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Aktaş G, Bertizlioglu M, Yılmaz SA, Kebapcılar AG, Çelik Ç, Seçilmiş Ö. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor and Estrogen Receptor Gene Polymorphisms in Women With Discordant Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Anti-Mullerian Hormone Levels. Cureus 2024; 16:e60446. [PMID: 38883018 PMCID: PMC11179686 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.60446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) polymorphisms (Thr307Ala and Asn680Ser), estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) polymorphisms (PvuII and XbaI), and ESR2 polymorphisms (RsaI and AluI) in Turkish women with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) discordance. Method Genotyping was performed in 60 patients aged 21-35 with FSH-AMH discordance and/or low ovarian reserve and 20 age-matched controls with normal FSH and AMH levels. The patients were investigated in four groups of 20 women according to their FSH and AMH levels. Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were as follows: normal FSH and low AMH levels, normal AMH and high FSH levels, high FSH and low AMH levels, and normal FSH and AMH levels. Genomic DNA was obtained from 3 cc peripheral blood, and polymorphisms were analyzed using TaqMan genotyping assays. Relations between groups of categorical variables were analyzed with a chi-square test. Differences between the groups were assessed using a student's t-test or Mann-Whitney U test. Results Women with discordant FSH and AMH levels (group 1 and group 2) were not statistically different from women with concordant FSH and AMH levels (group 3 and group 4) in terms of FSHR, ESR1, and ER2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Body mass index (BMI) was statistically significant between groups 1 and 2 as well as groups 2 and 3 (p = 0.004). Conclusions This study showed that FSHR, ESR1, and ESR2 SNPs have not had any effect on AMH-FSH discordance in reproductive age Turkish women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Görkem Aktaş
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dr. Ali Kemal Belviranlı Gynaecology and Children's Hospital, Konya, TUR
| | | | | | | | - Çetin Çelik
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Selcuk University Medicine, Konya, TUR
| | - Özlem Seçilmiş
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Selcuk University Medicine, Konya, TUR
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Sharma P, Kumar Singh A, Senapati S, Singh Kapoor H, Devi Goyal L, Kaur B, Kamra P, Khetarpal P. Genetic Variants of Steroidogenesis and Gonadotropin Pathways and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Susceptibility: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2024; 22:15-26. [PMID: 37878274 DOI: 10.1089/met.2023.0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants are predisposing factors to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a multifactorial condition that often gets triggered due to various environmental factors. The study investigates the association of the variants of genes that are involved in the steroidogenesis pathway or gonadotropin pathway with the risk of PCOS. Appropriate keywords for predetermined genes were used to search in PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Central Cochrane Library up to January 11, 2023. PROSPERO (CRD42022275425). Inclusion criteria: (a) case-control study; (b) genotype or allelic data. Exclusion criteria were: (a) duplicate studies; (b) clinical trials, systematic reviews, meta-analysis or conference abstract, case reports; (c) other than the English language; (d) having insufficient data; e) genetic variants for which meta-analysis has been reported recently and does not have a scope of the update. Various genetic models were applied as per data availability. Overall 12 variants of 7 genes were selected for the analysis. Relevant data were extracted from 47 studies which include 10,584 PCOS subjects and 16,150 healthy controls. Meta-analysis indicates a significant association between TOX3 rs4784165 [ORs = 1.08, 95% CI (1.00-1.16)], HMGA2 rs2272046 [ORs = 2.73, 95% CI (1.97-3.78)], YAP1 rs1894116 [OR = 1.22, 95% CI (1.13-1.33)] and increased risk of PCOS. Whereas FSHR rs2268361 [ORs = 0.84, 95% CI (0.78-0.89)] is associated with decreased PCOS risk. When sensitivity analysis was carried out, the association became significant for CYP19 rs700519 and FSHR rs6165 under an additive model. In addition, C9Orf3 rs3802457 became significantly associated with decreased PCOS risk with the removal of one study. Insignificant association was observed for CYP19A (rs2470152), FSHR (rs2349415, rs6166), C9Orf3 (rs4385527), GnRH1 (rs6185) and risk of PCOS. Our findings suggest association of CYP19A (rs700519), TOX3 (rs4784165), HMGA2 (rs2272046), FSHR (rs6165, rs2268361), C9orf3 (rs3802457), and YAP1 (rs1894116) with risk for PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Sharma
- Laboratory for Reproductive and Developmental Disorders, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Abhilash Kumar Singh
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Science, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Sabyasachi Senapati
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Science, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | | | - Lajya Devi Goyal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, AIIMS, Bathinda, India
| | - Balpreet Kaur
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, AIIMS, Bathinda, India
| | - Pooja Kamra
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kamra Hospital, Malout, India
| | - Preeti Khetarpal
- Laboratory for Reproductive and Developmental Disorders, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
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Kaur M, Singh S, Kaur A. Polymorphisms in FSHR modulating susceptibility to polycystic ovary syndrome: an updated meta-analysis. J Ovarian Res 2023; 16:183. [PMID: 37653412 PMCID: PMC10472705 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-023-01238-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two polymorphisms, rs6165 and rs6166 located in the intracellular domain of FSHR has been reported to affect folliculogenesis, steroidogenesis and oocyte maturation. Several studies have highlighted the role of FSHR polymorphisms in PCOS but the findings are conflicting. A meta-analysis was carried out to decipher the emerging perspectives. METHODOLOGY A comprehensive literature search was made using PubMed, PCOSkb, and Google Scholar. New Ottawa Scale has been utilized to evaluate the quality of each article. To evaluate the strength of association under different genetic models of rs6165 and rs6166 polymorphisms, odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated. RESULTS A total of 20 articles were selected for the present study. In pooled analysis and after the stratification by ethnicity, polymorphism rs6165 remains unrelated to the onset of PCOS. Besides, rs6166 exhibits significant protection in the Indian population under recessive, additive, and allele models (OR = 0.7, CI: 0.54-0.9, p = 0.006, OR = 0.65, CI: 0.48-0.89, p = 0.006, OR = 0.82, CI: 0.7-0.95, p = 0.01, respectively) and low to moderate risk in the Caucasian population under allele model (OR = 1.17, CI: 1.04-1.32, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION This meta-analysis suggests that GG genotype of rs6166 provides protection against PCOS, in a population-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Kaur
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Sukhjashanpreet Singh
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Anupam Kaur
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India.
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Alshammary AF, Alsobaie SF, Alageel AA, Aldakheel FM, Ansar S, Alrashoudi R, Farzan R, Alturki NA, Alhaizan MA, Al-Mutawa J, Ali Khan I. Molecular Role of Asn680Ser and Asp37Glu Missense Variants in Saudi Women with Female Infertility and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:5494-5514. [PMID: 37504264 PMCID: PMC10378235 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45070348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Female infertility (FI) is a global health issue. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common cause of FI. The renalase gene (RNLS) is associated with FI and other human diseases. Based on the documented missense variants, rs6166 and rs2296545 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were not identified in Saudi women with FI and PCOS. This study aimed to investigate the molecular role of the two SNPs in Saudi women with FI and PCOS. In this cross-sectional study, 96 healthy controls, 96 women with FI, and 96 women with PCOS were recruited. DNA was isolated, and polymerase chain reactions and Sanger sequencing analysis were performed using rs6166 and rs2296545 SNPs. The data obtained from the three groups were used to perform statistical analyses based on genotype, allele frequencies, regression models, and ANOVA analysis. Both rs6166 and rs2296545 had no role in FI or PCOS in Saudi women. A predicted reason for non-association in Saudi women could be the role of elderly women in the controls compared with women with FI and PCOS. Moreover, age, weight, and body mass index were higher in the control group than the FI and PCOS groups. In conclusion, rs6166 and rs2296545 SNPs were not associated with FI or PCOS in Saudi women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal F Alshammary
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah F Alsobaie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arwa A Alageel
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad M Aldakheel
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabah Ansar
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Alrashoudi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raed Farzan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah A Alturki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maysoon Abdulhadi Alhaizan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Johara Al-Mutawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Ali Khan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
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Vieira IH, Carvalho AF, Almeida Reis S, Carreira AL, Dias C, Fernandes S, Ferreira AF, Rodrigues D, Sousa AP, Ramalho-Santos J, Ramalhinho AC, Moura Ramos M, Paiva I, Cortesão P, Almeida-Santos AT. Association Between Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor (FSHR) rs6166 and Estrogen Receptor 1 (ESR1) rs2234693 Polymorphisms and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Risk, Phenotype, and Reproductive Outcomes in an Infertile Portuguese Population. Cureus 2023; 15:e35690. [PMID: 37012960 PMCID: PMC10066722 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder often leading to anovulatory infertility. PCOS pathophysiology is still unclear and several potential genetic susceptibility factors have been proposed. The effect of polymorphisms in two genesrelated to follicular recruitment and development, the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) and the estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), have been studied in different populations with contradictory results. AIMS To evaluate the influence of FSHR rs6166 (c.2039A>G) and of ESR1 rs2234693 (Pvull c.453-397 T > C) polymorphisms on PCOS risk, phenotype, and response to controlled ovarian stimulation (COS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Genotyping of the FSHR rs6166 and the ESR1 rs2234693 polymorphisms was performed in PCOS women and a control group undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF). Demographic, clinical, and biochemical data, genotype frequency, and IVF outcomes were compared between groups. RESULTS We evaluated 88 PCOS women and 80 controls. There was no significant difference in the genotype distribution of FSHR rs6166 polymorphism between PCOS women and controls (AA 31.8%/AS 48.9%/SS 19.3% in PCOS women vs AA 37.5%/AS 40.0%/SS 22.5% in controls; p = 0.522). The same was true for the ESR1 rs2234693 (CC 24.1%/CT 46.0%/TT 29.9% in PCOS women vs CC 18.8%/CT 48.8%/TT 32.5% in controls; p = 0.697). In PCOS women, we found higher follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels on the third day of the menstrual cycle associated with the SS variant of the FSHR polymorphism (9.2 vs 6.2 ± 1.6 and 5.6 ± 1.6 mUI/mL; p = 0.011). We did not find other associations between the baseline hormonal parameters, antral follicle count, and response measures to COS with FSHR or ESR1 genotypes. We found, however, a need for higher cumulative doses of FSH for COS in patients with the SS variant of the FSHR rs6166 polymorphism (1860.5 ± 627.8 IU for SSvs 1498.1 ± 359.3 for AA and 1425.4 ± 474.8 for SA; p = 0.046 and p = 0.046). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that in the population, FSHR rs6166and ESR1 rs2234693 polymorphisms do not influence the risk of developing PCOS nor do they influence the patient's phenotype and IVF success. However, the SS variant of the FSHR rs6166 polymorphism may be associated with FSH resistance requiring higher FSH doses for COS.
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Analyzing the Impact of FSHR Variants on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome-a Case-Control Study in Punjab. Reprod Sci 2023:10.1007/s43032-023-01194-z. [PMID: 36821034 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-023-01194-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine-metabolic syndrome that involves hyperandrogenism, menstrual irregularities, and/or small cysts in one or both ovaries which might lead to infertility in women. The genetics of PCOS is heterogenous with the involvement of several genes reported in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Follicular growth and steroidogenesis regulation are both critically dependent on follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The variants of FSHR cause abnormal folliculogenesis, steroidogenesis, and oocyte maturation at various stages of growth and may render women more susceptible to PCOS development. The present case-control study evaluated the association of FSHR rs6165 and rs6166 variants with PCOS. A total of 743 females were recruited. PCR-RFLP method was used for the genotypic analysis of FSHR polymorphisms. Obesity was examined according to the categorization of body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip ratio (WHR). Biochemical analysis, including a lipid profile, LH, FSH, and testosterone levels, was done in both PCOS women and controls. BMI and WHR revealed a statistically significant difference between PCOS cases and controls. Overall, levels of HDL were significantly lower, whereas cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL levels were higher in PCOS women (p < 0.05). The genotypic and allelic frequencies of rs6165 and rs6166 did not demonstrate significant differences when PCOS women were compared with the control group. However, clinical features of PCOS including gonadotropic hormone (FSH), hyperandrogenism, and dyslipidemia were significantly correlated with variants of FSHR. The present study concludes that rs6165 and rs6166 were significantly related to clinical features of PCOS, regardless of providing direct disease risk.
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Kim G, Lee Y, Park JH, Kim D, Lee W. Beta-Meta: a meta-analysis application considering heterogeneity among genome-wide association studies. Genomics Inform 2022; 20:e49. [PMID: 36617656 PMCID: PMC9847376 DOI: 10.5808/gi.22046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Many packages for a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have beendeveloped to discover genetic variants. Although variations across studies must be considered, there are not many currently-accessible packages that estimate between-study heterogeneity. Thus, we propose a python based application called Beta-Meta which can easilyprocess a meta-analysis by automatically selecting between a fixed effects and a randomeffects model based on heterogeneity. Beta-Meta implements flexible input data manipulation to allow multiple meta-analyses of different genotype-phenotype associations in asingle process. It provides a step-by-step meta-analysis of GWAS for each association inthe following order: heterogeneity test, two different calculations of an effect size and ap-value based on heterogeneity, and the Benjamini-Hochberg p-value adjustment. Thesemethods enable users to validate the results of individual studies with greater statisticalpower and better estimation precision. We elaborate on these and illustrate them with examples from several studies of infertility-related disorders.
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Schubert M, Pérez Lanuza L, Wöste M, Dugas M, Carmona FD, Palomino-Morales RJ, Rassam Y, Heilmann-Heimbach S, Tüttelmann F, Kliesch S, Gromoll J. A GWAS in Idiopathic/Unexplained Infertile Men Detects a Genomic Region Determining Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:2350-2361. [PMID: 35305013 PMCID: PMC9282256 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Approximately 70% of infertile men are diagnosed with idiopathic (abnormal semen parameters) or unexplained (normozoospermia) infertility, with the common feature of lacking etiologic factors. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is essential for initiation and maintenance of spermatogenesis. Certain single-nucleotide variations (SNVs; formerly single-nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]) (ie, FSHB c.-211G > T, FSHR c.2039A > G) are associated with FSH, testicular volume, and spermatogenesis. It is unknown to what extent other variants are associated with FSH levels and therewith resemble causative factors for infertility. OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify further genetic determinants modulating FSH levels in a cohort of men presenting with idiopathic or unexplained infertility. METHODS We retrospectively (2010-2018) selected 1900 men with idiopathic/unexplained infertility. In the discovery study (n = 760), a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed (Infinium PsychArrays) in association with FSH values (Illumina GenomeStudio, v2.0). Minor allele frequencies (MAFs) were analyzed for the discovery and an independent normozoospermic cohort. In the validation study (n = 1140), TaqMan SNV polymerase chain reaction was conducted for rs11031005 and rs10835638 in association with andrological parameters. RESULTS Imputation revealed 9 SNVs in high linkage disequilibrium, with genome-wide significance (P < 4.28e-07) at the FSHB locus 11p.14.1 being associated with FSH. The 9 SNVs accounted for up to a 4.65% variance in FSH level. In the oligozoospermic subgroup, this was increased up to 6.95% and the MAF was enhanced compared to an independent cohort of normozoospermic men. By validation, a significant association for rs11031005/rs10835638 with FSH (P = 4.71e-06/5.55e-07) and FSH/luteinizing hormone ratio (P = 2.08e-12/6.4e-12) was evident. CONCLUSIONS This GWAS delineates the polymorphic FSHB genomic region as the main determinant of FSH levels in men with unexplained or idiopathic infertility. Given the essential role of FSH, molecular detection of one of the identified SNVs that causes lowered FSH and therewith decreases spermatogenesis could resolve the idiopathic/unexplained origin by this etiologic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marius Wöste
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Münster, Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia 48149, Germany
| | - Martin Dugas
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Münster, Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia 48149, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Heidelberg University Hospital, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F David Carmona
- Department of Genetics and Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, Granada, Andalusia 18016, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Andalusia 18012, Spain
| | - Rogelio J Palomino-Morales
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Andalusia 18012, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Andalusia 18071, Spain
| | - Yousif Rassam
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Andrology, Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Münster, Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia 48149, Germany
| | - Stefanie Heilmann-Heimbach
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital, Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia 53127, Germany
| | - Frank Tüttelmann
- Institute of Reproductive Genetics, University of Münster, Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia 48149, Germany
| | - Sabine Kliesch
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Andrology, Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Münster, Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia 48149, Germany
| | - Jörg Gromoll
- Correspondence: Jörg Gromoll, Dr. rer. nat., Institute of Reproductive and Regenerative Biology, Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Geb. D11, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Islam H, Masud J, Islam YN, Haque FKM. An update on polycystic ovary syndrome: A review of the current state of knowledge in diagnosis, genetic etiology, and emerging treatment options. WOMEN'S HEALTH 2022; 18:17455057221117966. [PMID: 35972046 PMCID: PMC9386861 DOI: 10.1177/17455057221117966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age, which is still incurable. However, the symptoms can be successfully managed with proper medication and lifestyle interventions. Despite its prevalence, little is known about its etiology. In this review article, the up-to-date diagnostic features and parameters recommended on the grounds of evidence-based data and different guidelines are explored. The ambiguity and insufficiency of data when diagnosing adolescent women have been put under special focus. We look at some of the most recent research done to establish relationships between different gene polymorphisms with polycystic ovary syndrome in various populations along with the underestimated impact of environmental factors like endocrine-disrupting chemicals on the reproductive health of these women. Furthermore, the article concludes with existing treatments options and the scopes for advancement in the near future. Various therapies have been considered as potential treatment through multiple randomized controlled studies, and clinical trials conducted over the years are described in this article. Standard therapies ranging from metformin to newly found alternatives based on vitamin D and gut microbiota could shine some light and guidance toward a permanent cure for this female reproductive health issue in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiya Islam
- Biotechnology Program, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, School of Data and Sciences, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jaasia Masud
- Biotechnology Program, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, School of Data and Sciences, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Yushe Nazrul Islam
- Biotechnology Program, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, School of Data and Sciences, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fahim Kabir Monjurul Haque
- Microbiology Program, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, School of Data and Sciences, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Ramanathan B, Murugan J, Velayutham K. Pilot study on evaluation and determination of the prevalence of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) associated gene markers in the South Indian population. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2021; 25:551-558. [PMID: 35355907 PMCID: PMC8959196 DOI: 10.4103/ijem.ijem_340_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is typically characterized by a spectrum of manifestations that include menstrual irregularities, anovulation, cysts, hyperandrogenic features like hirsutism, acne, alopecia, and various metabolic complications. The pathology of PCOS is complex and several mechanisms have been potentially involved in the genetic abnormalities/dysfunctions. Hence, the present study aims to examine the prevalence and association of polymorphisms in candidate genes (thyroid adenoma-associated gene [THADA], luteinizing hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin receptor [LHCGR], DENN domain containing 1A [DENND1A], follicle-stimulating hormone receptor [FSHR], Connexin37 [CX37], angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE], insulin receptor [INSR] and calpain 10 [CAPN10]) in PCOS patients of the South Indian regional population. METHODS The study group included 20 PCOS cases and 10 controls, whose deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) were genotyped by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and PCR product sequencing to determine the prevalence of the DENND1A (rs10818854), LHCGR (rs13405728), FSHR (rs2349415), THADA (rs13429458), CX37 (rs1764391), ACE (rs1799752), INSR (rs1799817), and CAPN10 (rs2975760) polymorphisms. Clinical examinations including anthropometric measurements, biochemical investigations relevant to glucose metabolism, and hormones were measured. RESULTS A significant difference was observed in the DENND1A (rs10818854) polymorphism between the control and PCOS patients (P = 0.001). The variants of LHCGR, FSHR, THADA, CX37, ACE, INSR, and CAPN10 were not statistically significant with PCOS. The body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.01), triglycerides (P = 0.01), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) (P = 0.05) were significantly different between the PCOS patients and controls. Significant results were observed in rs1799817 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of INSR with elevated levels of triglycerides and rs10818854 of DENND1A, rs13429458 of THADA, rs2349415 of FSHR with the high levels of DHEAS. CONCLUSION In the study population, the presence of rs10818854 of DENND1A polymorphism may be associated with the risk of PCOS and high levels of DHEAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Ramanathan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Alpha Health Foundation, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jeyasudha Murugan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Alpha Health Foundation, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kumaravel Velayutham
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Alpha Health Foundation, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Pei CZ, Jin L, Baek KH. Pathogenetic analysis of polycystic ovary syndrome from the perspective of omics. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:112031. [PMID: 34411918 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common gynecological endocrine disease, involving multiple genes, multiple pathways, and complex hormone secretion processes. Hence, the pathogenesis of PCOS cannot be explained by a single factor. Omics analysis includes genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, which are fast and effective methods for studying the pathogenesis of diseases. PCOS is primarily characterized by androgen excess, and reproductive and metabolic dysfunctions. The application of omics analysis in the body fluids, blood, cells or tissues of women with PCOS offers the potential for unexpected molecular advantages in explaining new mechanisms of PCOS etiology and pathophysiology, and provides new perspectives for identifying potential biomarkers and developing new therapeutic targets. At present, several omics analyses have been applied to produce complex datasets. In this manuscript, the recent advances in omics research on PCOS are summarized, aiming at an important and parallel review of the newly published research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Zhu Pei
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cell and Gene Therapy Research Institute, CHA University, Bundang CHA Hospital, Gyeonggi-Do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Lan Jin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yanbian Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Jilin Provincial Yanji-Shi, 133000, China
| | - Kwang-Hyun Baek
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cell and Gene Therapy Research Institute, CHA University, Bundang CHA Hospital, Gyeonggi-Do 13488, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Replication study and meta-analysis of selected genetic variants and polycystic ovary syndrome susceptibility in Asian population. J Assist Reprod Genet 2021; 38:2781-2789. [PMID: 34403018 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-021-02291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a highly complex disorder influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Previous association studies have identified multiple PCOS-susceptible loci, but there is no consistent conclusion, which calls for further investigations. METHODS In the present case-control study, FSHR gene variants (rs2268361, rs6165, and rs6166), LHCGR gene variant (rs13405728), THADA gene variant (rs13429458), DENND1A gene variants (rs10818854 and rs2479106), and INSR gene variants (rs2059807 and rs1799817) were genotyped with Sanger sequencing in a total of 400 PCOS women and 480 healthy women. RESULTS After Bonferroni correction, our results showed that rs13405728, rs13429458, rs2479106, rs10818854, and rs2059807 were significantly associated with PCOS risk in Chinese women. To improve the statistical strength, a further meta-analysis in Asian population was conducted. Although rs6166 and rs1799817 were not associated with PCOS risk in the present study, they were identified to be strongly associated with PCOS risk in the pooled Koreans and Chinese respectively. No significant association with PCOS risk was consistently found for rs2268361 or rs6165. Moreover, the pooled results further confirmed the significant association with PCOS risk for rs13405728, rs13429458, rs2479106, rs10818854, and rs2059807. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, the rs6166, rs13405728, rs13429458, rs2479106, rs10818854, rs2059807, and rs1799817 may indeed be the genetic risk factors for PCOS in Asian population, which requires further investigation using larger independent sets of samples in different ethnic populations.
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Mayama M, Umazume T, Watari H, Nishiguchi S, Moromizato T, Watari T. Frequency of night shift and menstrual cycle characteristics in Japanese nurses working under two or three rotating shifts. J Occup Health 2020; 62:e12180. [PMID: 33211393 PMCID: PMC7676323 DOI: 10.1002/1348-9585.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In Japan, the prevalence of irregular menstrual cycles and its association with the frequency of night shifts have scarcely assessed. The present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between irregular menstrual cycles and the frequency of night shifts in Japanese female nurses. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional web-based self-administered questionnaire survey in 2019. An irregular menstrual cycle was defined as a cycle length of ≤21 days or ≥39 days at least a few times over the past year or amenorrhea for at least 3 months. We used Poison regression analysis with a robust error variance to calculate the prevalence ratios adjusted for age, body mass index, hospital size, and the department in which they worked. RESULTS A total of 1249 women were included, and 679 (54.4%) and 195 (15.6%) of them worked under two and three rotating shifts. The prevalence of irregular menstrual cycles was 24.8%, 37.4%, and 35.9% in the no night, two rotating, and three rotating shifts groups, respectively. While the frequency of night shifts had a dose-responsive relationship with irregular menstrual cycles in the two rotating shifts group, it was not observed in the three rotating shifts group. However, the risk of work getting affected by dysmenorrhea or premenstrual symptoms increased in the three rotating shifts group. CONCLUSIONS Over 30% of Japanese female nurses working under night shifts had irregular menstrual cycles. The high frequency of night shifts increased the risk of irregular menstrual cycles and secondary amenorrhea in the two rotating shifts group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michinori Mayama
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyHokkaido University Graduate School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Takeshi Umazume
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyHokkaido University Graduate School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Hidemichi Watari
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyHokkaido University Graduate School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Sho Nishiguchi
- Department of General Internal MedicineShonan Kamakura General HospitalKamakuraJapan
| | - Takuhiro Moromizato
- Renal & Rheumatology DivisionInternal Medicine DepartmentOkinawa Prefectural Nanbu Medical Center and Children's Medical CenterHaebaru‐choJapan
| | - Takashi Watari
- Post Clinical Training CenterShimane University HospitalIzumoJapan
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Kim JJ, Choi YM. Phenotype and genotype of polycystic ovary syndrome in Asia: Ethnic differences. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2019; 45:2330-2337. [PMID: 31588677 DOI: 10.1111/jog.14132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in reproductive-aged women, and ethnic diversity has been reported in its manifestation. This review addressed phenotype and genetic studies in Asian women with PCOS. Generally, East Asians are less hirsute, and the hirsutism score cutoff is lower than the Caucasian counterpart. It is not clear whether there are any significant differences in the prevalence or severity of irregular menstruation (IM) or characteristics of polycystic ovary (PCO) across ethnicities. Interestingly, the IM/PCO subgroup is a relatively common phenotype in East Asian patients but not in Caucasian patients. The prevalence of insulin resistance in PCOS patients varies depending on the index used and the cutoff, but women with PCOS showed a higher degree of insulin resistance than those of controls across ethnicities. Lower body mass index (BMI) and lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome were reported in East Asian patients, but despite lower BMI, a comparative study reported that Asian women with PCOS were more likely to have diabetes compared with Caucasian patients, suggesting they also have metabolic complications. Unlike East Asian patients, South Asian patients showed an increased degree of hirsutism, early onset of symptoms, and severe insulin resistance and metabolic risks compared with Caucasians. Genetic components play important roles in the pathogenesis of PCOS, and genome-wide association studies of PCOS suggest that similar genetic risk factors exist between Asian and Caucasian patients. Continuous comparative studies are needed to standardize the diagnosis and management of PCOS across different ethnicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ju Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.,The Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Population, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Min Choi
- The Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Population, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Papanikolaou IG, Giannelou P, Anagnostou E, Mavrogianni D, Drakakis P, Loutradis D. Combined study on the single nucleotide polymorphisms in the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (Ser680Asn) and anti-Müllerian hormone receptor type II (-482A>G) as genetic markers in assisted reproduction. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2019; 38:hmbci-2018-0077. [PMID: 30904901 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2018-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Infertile women may have underlying genetic abnormalities. There is, at present, a significant number of studies on the relation between the follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) or anti-Müllerian hormone type II receptor (AMHRII) polymorphisms and response to in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) treatment. However, it is not yet clear which genotype or combination of genotypes is favourable towards a better ovarian stimulation and pregnancy outcome. Materials and methods In this study we assessed the distribution of the genotypes of FSHR Ser680Asn and of AMHRII -482A>G gene polymorphisms in a group of 126 infertile women and a control group of 100 fertile women by using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results Statistical analysis showed that the frequency of the genotypes is similar in both control and IVF/ intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) groups. Further investigation of the frequency of the nine possible combinations of these polymorphisms in the groups revealed no correlation between infertility and combination of the polymorphisms. Women with one polymorphism have on average 5.5 units higher levels of AMH compared to women carrying no polymorphism. In women with no polymorphisms, for each unit of FSH increase, the average concentration of blood AMH is expected to be 72% lower. Conclusion The distribution of the FSHR Ser680Asn and of the AMHRII -482A>G gene polymorphisms, in the Greek population is similar in fertile and infertile women. The study showed that FSH and AMH correlated levels in certain cases could be used to estimate a patient's ovarian reserve.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Female
- Humans
- Infertility, Female/genetics
- Infertility, Female/therapy
- Ovarian Reserve
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Receptors, FSH/blood
- Receptors, FSH/genetics
- Receptors, Peptide/blood
- Receptors, Peptide/genetics
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/blood
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic/statistics & numerical data
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis G Papanikolaou
- 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, Division of Human Reproduction, IVF Unit National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Polina Giannelou
- 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, Division of Human Reproduction, IVF Unit National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Elli Anagnostou
- 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, Division of Human Reproduction, IVF Unit National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Despoina Mavrogianni
- 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, Division of Human Reproduction, IVF Unit National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros Drakakis
- 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, Division of Human Reproduction, IVF Unit National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Loutradis
- 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, Division of Human Reproduction, IVF Unit National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, 62 Sirinon Street, P. Faliro, 175 61 Athens, Greece, Phone: +30 6932421747, Fax: +30 210 6454902
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Gheorghiu ML. ACTUALITIES IN MUTATIONS OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH) AND FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH) RECEPTORS. ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA-BUCHAREST 2019; -5:139-142. [PMID: 31149075 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2019.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M L Gheorghiu
- "C.I.Parhon" National Institute of Endocrinology, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy - Endocrinology, Bucharest, Romania
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Laven JSE. Follicle Stimulating Hormone Receptor (FSHR) Polymorphisms and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:23. [PMID: 30809190 PMCID: PMC6379247 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the commonest endocrine abnormality in women of reproductive age typically presenting with chronic oligo- or anovulation, clinical, or biochemical hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM). Restoring mono-ovulation is the ultimate goal of ovulation induction and most women do respond to ovulation inducing agents causing their Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels to rise. Familial clustering and the results from twin studies strongly support an underlying genetic basis for PCOS. Recent Genome wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several genetic variants being genome wide significantly associated with PCOS. Amongst those are variants in or near the Luteinizing hormone (LH) and FSH receptor genes as well as a variant in the FSH-β gene. The aim of this review is to summarize the available evidence as to whether single nucleotide polymorphisms are able to modify the PCOS phenotype or whether they constitute a risk factor for the syndrome. Data on the role of FSHR polymorphisms in PCOS are conflicting. It seems that in large Chinese studies FSHR polymorphisms are not associated with either PCOS risk or with PCOS treatment outcome. However, in large scale studies in Caucasians these polymorphisms seem to influence the risk of having PCOS. Moreover, these studies also showed that some polymorphisms might affect some clinical features of PCOS as well as treatment outcome. Although most research has focussed on the role of FSHR polymorphisms there seems to be also some evidence showing that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the LHCG-Receptor as well as those in FSH-β gene might also alter the phenotype of PCOS. In conclusion most studies confirm that FSHR polymorphisms do alter the phenotype of PCOS in that they either alter the response to exogenous FSH or hat they increase the risk of having PCOS.
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Chen Y, Fang SY. Potential genetic polymorphisms predicting polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:R187-R195. [PMID: 29622662 PMCID: PMC5937197 DOI: 10.1530/ec-18-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogenous endocrine disorder with typical symptoms of oligomenorrhoea, hyperandrogenism, hirsutism, obesity, insulin resistance and increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Extensive evidence indicates that PCOS is a genetic disease and numerous biochemical pathways have been linked with its pathogenesis. A number of genes from these pathways have been investigated, which include those involved with steroid hormone biosynthesis and metabolism, action of gonadotropin and gonadal hormones, folliculogenesis, obesity and energy regulation, insulin secretion and action and many others. In this review, we summarize the historical and recent findings in genetic polymorphisms of PCOS from the relevant publications and outline some genetic polymorphisms that are potentially associated with the risk of PCOS. This information could uncover candidate genes associating with PCOS, which will be valuable for the development of novel diagnostic and treatment platforms for PCOS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Hangzhou Fuyang Women and Children HospitalHangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Ying Fang
- Hangzhou Fuyang Women and Children HospitalHangzhou, China
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Jiao X, Chen W, Zhang J, Wang W, Song J, Chen D, Zhu W, Shi Y, Yu X. Variant Alleles of the ESR1, PPARG, HMGA2, and MTHFR Genes Are Associated With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Risk in a Chinese Population: A Case-Control Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:504. [PMID: 30214429 PMCID: PMC6125305 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age, with a prevalence of 6-8%. Although the etiology of PCOS has been investigated extensively, the association between genetic predisposition and PCOS risk is largely unknown. In this study, we genotyped 63 SNPs in 10 genes among 361 PCOS patients and 331 healthy controls in a Chinese Han population. The following variant alleles were significantly associated with decreased PCOS risk: ESR1 rs9340799 (P = 0.000), PPARG rs709154 (P = 0.013), and rs1151996 (P = 0.013), HMGA2 rs2272046 (P = 0.000), MTHFR rs1801133 (P = 0.000). Accordingly, the following genotypes at various loci were associated with reduced PCOS risk: GA genotype at rs9340799 (P < 0.0001) in ESR1, TA genotype at rs709154(P < 0.0001) in PPARG and CA genotype at rs2272046 (P < 0.0001) in HMGA2. Moreover, GA genotype at rs1999805 (P = 0.013) in ESR1 and TT genotype at rs1801133 in MTHFR (P < 0.0001) correlated with elevated PCOS risk. Furthermore, haplotype analysis revealed significant differences in haplotype distributions of CYP11A1, ESR2 and PPARG gene between cases and controls. In addition to confirming that ESR1 rs9340799, HMGA2 rs2272046 and MTHFR rs1801133 are related to the risk of PCOS, these findings also provide the first evidence that PPARG rs709154 and ESR1 rs1999805 are significantly associated with PCOS risk in a Chinese population. Further functional studies are warranted to elucidate the underlying biological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianting Jiao
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Pediatric Translation Medicine Institute, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiye Wang
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjiao Song
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Chen
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenting Zhu
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhua Shi
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaodan Yu
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Pediatric Translation Medicine Institute, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaodan Yu ;
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