Conclusions Parents of children with any PD type demonstrate significantly elevated psychopathologies, and psychopathology tends to occur concomitantly and resemble that of the other spouse. Screening and treatment of parental psychiatric symptoms will benefit all family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Research Center for Universal Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunyong Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Wang
- Institute of Chronic Disease, Shenyang Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia An
- Institute of Chronic Disease, Benxi Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Benxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaohe Xu
- Institute of Chronic Disease, Anshan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Anshan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Yu
- Research Center for Universal Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Chen
- Research Center for Universal Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuying Li
- Research Center for Universal Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangling Wang
- Research Center for Universal Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianda Lv
- Research Center for Universal Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Guowei Pan
- Research Center for Universal Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Wang
- Research Center for Universal Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang110122, People's Republic of China
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Kiel EJ, Kalomiris AE, Buss KA. Maternal Accuracy for Children's Fearful Distress in Toddlerhood and Kindergarten: Moderation of a Serial Indirect Effect by Toddler Fearful Temperament. PARENTING, SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2020; 21:277-303. [PMID: 34629959 PMCID: PMC8493824 DOI: 10.1080/15295192.2020.1754106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Drawing on existing literature concerning the interrelations among toddler fearful temperament, maternal protective parenting, and maternal cognitions, the current study sought to test how mothers' abilities to predict their children's distress expressions and behaviors in future novel situations ("maternal accuracy"), may be maintained from toddlerhood to children's kindergarten year. DESIGN A sample of 93 mother-child dyads completed laboratory assessments at child age 2 and were invited back for two laboratory visits during children's kindergarten year. Fearful temperament, age 2 maternal accuracy, and protective behavior were measured observationally at age 2, and children's social withdrawal and kindergarten maternal accuracy were measured observationally at the follow-up kindergarten visits. RESULTS We tested a moderated serial mediation model. For highly fearful children only, maternal accuracy may be maintained because it relates to protective parenting, which predicts children's social withdrawal, which feeds back into maternal accuracy. CONCLUSIONS Maternal accuracy may be maintained across early childhood through the interactions mothers have with their temperamentally fearful children. Given concurrent measurement of some of the variables, the role of maternal cognitions like maternal accuracy should be replicated and then further considered for inclusion in theories and studies of transactional influences between parents and children on development.
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Risk Factors and Prevention Strategies for Anxiety Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1191:543-559. [PMID: 32002945 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety is prevalent in childhood and adolescence. Youth with maladaptive responses to common situations and stressors are at risk of having anxiety disorders. Persistent anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders can be debilitating with long-term adverse outcomes in adulthood. Hence, decreasing the burden of anxiety disorders is an important public health priority. Development of anxiety disorders has a multifactorial etiology. There is a considerable complex interaction of genetics, temperament, parenting behavior, environmental triggers, and physiologic factors. Identification of these risk factors is key to early detection, prevention, and development of applicable management approaches. Despite several evidence-based treatments published, there are limited prevention strategies available. Effective implementation of prevention strategies is essential and can be achieved by either elimination or reduction of the negative risk factors or strengthening the protective factors on anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders. This chapter reviews the common risk and protective factors and provides current literature on prevention strategies for pediatric and adolescent anxiety disorders.
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Wu L, Buchanan H, Zhao Y, Wang P, Zhan Z, Zhao B, Fan B. Translation and Validation of a Chinese Version of the Mindfulness in Parenting Questionnaire (MIPQ). Front Psychol 2019; 10:1847. [PMID: 31474905 PMCID: PMC6702300 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To translate the Mindfulness in Parenting Questionnaire (MIPQ) into Standard Mandarin and then explore the reliability and validity of this newly translated measure in a large sample of Chinese middle school parents. METHODS We translated the MIPQ using the forward-backward method and pilot tested it on a sample of parents of adolescents (aged 12-16 years) in China. Following minor modifications, 1057 Chinese parents (Mothers or Fathers) in two middle schools (one in the North and one in the South of China) completed the translated Chinese Mindfulness in Parenting Questionnaire (C-MIPQ). To determine test-retest reliability 121 participants completed the C-MIPQ again 2 weeks later. In order to test convergent validity, 395 participants completed the Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale (MAAS), Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire-Short Version (PSDQ-short) and the Interpersonal Mindfulness in Parenting Scale (IM-P). The Chinese Perceived Stress Scale (CPSS), Beck Depression Scale (BDI-13), and socioeconomic status (SES) were completed in order to test discriminant validity. RESULTS Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the two-factor model indicated in the original study was a good fit. The total score of the scale and the scores of the two dimensions ('Mindful discipline' and 'Being in the moment with the child') were significantly positively correlated with the total score of the MAAS, IM-P and the authoritative parenting style in the PSDQ-short, demonstrating convergent validity. Discriminant validity was established as there was no difference in C-MIPQ sub-scale scores across any of the SES variables except for levels of education (parents with higher education had higher scores on the 'being in the moment with the child' subscale). In addition, the C-MIPQ was negatively related to stress and depression. Cronbach's alpha of the total scale was 0.93 (and 0.88, 0.89 for the two dimensions of the C-MIPQ) indicating excellent internal consistency. Test-retest reliability was good (intra-class correlation of 0.83). CONCLUSION This study is the first step toward establishing the psychometric properties of the C-MIPQ for measuring mindful parenting in parents of adolescents aged 12-16 years; additional studies will be needed in order to test this further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Heather Buchanan
- Division of Rehabilitation and Ageing, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Yaping Zhao
- School of Education, Xinyang University, Xinyang, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Wuxi Tianyi Experimental School, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhao Zhan
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Boyao Zhao
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bijuan Fan
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
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Swan KL, Kaff M, Haas S. Effectiveness of Group Play Therapy on Problematic Behaviors and Symptoms of Anxiety of Preschool Children. JOURNAL FOR SPECIALISTS IN GROUP WORK 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01933922.2019.1599478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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