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Fan J, Zhang W, Mi H. Intergenerational Proximity to Aging Parents and Depression Among Married Persons in China. Res Aging 2023; 45:347-360. [PMID: 35680426 DOI: 10.1177/01640275221107320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Using data from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (N = 3864), we examined the relationship between proximity to aging parents and depression among middle-aged (45-64 years) married individuals in China. Our study depicted and explained the declining coresident rate and showed a majority of adult children live separately from their parents. Children living in different households had higher levels of depression than coresident children, including those living adjacently. Furthermore, having a coresident spouse increased the levels of depression of sons living in an adjacent dwelling and in the same city, and reduced the levels of depression of daughters living farther away. More intergenerational economic support increased the levels of depression of daughters living in an adjacent dwelling. These findings may offer a reference for married adult children to reconstruct intergenerational proximity and adjust intergenerational relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Fan
- School of Public Affairs, 12377Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of Sociology, 7938University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hong Mi
- School of Public Affairs, 12377Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
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Timko C, Lor MC, Rossi F, Peake A, Cucciare MA. Caregivers of people with substance use or mental health disorders in the US. Subst Abus 2022; 43:1268-1276. [PMID: 35849747 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2022.2074605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Caregiving for persons with substance use and/or mental health disorders (SU/MHD) and other conditions places significant strains on caregivers. Methods: The present study used Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (a US health survey) data to (1) compare caregivers of recipients with SU/MHD to those of recipients with other conditions on demographic and caregiving characteristics and health outcomes and (2) examine demographic and caregiving characteristics that were associated with poorer health outcomes among caregivers of persons with SU/MHD. Results: Caregivers of people with SU/MHD were more likely than other caregiver groups (of recipients with medical, cognitive, developmental disability, and old age-related conditions) to report poor general health, physical health, and mental health, as well as activities limitations, having been diagnosed with depression, and binge drinking. Among the group of caregivers of recipients with SU/MHD, those caring for a parent were more likely to report poor physical health, poor mental health, depression, and binge drinking than those caring for a friend, relative, child, or spouse. In addition, caregivers who provided SU/MHD-related caregiving for a longer duration and for whom caregiving included household help were less likely to report poor mental health, depression, or binge drinking. Conclusions: Findings underscore the importance of the substance use disorder treatment system developing improved institutional and structural support for caregivers of recipients with SU/MHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Timko
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Mai Chee Lor
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Fernanda Rossi
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA.,Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research and Center for Health Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Amber Peake
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Michael A Cucciare
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.,Center for Mental Healthcare and Outcomes Research, Central Arkansas Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, North Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.,Veterans Affairs South Central Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, North Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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Toyokawa N, Darling N, Toyokawa T. Monitoring, Scaffolding, Intervening, and Overriding: Adult Children's Perspectives on Supporting Older Parents. JOURNAL OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT 2021; 29:53-65. [PMID: 34658615 PMCID: PMC8503870 DOI: 10.1007/s10804-021-09389-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
When older parents experience age-related functional limitations, adult children may begin to monitor and try to control their parents' behavior. This shift can lead to tension due to differences in values both generations share, with parents prioritizing autonomy and self-sufficiency and adult children prioritizing safety and convention. Although a great deal of research on the transition from adolescence to adulthood focuses on governance transfer and changing boundaries of autonomy, monitoring, and control, less is known about how this happens in later life. The current study used qualitative methodology to explore the dynamic balance of autonomy, safety, and care between older parents and adult children who provide assistance in their daily lives. It focused on which areas adult children were most likely to monitor and try to control and how they did so, how parents respond to those efforts, and the dynamics of information management. Sixteen adult children who had at least one living parent (M age = 53, SD = 6.1) discussed the challenges of managing two conflicting caregiving goals: respecting parents' autonomy and ensuring parents' moral well-being, health, and safety. Data were analyzed using directive content analysis. Although participants were concerned about the negative consequences of their parents' current behaviors and health conditions, they rarely impinged on their parents' autonomy until they were prompted by an authority figure or had clear evidence that their parents' health or safety were threatened. Parents often kept information about their activities and well-being from their children in order to protect their autonomy. Implications for balancing parents and adult children's goals of governance transfer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Toyokawa
- Psychology, Southern Oregon University, 1250 Siskiyou Blvd, Ashland, OR 97520 USA
| | - Nancy Darling
- Psychology, Oberlin College and Conservatory, Oberlin, OH USA
| | - Teru Toyokawa
- Human Development, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA USA
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