A novel oocyte maturation trigger using 1500 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin plus 450 IU of follicle-stimulating hormone may decrease ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome across all in vitro fertilization stimulation protocols

Nomogram model to predict the risk of moderate to severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome of long protocol group in fresh cycle

To explore the risk factors of moderate to severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, OHSS) in patients using the early-follicular phase long-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist long protocol (EFLL) group in fresh cycles, and to establish a nomogram model to predict the risk of moderate to severe OHSS. We retrospectively analyzed clinical data from 4,204 patients who receiving in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection and embryo transfer (IVF/ICSI-ET) at the Reproductive Medicine Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2015 to August 2024. A total of 4204 cases using EFLL protocol were included. The clinical cases were randomly divided into a modeling group (2,942 cases) and a verification group (1,262 cases) at a ratio of 7:3. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent risk factors associated with the occurrence of moderate to severe OHSS in fresh cycles, Based on the selected independent risk factors and correlated regression coefficients, we established a nomogram model to predict the probability of moderate to severe OHSS in this patients, and the predictive accuracy of the model was measured using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, calibration curve, and decision curve analysis. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that Antal follicle count (AFC) (OR, 1.04; 95%CI, 1.02-1.07; P = 0.002), estrogen levels on the day of hCG injection (OR, 1.01; 95%CI, 1.01-1.01; P<0.01), progesterone levels on the day of hCG injection (OR, 1.18; 95%CI, 1.04-1.34; P = 0.011),, whether the patient had a hypothyroidism (OR, 3.62; 95%CI, 2.10-6.23; P < 0.001), and infertility type (OR, 0.59; 95%CI, 0.35-0.99; P = 0.048) are the independent risk factors for the occurrence of moderate to severe OHSS in fresh cycles. The ROC curve (AUC) being 0.83 (95% CI: 0.78-0.88) for the modeling group and 0.84 (95% CI: 0.78-0.90) for the validation group. The calibration curve and decision curve demonstrated good consistency between the predicted rates of moderate to severe OHSS and the actual incidence. AFC, estrogen levels on the day of hCG injection, progesterone levels on the day of hCG injection, whether the patient had a hypothyroidism, and infertility type are the independent risk factors for moderate to moderate to severe OHSS in fresh cycles. The established nomogram model has proven to be a novel tool that can intuitively predict the incidence of moderate to severe OHSS in the patients that receiving EFLL protocol in fresh cycles, and this nomogram model developed in this study showed better net benefit, have a good clinical applicability for decision-making and could help the clinician to set up a better clinical management strategies for conducting a precise personal therapy.

Severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in an oocyte donor despite preventive strategies

We present a rare case of severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) in a 19-year-old woman undergoing a second donation cycle of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. The patient developed severe OHSS despite the implementation of preventive strategies and required hospitalization for 14 days, including treatment in the intensive care unit. The underlying pathophysiology that triggers this extreme systemic response in certain patients, despite the implementation of preventive measures, remains unknown. Continued research efforts are necessary to improve our understanding and management of this condition.

Prevention of moderate and severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: a guideline

Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is a serious complication associated with assisted reproductive technology. This systematic review aims to identify who is at high risk for developing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, along with evidence-based strategies to prevent it and replaces the document of the same name last published in 2016.

Gonadotropins as pharmacological agents in assisted reproductive technology and polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrinopathy associated with subfertility/infertility and pregnancy complications. Most PCOS women opt for assisted reproductive technologies (ART) for successful conception; however, optimization of the relative doses of the gonadotropins [follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH)/human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)] for appropriate steroidogenesis, without causing ovarian hyperstimulatory syndrome (OHSS), is challenging. Embryonic factors probably do not contribute to pregnancy loss in PCOS women, albeit hormonal imbalance impairs the metabolic microenvironment critical for oocyte maturation and endometrial receptivity. Certain clinical studies have confirmed the role of metabolic corrections in increasing the rate of pregnancy in PCOS women. This review focuses on the impact of untimely high LHCGR and/or LH levels on oocyte/embryo quality, pregnancy outcomes in ART, and exploring LHCGR as a potential drug target in PCOS women.

Optimization of assisted reproductive technology outcomes in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome: updates and unanswered questions

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Narrative review of recent literature on optimization of assisted reproduction technology outcomes in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).

RECENT FINDINGS

The key areas of focus include pre cycle treatment with the goal of cohort synchronization, methods of ovulation suppression and trigger medication. There is no definitive evidence that precycle treatment with combined oral contraceptives (COCs) or progestins improve or negatively impact in vitro fertilization outcomes in patients with PCOS. The reviewed evidence supports consideration of progestins as suppression of premature ovulation in patients with PCOS as an alternative to gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist if a freeze all protocol is planned. There is limited prospective evidence in PCOS populations regarding use of a dual trigger using GnRH agonist and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).

SUMMARY

This review has implications for clinical practice regarding ovarian stimulation protocols for patients with PCOS. We also identified areas of research need including the further exploration of the value of pre cycle COC or progestin use in a PCOS population, also the use of GnRH agonist in combination with hCG in a well defined PCOS population and using GnRH agonist trigger alone as a control.

Comparison of Triggering Final Oocyte Maturation with Follicle Stimulating Hormone Plus Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, versus Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Alonein Normoresponder Women Undergoing Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection: A Randomized Clinical Trial

BACKGROUND

Few studies have so far been done about the role of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in final oocyte
maturation. However, none of these studies have been performed solely on normoresponder patients. This study aimed
to determine whether oocyte maturation, as well as fertilization and pregnancy rates, could be improved in normoresponder women with concomitant FSH and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) trigger compared to those with the hCG trigger alone.
Materials and Methods: In this prospective randomized clinical trial, 117 normoresponder women, aged 19-40 years
who were candidates for the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist protocol at Avicenna Infertility
treatment Center, were enrolled and claasified in two groups. Final oocyte maturation was triggered using 10000 IU of
hCG plus 450 IU of FSH in the first group (59 subjects) and 10000 IU of hCG alone in the second group (58 subjects).
The primary outcome was clinical pregnancy rate.
Results: Mean age of the patients was 33.21 ± 4.41 years. There was no difference in clinical pregnancy among the
two groups (30.9% vs. 25.5%, P=0.525). There was no statistically significant difference in fertilization rate (80.0%
vs. 74.1%, P=0.106), implantation rates (18.9% vs. 16.7%, P=0.352), and chemical pregnancy rates (38.2% vs. 32.7%,
P=0.550). Oocyte maturation rate (84.2% vs. 73.6%, P<0.001), 2 pronuclei (2PNs) (6.53 ± 2.54 vs. 5.36 ± 2.85,
P=0.021) and total embryos (5.85 ± 2.43 vs. 4.91 ± 2.58, P=0.046) were significantly higher in the first group.
Conclusion: Adding FSH to hCG for oocyte triggering, significantly improved oocyte maturation rates and total embryos.
While there was no significant difference in the clinical and chemical pregnancy rates, between these two groups
(registration number: IRCT20190108042285N1).

Triggering with 1,500 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin plus follicle-stimulating hormone compared to a standard human chorionic gonadotropin trigger dose for oocyte competence in in vitro fertilization cycles: a randomized, double-blinded, controlled noninferiority trial

OBJECTIVE

To assess if triggering with 1,500 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) with 450 IU of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) induces noninferior oocyte competence to a standard dose of hCG trigger used in in vitro fertilization (IVF). The alternative trigger will be considered noninferior if it is at least 80% effective in promoting oocyte competence.

DESIGN

Randomized, double-blinded, controlled noninferiority trial.

SETTING

Academic infertility practice.

PATIENTS

Women aged 18-41 undergoing IVF with antral follicle count ≥8, body mass index ≤30 kg/m², and no history of ≥2 IVF cycles canceled for poor response were enrolled. Participants with a serum estradiol >5,000 pg/mL on the day of trigger were excluded because of high risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.

INTERVENTIONS

Participants were randomized to receive an alternative trigger of 1,500 IU of hCG plus 450 IU of FSH or a standard trigger dose of hCG (5,000 or 10,000 IU) for final oocyte maturation.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

The primary outcome was total competent proportion, defined as the probability of 2 pronuclei from an oocyte retrieved. The alternative trigger will be considered noninferior to the standard trigger if a 1-sided 95% confidence interval (CI) of the relative risk (RR) is not <0.8. Secondary outcomes included oocyte recovery and maturity, intracytoplasmic sperm injection fertilization, embryo quality, pregnancy rates, as well as serum and follicular hormones. Secondary outcomes were compared using a 2-sided superiority test. Outcomes were analyzed by intention-to-treat and per-protocol.

RESULTS

A total of 105 women undergoing IVF were randomized from May 2015 to June 2018. The probability of the primary outcome was 0.59 with the alternative trigger and 0.65 with the standard trigger, with a RR of 0.91 and a 1-sided 95% CI of 0.83. Noninferiority of the alternative trigger was demonstrated. Live birthrate from all fresh transfers in the alternative trigger group vs. standard trigger was 46.9 vs. 46.4% (RR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.62-1.62), respectively. Live birthrate per randomized participant was 48.1% in the alternative trigger group vs. 62.7% with the standard trigger (RR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.48-1.11). No participants had a failed retrieval.

CONCLUSION

Triggering with 1,500 IU of hCG plus 450 IU of FSH promoted noninferior oocyte competence compared to a standard hCG trigger dose.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

NCT02310919.

Comparison of Triggering Final Oocyte Maturation with Follicle Stimulating Hormone Plus Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, versus Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Alonein Normoresponder Women Undergoing Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Few studies have so far been done about the role of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in final oocyte<br />maturation. However, none of these studies have been performed solely on normoresponder patients. This study aimed<br />to determine whether oocyte maturation, as well as fertilization and pregnancy rates, could be improved in normoresponder women with concomitant FSH and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) trigger compared to those with the hCG trigger alone.<br />Materials and Methods: In this prospective randomized clinical trial, 117 normoresponder women, aged 19-40 years<br />who were candidates for the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist protocol at Avicenna Infertility<br />treatment Center, were enrolled and claasified in two groups. Final oocyte maturation was triggered using 10000 IU of<br />hCG plus 450 IU of FSH in the first group (59 subjects) and 10000 IU of hCG alone in the second group (58 subjects).<br />The primary outcome was clinical pregnancy rate.<br />Results: Mean age of the patients was 33.21 ± 4.41 years. There was no difference in clinical pregnancy among the<br />two groups (30.9% vs. 25.5%, P=0.525). There was no statistically significant difference in fertilization rate (80.0%<br />vs. 74.1%, P=0.106), implantation rates (18.9% vs. 16.7%, P=0.352), and chemical pregnancy rates (38.2% vs. 32.7%,<br />P=0.550). Oocyte maturation rate (84.2% vs. 73.6%, P<0.001), 2 pronuclei (2PNs) (6.53 ± 2.54 vs. 5.36 ± 2.85,<br />P=0.021) and total embryos (5.85 ± 2.43 vs. 4.91 ± 2.58, P=0.046) were significantly higher in the first group.<br />Conclusion: Adding FSH to hCG for oocyte triggering, significantly improved oocyte maturation rates and total embryos.<br />While there was no significant difference in the clinical and chemical pregnancy rates, between these two groups<br />(registration number: IRCT20190108042285N1).

The Association between Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome and Pregnancy Complications following Fertility Treatments

OBJECTIVE

 This study was aimed to assess the association between ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) and pregnancy complications among women who conceived following fertility treatment.

STUDY DESIGN

 A retrospective population-based cohort study, including all singleton deliveries of patients conceived following ovulation induction (OI) or in vitro fertilization (IVF) between 1988 and 2016, was conducted. All births occurred in a single tertiary medical center. A comparison was performed between deliveries of women who had experienced OHSS at early gestation and subsequently had a pregnancy and women without OHSS. Women lacking prenatal care, multiple gestations, and stillbirths were excluded from the analyses. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to control for confounders.

RESULTS

 During the study period, 351,373 deliveries met the inclusion criteria, of which 6,748 were deliveries of infants who were conceived by either IVF or OI. Of this study population, 105 cases (1.6%) composed the exposed group, that is, women who had experienced OHSS with a subsequent live birth. In the multivariate analyses, after controlling for confounders, OHSS was not found as an independent risk factor for preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), preterm delivery (both <37 and <34 weeks), low birth weight (LBW), very LBW (VLBW), small for gestational age (SGA), and caesarean delivery. In a subanalysis conducted solely on the IVF population, similar results were found, aside from the association between OHSS and preterm delivery before 34 weeks of gestation which was statistically significant (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.3 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0-5.3, p = 0.049).

CONCLUSION

 In our population, OHSS was not found as a risk factor for adverse pregnancy and perinatal outcome. In IVF patients, OHSS is a risk factor for preterm delivery before 34 weeks of gestation.

KEY POINTS

· OHSS is not a risk factor for pregnancy complications.. · Complications investigated were preeclampsia, GDM, prematurity, and others.. · In IVF patients, OHSS is a risk factor for preterm delivery..

Comparison of Oocyte Maturation Trigger Using Follicle Stimulating Hormone Plus Human Chorionic Gonadotropin versus hCG Alone in Assisted Reproduction Technology Cycles

Background

The goal of this study was to investigate oocyte maturation, fertilization and pregnancy rates among infertile women, by concomitant follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) administration at the time of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) trigger, compared to hCG trigger alone.

Materials and Methods

In this prospective randomized controlled trial, 109 infertile women between the ages of 20 and 40 years, received gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist and fresh embryo transfer. Following the procedure, the subjects were randomly divided into two groups on the oocyte-triggering day. In the experimental group, final oocyte maturation was achieved by 5000 IU hCG plus 450 IU FSH. In the control group, however, oocyte triggering was performed by 5000 IU hCG, only. The primary outcome was clinical pregnancy and the secondary out- comes included oocyte recovery rate, oocyte maturity rate, fertilization proportion rate, fertilization rate, implantation rate and chemical pregnancy rate.

Results

Fifty-four women were appointed to the group with the FSH bolus injection at the time of hCG trigger and 55 women were assigned to the hCG alone group. Women in the FSH group had a significantly higher metaphase II (MII) oocyte (7.17 ± 3.50 vs. 5.87 ± 3.19), 2 pronuclear embryos (2PNs) (5.44 ± 3.20 vs. 3.74 ± 2.30) and total em- bryos (4.57 ± 2.82 vs. 3.29 ± 2.13) compared to hCG alone group, respectively. Furthermore, fertilization rate (0.75 ± 0.19 vs. 0.68 ± 0.25), implantation rate (14.2 vs. 8.5%) as well as clinical (27.9 vs. 15.9%) and chemical (32.6 vs. 20.5%) pregnancy rates were higher in the FSH group, but no statistically significant difference was found (P>0.05).

Conclusion

Combination of FSH and hCG for oocyte triggering improves oocyte maturity and fertilization propor- tion rates without increasing the chance of implantation, chemical and clinical pregnancy rates (Registration number: IRCT2017082724512N5).