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Shepherd D, Buchwald K, Siegert RJ, Vignes M. Using network analysis to identify factors influencing the heath-related quality of life of parents caring for an autistic child. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2024; 152:104808. [PMID: 39067240 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2024.104808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Raising an autistic child is associated with increased parenting stress relative to raising typically developing children. Increased parenting stress is associated with lower parent wellbeing, which in turn can negatively impact child wellbeing. AIMS The current study sought to quantify parenting stress and parent health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in the autism context, and further understand the relationship between them by employing a relatively novel statistical method, Network Analysis. METHODS AND PROCEDURES This cross-sectional study involved 476 parents of an autistic child. Parents completed an online survey requesting information on parent and child characteristics, parent's perceptions of their autistic child's symptoms and problem behaviours, and assessed their parenting stress and HRQOL. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Relative to normative data, parent HRQOL was significantly lower in terms of physical health and mental wellbeing. The structure extracted by the Network Analysis indicated that child age and externalising behaviours were the main contributors to parenting stress, and that externalising behaviours, ASD core behavioural symptoms, and parenting stress predicted HRQOL. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Parental responses to child-related factors likely determine parent HRQOL. Findings are discussed in relation to the transactional model, emphasising the importance of both parent and child wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Shepherd
- School of Clinical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand.
| | - Khan Buchwald
- School of Clinical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
| | - Richard J Siegert
- School of Clinical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
| | - Matthieu Vignes
- School of Computational and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, New Zealand
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Zovko M, Šimleša S, Olujić Tomazin M. Parenting stress, coping strategies and social support for mothers of preschool children with autism spectrum disorder in the Republic of Croatia. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2024; 29:674-686. [PMID: 37491211 DOI: 10.1177/13591045231191802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) report experiencing more parenting stress than parents of children with typical development or other developmental disorders. Eighty mothers of preschool children with ASD completed questionnaires with the purpose of exploring the extent and characteristics of parenting stress and the possibility of predicting parenting stress based on the mother's coping strategies, perceived social and professional support, the severity of the child's symptoms, and certain sociodemographic characteristics. The results show that 19% of the mothers had clinically significant parental stress. Most of the mothers experienced increased stress levels related to the following: poor interactions with their children (34%), the child's demandingness (27%), and their personal ability to cope with parental distress (20%). The predictors significantly explained 42.8% of the variance in total parental stress, with support from friends and severity of the child's symptoms being significant unique contributors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matea Zovko
- Faculty of Education and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Šimleša
- Faculty of Education and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marina Olujić Tomazin
- Faculty of Education and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Ran Q, Tu L, Wu Y, Zhang S, Zhang E, Li H, Su Y, Xiang M. Formal social support and quality of life of caregivers with autistic children: a large-scale nationwide survey in China. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1282778. [PMID: 38179564 PMCID: PMC10766108 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1282778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) were reported poor quality of life (QOL). Formal social support might improve the QOL of caregivers, however, limited research to date has focused on this association in China and formal social support for this group is conspicuously lacking. The study was aim to understand the QOL in male and female caregivers with ASD children in China and to explore the relationship between QOL and formal social support for caregivers with children with ASD through a large-scale nationwide survey. Methods An online questionnaire was used to conduct a cross-sectional study with a sample of 6,120 caregivers of children with ASD. Relationship between Quality of Life and several potential predictors is measured and analyzed. Quality of life were measured by Medical Study Short-Form Health Survey version 2 (Chinese version). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the factors affecting caregivers' QOL. Results The results revealed that the QOL of caregivers of autistic children in China was poor especially male caregivers. Social support was a positive predictor. More importantly, formal social support from rehabilitation institutions can improve caregivers' physical QOL. Caregivers' satisfaction with the rehabilitation institutions affecting their physical and mental QOL. Conclusion The formal social support provided by rehabilitation institutions plays a positive role in improving the quality of life of caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Ran
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangzhi Tu
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinghui Wu
- School of Nursing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Erliang Zhang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huilun Li
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya Su
- School of Nursing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mi Xiang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Jung E, Lee T, Kim J, Kim HW. Children's and Parents' Factors That Affect Parenting Stress in Preschool Children With Developmental Disabilities or Typical Development. Psychiatry Investig 2023; 20:1157-1167. [PMID: 38163655 PMCID: PMC10758321 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2023.0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study compared parenting stress in preschool children with developmental disabilities (DD) or typical development (TD). We also investigated children's factors that affect parenting stress. METHODS A total of 196 preschool children participated in the study (aged 54.8±9.2 months). There were 79 children with DD (59 with autism spectrum disorder, 61 with intellectual disability, 12 with language disorder) and 117 with TD. The high parenting stress and the low parenting stress groups were divided based on the Total Stress of Korean Parenting Stress Index Fourth Edition (K-PSI-4) with an 85-percentile cutoff score. Pearson's correlation analysis was conducted to calculate the correlation between K-PSI-4 and the children's or parents' measures. RESULTS The difference in parenting stress between DD and TD was significant in the Total Stress of K-PSI-4 (p<0.001). The Total Stress scale of K-PSI-4 represented a modest to strong correlation with cognitive development, adaptive functioning, social communication, and behavioral problems in children with DD. Our results showed that caregivers of children with DD reported higher parenting stress than those with TD. Parenting stress was strongly associated with cognitive development, adaptive functioning, social communication, and behavioral problems in children with DD. Among the children's factors, especially social communication, attention problems, and aggressive behavior had association with caregivers' higher parenting stress. CONCLUSION These findings suggest the need for early intervention for parenting stress in caregivers by assessing child characteristics, including social cognition, awareness, communication, and inattention and hyperactivity, in the evaluation of children with DD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunji Jung
- Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyeop Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jichul Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Won Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Chua SY, Abd Rahman FN, Ratnasingam S. Problem behaviours and caregiver burden among children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Kuching, Sarawak. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1244164. [PMID: 37965356 PMCID: PMC10642943 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1244164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Caregivers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) often experience emotional and psychological distress, as well as disruptions to family life and employment due to the challenges of caring for children with ASD. This study examines the relationship between problem behaviours and caregiver burden among children with ASD. Method A cross-sectional study using convenience sampling recruited 230 caregivers of children with ASD aged 4 to 18 years from selected autism centres in Kuching, Sarawak. The caregivers completed the Aberrant Behaviour Checklist-2 and the Zarit Burden Interview. Results Univariate analysis revealed a significant difference in caregiver burden for children with ASD receiving medications (p = 0.013), registered with the Social Welfare Department (p = 0.036), and having siblings with ASD (p = 0.046). About 40% of the children exhibited at least one domain of problem behaviour. More than half of the caregivers (53.9%) experienced burden, with the majority experiencing mild burden. Positive associations were seen between irritability (r = 0.458, p < 0.01), social withdrawal (r = 0.439, p < 0.01), stereotypic behaviour (r = 0.392, p < 0.01), hyperactivity/non-compliance (r = 0.467, p < 0.01), and caregiver burden. Child factors, including the duration of problem behaviour (r = 0.182, p = 0.007), medication use (eta = 0.187, p = 0.005), Social Welfare Department registration (eta = 0.138, p = 0.036), and the presence of siblings with ASD (eta = 0.130, p = 0.046) were associated with caregiver burden. Multiple linear regression showed that hyperactivity/noncompliance significantly predicted caregiver burden. Conclusion Specific problem behaviours in children with ASD were associated with caregiver burden. These results highlight the need for interventions for the child with ASD and their caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yi Chua
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Umum Sarawak, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Fairuz Nazri Abd Rahman
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Unit, UKM Specialist Children’s Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Selvasingam Ratnasingam
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Umum Sarawak, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
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Choi H, Kim JH, Kim H, Cheon KA. Identifying major predictors for parenting stress in a caregiver of autism spectrum disorder using machine learning models. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1229155. [PMID: 37706158 PMCID: PMC10495987 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1229155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Previous studies have investigated predictive factors for parenting stress in caregivers of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients using traditional statistical approaches, but their study settings and results were inconsistent. Herein, this study aimed to identify major predictors for parenting stress in this population by developing explainable machine learning models. Methods Study participants were collected from the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, the Republic of Korea between March 2016 and October 2020. A total of 36 model features were used, which include subscales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) for caregivers' psychopathology, Social Responsiveness Scale-2 for core symptoms, and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) for behavioral problems. Machine learning classifiers [eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), random forest (RF), logistic regression, and support vector machine (SVM) classifier] were generated to predict severe total parenting stress and its subscales (parental distress, parent-child dysfunctional interaction, and difficult child). Model performance was assessed by area under the receiver operating curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. We utilized the SHapley Additive exPlanations tree explainer to investigate major predictors. Results A total of 496 participants were included [mean age of ASD patients 6.39 (SD 2.24); 413 men (83.3%)]. The best-performing models achieved an AUC of 0.831 (RF model; 95% CI 0.740-0.910) for parental distress, 0.814 (SVM model; 95% CI 0.720-0.896) for parent-child dysfunctional interaction, 0.813 (RF model; 95% CI 0.724-0.891) for difficult child, and 0.862 (RF model; 95% CI 0.783-0.930) for total parenting stress on the test set. For the total parenting stress, ASD patients' aggressive behavior and anxious/depressed, and caregivers' depression, social introversion, and psychasthenia were the top 5 leading predictors. Conclusion By using explainable machine learning models (XGBoost and RF), we investigated major predictors for each subscale of the parenting stress index in caregivers of ASD patients. Identified predictors for parenting stress in this population might help alert clinicians whether a caregiver is at a high risk of experiencing severe parenting stress and if so, providing timely interventions, which could eventually improve the treatment outcome for ASD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangnyoung Choi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Han Kim
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwiyoung Kim
- Center of Clinical Imaging Data Science, Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical System Informatics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Ah Cheon
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Lovell B, Newman A, Wetherell MA. Seeing it my way: A perspective taking intervention alleviates psychological distress in caregivers of autistic children. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2023; 133:104396. [PMID: 36580813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cognitively empathic caregivers are able to take the perspective of their autistic child(ren) without experiencing vicarious distressing emotions, and typically report lower psychological distress. Taking the perspective of the autistic child might, through fostering cognitive empathy, might relieve caregivers' psychological distress. Here we explored whether autism perspective taking videos developed by the National Autistic Society (NAS), intended to raise public awareness about autism, might be effective, packaged as an intervention, for increasing caregivers' cognitive empathy and reducing their psychological distress. A sample of 24 caregivers of autistic children completed questionnaires capturing psychological distress and cognitive empathy at baseline. For three consecutive days, for two-three minutes per day, caregivers watched perspective taking videos. Follow up assessments were collected 7, 14, and 21 days post intervention. Psychological distress was lower after seven days, and stayed lower 14 and 21 days post intervention compared with baseline. Cognitive empathy was higher after 14 days, and remained higher 21 days post intervention compared with baseline. Taking the perspective of the autistic child, achieved here with publically available NAS videos, seems to be effective for increasing caregivers' cognitive empathy and reducing their psychological distress for up to three weeks. Future research might use more rigorous methodologies, incorporating control groups and larger samples, to explore moderators of intervention efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lovell
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, UK.
| | - Amy Newman
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, UK
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Severity of Child Autistic Symptoms and Parenting Stress in Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Japan and USA: Cross-Cultural Differences. AUTISM RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2022; 2022:7089053. [PMID: 35864923 PMCID: PMC9296302 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7089053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the relationship between parenting stress and autistic symptom severity in the U.S. and Japan. Fifty-two U.S. and 51 Japanese mothers of children aged 2–12 with autism completed measures of parenting stress and child characteristics, including the parenting stress index (PSI), the social communication questionnaire (SCQ), and social responsiveness scale-2 (SRS-2). There was a nonlinear relationship between the child's autistic symptom severity and parenting stress in both countries. We also found some cultural differences: in the parent domain, the relationships between children's SCQ scores and PSI scores differed significantly between the U.S. and Japan. Our findings suggest that autistic severity symptom scores may reflect cross-cultural differences in parenting beliefs, views toward autism, and response styles for evaluating children's behavior. The findings also suggest that parents need support regardless of the child's autism severity, including those with mild to moderate symptoms. Expanding on this line of research and understanding cultural influences on parenting stress may help service providers and agencies offer more culturally sensitive services, parent-education courses, and intervention programs.
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Ku B, Healy S, Yun J. Development of a survey measuring parental physical activity support in parents of children with disabilities. Disabil Rehabil 2022:1-8. [PMID: 35727955 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2022.2089921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purposes of the current study were to develop a questionnaire to measure parental physical activity (PA) support in parents of children with disabilities and to examine factors associated with parental PA support. MATERIALS AND METHODS A questionnaire measuring parental PA support in parents of children with disabilities (PPSQ for PCD), consisting of three constructs (encouragement, co-PA, and logistic support) with 19 items, was initially developed and evaluated by the Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Three independent multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine associations between the three constructs and parental PA orientation variables. RESULTS With the item deletion approach, the final model with 12 items (four items in each construct) was developed, which revealed an excellent model fit (x2= 78.42 [df = 51, p = .008], CFI = 0.98, GFI = 0.94. RMSEA = 0.05). The multiple regression analyses revealed that parental orientation variables were differently associated with each construct of the PPSQ for PCD. CONCLUSIONS The PPSQ for PCD consists of three constructs, differently associated with parental orientation variables. This questionnaire can be used as an instrument to assess parental PA support. Implications for RehabilitationThe Parental Physical Activity Questionnaire (PPAQ) can be used to assess parental physical activity support in parents of children with disabilities.The PPAQ measures three constructs (i.e., types) of parental physical activity support including encouragement, co-physical activity, and logistic support.Parental physical activity orientations (e.g., importance, enjoyment, and behavior) are differently associated with each construct of parental physical activity support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungmo Ku
- Department of Special Physical Education, Yong-In University, Yonginsi, Gyeounggido, South Korea
| | - Sean Healy
- Ireland College of Health Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joonkoo Yun
- Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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Chan RCH, Fung SC. Elevated Levels of COVID-19-Related Stress and Mental Health Problems Among Parents of Children with Developmental Disorders During the Pandemic. J Autism Dev Disord 2022; 52:1314-1325. [PMID: 33913075 PMCID: PMC8081277 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05004-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 not only threatens people's physical health, but also creates disruption in work and social relationships. Parents may even experience additional strain resulting from childcare responsibilities. A total of 129 parents participated in this study. Parents of children with developmental disorders showed higher levels of parenting stress, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms than did parents of children with typical development. Parenting stress and health worries were positively related to mental health symptoms. The association between having a child with developmental disorders and mental health symptoms was mediated by parenting stress. This study provides a timely investigation into the stress and mental health of parents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Implications on web-based parenting skills interventions, online psychological support services, and family-friendly policy initiatives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randolph C H Chan
- Department of Special Education and Counselling, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong.
| | - Suk Chun Fung
- Department of Special Education and Counselling, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong
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The Association between Parenting Stress, Positive Reappraisal Coping, and Quality of Life in Parents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Children: A Systematic Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 10:healthcare10010052. [PMID: 35052216 PMCID: PMC8775364 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Parents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children generally suffer from poor coping and an impaired quality of life (QoL). This systematic review investigates parenting stress, positive reappraisal coping, and QoL in parents with ASD children. A literature search was carried out for publications written in English on the selected investigation topics using five databases, namely, Scopus, PubMed, Wiley, ScienceDirect Online, and EBSCO. Only studies investigating or measuring parenting stress, positive reappraisal coping, and QoL in ASD were included. Our results indicate that parents with ASD children have high stress levels. This is associated with the ineffective use of coping strategies and a low QoL. Adaptive coping strategies are related to a higher QoL, whereas maladaptive coping techniques are related to a worse QoL. Positive reappraisal coping is negatively correlated to meaningfulness, and it is used by parents to change their daily routines in order to motivate themselves towards new and evolving goals in life. Finally, we found a significant negative correlation between parenting stress, positive reappraisal coping, and the QoL of parents with ASD children. Positive reappraisal coping as a strategy helps parents adapt to stress and was found to be a potential mediatory function between parental stress and QoL.
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Mello C, Rivard M, Morin D, Patel S, Morin M. Symptom Severity, Internalized and Externalized Behavioral and Emotional Problems: Links with Parenting Stress in Mothers of Children Recently Diagnosed with Autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:2400-2413. [PMID: 34120257 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined which aspects of the child's behavior and clinical profile accounted for three dimensions of parenting stress: related to parenting roles, to interactions with the child, and to the child. Measures of adaptive behavior, intellectual functioning, autism symptom severity, and challenging behavior and emotional difficulties were examined as predictors of parenting stress in 157 mothers of children recently diagnosed with autism. Children's emotional problems and aggressive behavior were most predictive of parenting distress, whereas autism symptoms along with emotional problems and aggressive behavior, respectively, were linked to stress pertaining to interactions and to the child. These findings underscore the need for comprehensive and complementary interventions that focus on children's behavior and symptoms but also on parent adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Mello
- Department of Psychology, Penn State University - Berks, Tulpehocken Road, P.O. Box 7009, Reading, PA, 19610, USA.
| | - Mélina Rivard
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec À Montréal, Montréal, QC, USA
| | - Diane Morin
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec À Montréal, Montréal, QC, USA
| | - Shaneha Patel
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec À Montréal, Montréal, QC, USA
| | - Marjorie Morin
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec À Montréal, Montréal, QC, USA
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Teste M, Broutin A, Marty M, Valéra MC, Soares Cunha F, Noirrit-Esclassan E. Toothbrushing in children with autism spectrum disorders: qualitative analysis of parental difficulties and solutions in France. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2021; 22:1049-1056. [PMID: 34081310 DOI: 10.1007/s40368-021-00640-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The oral care of a child with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is a challenge, not only for dentists, but also for parents. The objective of this study was to evaluate the difficulties encountered by parents in maintaining oral hygiene in autistic children and the solutions they found to facilitate this daily act. METHODS A questionnaire with closed and open questions about characteristics of the child and oral health at home, conducted via Google Form, was sent to French families through 301 associations of parents with autistic children. For the quantitative analysis, logistic regression was used. The open answers were analysed by theme. RESULTS This study included 756 offspring aged 14.4 (± 8.1) years. Girls were 1.7 (95% CI: 1.1-2.8) times more likely to have toothbrushing difficulty than boys. Nonverbal patients (OR:3.2; 95% CI: 2.2-4.9), autistic patients (OR:2.8; 95% CI: 1.4-5.2), patients using pictograms (OR:1.6; 95% CI: 1.1-2.4), and younger children (OR:0.9; 95% CI: 0.9-0.9) were significantly more likely to encounter difficulties in tolerating toothbrushing. The qualitative analysis showed that parents used three main ways to facilitate toothbrushing: planning, modelling and making it enjoyable. Seventy-nine percent of parents did not feel sufficiently informed about the different oral hygiene prevention tools and techniques for their ASD children and would like to be educated in the daily management of oral hygiene. CONCLUSION The role of parents remains essential and professionals should work in collaboration with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teste
- Pediatric Dentistry Department, Dental University, Université de Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - A Broutin
- Pediatric Dentistry Department, Dental University, Université de Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - M Marty
- Pediatric Dentistry Department, Dental University, Université de Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - M C Valéra
- Children's Hospital Toulouse, Dental University, Université de Toulouse III, I2MC, Inserm U1048, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - F Soares Cunha
- School of Physical Education, The Lifestyles and Health Research Group (GPES), University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.,Division of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Noirrit-Esclassan
- Children's Hospital Toulouse, Dental University, Université de Toulouse III, I2MC, Inserm U1048, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
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Alshahrani MS, Algashmari H. The moderating effect of financial stress and autism severity on development of depression among parents and caregivers of Autistic children in Taif, Saudi Arabia. J Family Med Prim Care 2021; 10:1227-1233. [PMID: 34041156 PMCID: PMC8140263 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2203_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common problem in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. However, little research explored the extent of anxiety and depressive disorders in parents of children with ASD. METHOD Descriptive questionnaire-based cross-sectional survey of a sample of parents of children with ASD who attended Prince Mohammed Bin Salman Autistic Centre, Ministry of defense, Taif city. RESULTS The study included (n = 50) parents. The prevalence of mild depression was 30%, whereas the prevalence of moderately severe depression was 68%. Increased ASD severity level was associated with a significant impact on the PHQ-9 total score (level II was 1.293 times level I to have an increased PHQ-9 score, and level III was 1.530 times level I to have an increased PHQ-9 score). Economic status did not significantly alter depressive symptoms. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ASD diagnosis in Saudi children is associated with high parental depressive prevalence. However, this result could be bidirectional. Stigma, future-related worry, and stress could mediate parental depressive symptoms. Our findings in Saudi parents of children with ASD corroborate the established association between parental depressive symptoms and ASD severity. Our results corroborated previous findings that neither parental gender nor child gender exert any substantial effect on predictability of depressive symptoms among parents of children with ASD. Comprehensive therapeutic packages for children with ASD should include treatment of emotional problems arising out of carer burden among their parents. Screening for parental emotional problems should be routine in autism treatment facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hasaan Algashmari
- Department of Family Medicine, Al-Hada Armed Forces Hospital, Taif City, Saudi Arabia
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Chan RCH, Yi H, Siu QKY. Polymorbidity of developmental disabilities: Additive effects on child psychosocial functioning and parental distress. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2020; 99:103579. [PMID: 32078912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While parents of children with developmental disabilities show greater parenting burden and distress compared with their counterparts, little is known about to what extent developmental polymorbidity in children escalates and magnifies the risk of parental distress. AIMS This study investigated the co-occurrence of developmental disabilities among a sample of elementary school children and examined its additive effects on child psychosocial functioning and parental distress. METHODS AND PROCEDURES A cross-sectional survey among 710 parents of elementary school children in Hong Kong included measures of child psychosocial functioning and parental stress. Structural equation modeling was used to test a hypothesized model in which child psychosocial functioning mediates the effect of developmental polymorbidity on parental distress. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS About one-fourth of the participants reported their children having two or more developmental disabilities. The number of developmental disabilities was positively related to the severity of emotional and behavioral problems in children, which in turn explained general and parenting distress in parents. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Given the heightened vulnerability to distress among parents of children with multiple developmental disabilities, psychological care should particularly target this population. Early identification and intervention strategies are also needed to detect children with multiple co-occurring developmental disabilities, which could potentially alleviate their emotional and behavioral problems and lessen the parenting burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randolph C H Chan
- Department of Special Education and Counselling, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Huso Yi
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore.
| | - Queenie K Y Siu
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hospital Authority, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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PORTES JRM, VIEIRA ML, SOUZA CDD, KASZUBOWSKI E. Parental styles and coparenting in families with children with autism: cluster analysis of children’s behavior. ESTUDOS DE PSICOLOGIA (CAMPINAS) 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0275202037e190143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Research on atypical developing parenting usually investigates only the mother. This happens even if the investigation outcome points to the influence of the parenting style and the child’s relationship with the father on his/her perception of well-being. This investigation aimed to understand the relationships between the behavior of children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder, parenting styles and coparenting of 45 biparental families with children aged, on mean, 59 months, according to defined profiles based on children’s behavioral differences. Data was reviewed by hierarchical clustering. Among the four profiles found, those characterized by behavioral difficulties showed more authoritarian/permissive parenting styles and negative impacts on coparenting; profiles with greater prosociability had a more authoritative parenting style and better coparenting quality. The behavioral assessment of children should drive the formulation of interventions/public policies to promote positive parenting in this population.
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