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Bellini C, Mancin F, Papini E, Tavano R. Nanotechnological Approaches to Enhance the Potential of α-Lipoic Acid for Application in the Clinic. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:706. [PMID: 38929145 PMCID: PMC11201002 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
α-lipoic acid is a naturally occurring compound with potent antioxidant properties that helps protect cells and tissues from oxidative stress. Its incorporation into nanoplatforms can affect factors like bioavailability, stability, reactivity, and targeted delivery. Nanoformulations of α-lipoic acid can significantly enhance its solubility and absorption, making it more bioavailable. While α-lipoic acid can be prone to degradation in its free form, encapsulation within nanoparticles ensures its stability over time, and its release in a controlled and sustained manner to the targeted tissues and cells. In addition, α-lipoic acid can be combined with other compounds, such as other antioxidants, drugs, or nanomaterials, to create synergistic effects that enhance their overall therapeutic benefits or hinder their potential cytotoxicity. This review outlines the advantages and drawbacks associated with the use of α-lipoic acid, as well as various nanotechnological approaches employed to enhance its therapeutic effectiveness, whether alone or in combination with other bioactive agents. Furthermore, it describes the engineering of α-lipoic acid to produce poly(α-lipoic acid) nanoparticles, which hold promise as an effective drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bellini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy; (C.B.); (E.P.)
| | - Fabrizio Mancin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35121 Padova, Italy;
| | - Emanuele Papini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy; (C.B.); (E.P.)
| | - Regina Tavano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy; (C.B.); (E.P.)
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Imam SS, Alshehri S, Altamimi MA, Mahdi WA, Qamar W. Formulation of Silymarin-β Cyclodextrin-TPGS Inclusion Complex: Physicochemical Characterization, Molecular Docking, and Cell Viability Assessment against Breast Cancer Cell Lines. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:34898-34907. [PMID: 37779986 PMCID: PMC10536084 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Silymarin (SIL) is a poorly water-soluble flavonoid reported for different pharmacological properties. Its therapeutic applications are limited due to poor water solubility. In this study, the solubility of silymarin has been enhanced by preparing freeze-dried binary and ternary complexes using beta cyclodextrin (βCD) and d-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS). The stoichiometry of the drug and the carrier was selected from the phase solubility study. The dissolution study was performed to assess the effect of complexation on the release pattern of SIL. The formation of inclusion complexes was confirmed by different physicochemical studies. Finally, a cell viability assay (MCF 7; breast cancer cell line) was performed to compare the activity with free SIL. The phase solubilization results revealed the formation of a stable complex (binary) with a stability constant and complexation efficiency (CE) value of 288 mol L-1 and 0.045%. The ternary sample depicted a significantly enhanced stability constant and CE value (890 mol L-1 and 0.14%). The release study results showed a marked increase in the release pattern after addition of βCD (alone) in the binary mixture (49.4 ± 3.1%) as well as inclusion complex (66.2 ± 3.2%) compared to free SIL (32.7 ± 1.85%). Furthermore, with the addition of TPGS in SIL-βCD (ternary), the SIL release was found to be significantly enhanced from the SIL ternary mixture (79.2 ± 2.13%) in 120 min. However, fast SIL release was achieved with 99.2 ± 1.7% in 45 min for the SIL ternary complex. IR and NMR spectral analysis results revealed the formation of a stable complex with no drug-polymer interaction. The formation of complexes was also confirmed by the molecular docking study (docking scores of 4.1 and -6.4 kcal/mol). The in vitro cell viability result showed a concentration-dependent activity. The IC50 value of the SIL ternary complex was found to be significantly lower than that of free SIL. The findings of the study concluded that the prepared SIL inclusion complex can be used as an alternative oral delivery system to enhance solubility, dissolution, and biological activity against the tested cancer cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Sarim Imam
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King
Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King
Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A. Altamimi
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King
Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael A. Mahdi
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King
Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wajhul Qamar
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Esmaeilpour D, Broscheit JA, Shityakov S. Cyclodextrin-Based Polymeric Materials Bound to Corona Protein for Theranostic Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13505. [PMID: 36362293 PMCID: PMC9656986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic oligosaccharide structures that could be used for theranostic applications in personalized medicine. These compounds have been widely utilized not only for enhancing drug solubility, stability, and bioavailability but also for controlled and targeted delivery of small molecules. These compounds can be complexed with various biomolecules, such as peptides or proteins, via host-guest interactions. CDs are amphiphilic compounds with water-hating holes and water-absorbing surfaces. Architectures of CDs allow the drawing and preparation of CD-based polymers (CDbPs) with optimal pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. These polymers can be cloaked with protein corona consisting of adsorbed plasma or extracellular proteins to improve nanoparticle biodistribution and half-life. Besides, CDs have become famous in applications ranging from biomedicine to environmental sciences. In this review, we emphasize ongoing research in biomedical fields using CD-based centered, pendant, and terminated polymers and their interactions with protein corona for theranostic applications. Overall, a perusal of information concerning this novel approach in biomedicine will help to implement this methodology based on host-guest interaction to improve therapeutic and diagnostic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donya Esmaeilpour
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz 713451583, Iran
| | - Jens Albert Broscheit
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacher Str. 6, 97080 Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Sergey Shityakov
- Laboratory of Chemoinformatics, Infochemistry Scientific Center, ITMO University, 191002 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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4
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Kometani T. Research on the development and practical application of functional food materials that contribute to the improvement of QOL. J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.69.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kometani
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University
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Kapoor MP, Moriwaki M, Ozeki M, Timm D. Structural elucidation of novel isoquercitrin-γ-cyclodextrin (IQC-γCD) molecular inclusion complexes of potential health benefits. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2021.100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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6
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Tarricone E, Elia R, Mattiuzzo E, Faggian A, Pozzuoli A, Ruggieri P, Brun P. The Viability and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Hyaluronic Acid-Chitlac-Tracimolone Acetonide- β-Cyclodextrin Complex on Human Chondrocytes. Cartilage 2021; 13:920S-924S. [PMID: 32107923 PMCID: PMC8804853 DOI: 10.1177/1947603520908658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of the complex triamcinolone acetonide-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (TA-CD) on in vitro inflamed primary human articular chondrocytes in the presence or absence of the mixture hyaluronic acid-Chitlac, a lactose-modified chitosan (HA-CTL). DESIGN Changes in cell viability and pro-inflammatory cytokines gene expression were analyzed in human chondrocytes using an in vitro model of macrophage-mediated inflammation. Human monocytes U937 were differentiated to macrophages by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The anti-inflammatory effects of the complex TA-CD and HA-CTL mixture were assessed on chondrocytes exposed for 24 hours to U937 conditioned medium (CM), by quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. RESULTS The TA-CD viability was enhanced by the presence of the HA-CTL mixture in chondrocyte cultures. The exposure of cells to CM significantly increased interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 gene expression, and when the complex TA-CD was added to the inflamed cells, gene transcription of cytokines was restored to near baseline values, both in the presence or in the absence of HA-CTL mixture. CONCLUSION The addition of HA-CTL mixture significantly attenuated cytotoxicity induced by TA and preserved the anti-inflammatory effects, thus confirming the chondroprotective role of the HA-CTL mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tarricone
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Histology
Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Rossella Elia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Histology
Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Mattiuzzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Histology
Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessia Faggian
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Histology
Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Assunta Pozzuoli
- Musculoskeletal Pathology and Oncology
Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova,
Padova, Italy,Orthopedic and Traumatologic Clinic,
Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova,
Italy
| | - Pietro Ruggieri
- Orthopedic and Traumatologic Clinic,
Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova,
Italy
| | - Paola Brun
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Histology
Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy,Paola Brun, Department of Molecular Medicine,
Histology Unit, University of Padua, Via Ugo Bassi 58B, Padova 35121, Italy.
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Kapoor MP, Moriwaki M, Uguri K, Timm D, Kuroiwa Y. Bioavailability of dietary isoquercitrin-γ-cyclodextrin molecular inclusion complex in Sprague–Dawley rats and healthy humans. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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8
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Liu Z, Ye L, Xi J, Wang J, Feng ZG. Cyclodextrin polymers: Structure, synthesis, and use as drug carriers. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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9
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Evaluation of Polyethylene Glycol Crosslinked β-CD Polymers for the Removal of Methylene Blue. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10134679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The environment is at the heart of global worldwide discussion. This study describes the synthesis of ecofriendly polymers by a crosslinking reaction between β-cyclodextrin as the monomer and polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEDGE) as well as ethylene diglycidyl ether (EDGE) as the crosslinking agents. The studied polymers were characterized by several techniques, such as SEM, FTIR, TGA-TDA and XRD. Their adsorption properties for methylene blue under various conditions of pH, contact time and initial concentration of dye were assessed in order to find the optimal conditions. The results indicate that the polymers are good nominates for methylene blue adsorption with adsorption capacities up to 15 mg/g. The adsorption mechanism was demonstrated to follow the Langmuir model. Finally, the regeneration of the polymers was investigated using Soxhlet extraction with ethanol. The absorption capacities of the adsorbent were stable after three cycles.
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Han Y, Liu W, Huang J, Qiu S, Zhong H, Liu D, Liu J. Cyclodextrin-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks (CD-MOFs) in Pharmaceutics and Biomedicine. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E271. [PMID: 30545114 PMCID: PMC6321025 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) show promising application in biomedicine and pharmaceutics owing to their extraordinarily high surface area, tunable pore size, and adjustable internal surface properties. However, MOFs are prepared from non-renewable or toxic materials, which limit their real-world applications. Cyclodextrins (CDs) are a typical natural and biodegradable cyclic oligosaccharide and are primarily used to enhance the aqueous solubility, safety, and bioavailability of drugs by virtue of its low toxicity and highly flexible structure, offering a peculiar ability to form CD/drug inclusions. A sophisticated strategy where CD is deployed as a ligand to form an assembly of cyclodextrin-based MOFs (CD-MOFs) may overcome real-world application drawbacks of MOFs. CD-MOFs incorporate the porous features of MOFs and the encapsulation capability of CD for drug molecules, leading to outstanding properties when compared with traditional hybrid materials. This review focuses on the inclusion technology and drug delivery properties associated with CD-MOFs. In addition, synthetic strategies and currently developed uses of CD-MOFs are highlighted as well. Also, perspectives and future challenges in this rapidly developing research area are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Han
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Formulation Technology, Key Laboratory of Research and Development of New Medical Materials of Guangdong Medical University, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Weicong Liu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Formulation Technology, Key Laboratory of Research and Development of New Medical Materials of Guangdong Medical University, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Jianjing Huang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Formulation Technology, Key Laboratory of Research and Development of New Medical Materials of Guangdong Medical University, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Shuowen Qiu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Formulation Technology, Key Laboratory of Research and Development of New Medical Materials of Guangdong Medical University, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Huarui Zhong
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Formulation Technology, Key Laboratory of Research and Development of New Medical Materials of Guangdong Medical University, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Dong Liu
- Shenzhen Huachuang Bio-pharmaceutical Technology Co. Ltd., Shenzhen 518112, China.
| | - Jianqiang Liu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Formulation Technology, Key Laboratory of Research and Development of New Medical Materials of Guangdong Medical University, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
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11
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Das SK, Kahali N, Bose A, Khanam J. Physicochemical characterization and in vitro dissolution performance of ibuprofen-Captisol® (sulfobutylether sodium salt of β-CD) inclusion complexes. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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12
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Thomsen H, Benkovics G, Fenyvesi É, Farewell A, Malanga M, Ericson MB. Delivery of cyclodextrin polymers to bacterial biofilms — An exploratory study using rhodamine labelled cyclodextrins and multiphoton microscopy. Int J Pharm 2017; 531:650-657. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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13
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Liu Z, Pang L, Li Q, Zhang S, Li J, Tong H, Xu Z, Yi CF. Hydrophilic porous polyimide/β-cyclodextrin composite membranes with enhanced gas separation performance and low dielectric constant. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008317701548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of co-polyimide (PI)/modified β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) composites were successfully fabricated from anhydride-terminated PI and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane-modified β-CD (β-ACD). Co-PI was prepared from 4,4′-oxydianiline, 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphthalic anhydride, and 2,2-bis[4-(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy)phenyl]propane dianhydride by chemical imidization. Different amounts of β-ACD (0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 wt%) were introduced into co-PI via strong covalent interactions between the terminal anhydride and amino groups. The structures and properties of the composites were characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic thermomechanical analysis, mechanical properties tests, and contact angle tests. The results showed that β-ACD was successfully grafted on the PI segment. The composite films showed good thermal stability, glass transition temperatures between 244°C and 254°C, and 10% weight loss at temperatures of 514°C–545°C and 506°C–538°C in nitrogen and air atmosphere, respectively. They also exhibited excellent mechanical properties with tensile strength, tensile modulus, and elongation at break values of 78–111 MPa, 1.14–2.05 GPa, and 8–17%, respectively. All of these values were maximized at a β-ACD content of 1 wt%. The water uptake of the composites films was more than 1%, indicating that the addition of β-ACD can enhance the water absorption of PI films. All of these composite films are porous, and the contact angle indicated that the addition of β-ACD increased the hydrophilicity of the composite film. When the β-ACD doping content reached 7 wt%, the contact angle reached a minimum of 63°. All of the membranes were thermally annealed at 300°C for 1 h, after which gas adsorption tests showed that the composite films have enhanced CO2/CH4 selectivity, which can reach 12.7 (308 K).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehan Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Long Pang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shulai Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Tong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zushun Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chang-feng Yi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
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Ammar HO, Ghorab MM, Mahmoud AA, Noshi SH. Formulation of risperidone in floating microparticles to alleviate its extrapyramidal side effects. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fjps.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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15
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Cyclodextrins: A promising drug delivery vehicle for bisphosphonate. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 156:285-293. [PMID: 27842825 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bisphosphonates are well established pharmaceutical drugs with wide applications in medicine. Nevertheless, the side chain and the nature of phosphorous groups could induce a poor aqueous solubility and act on their bioavailability. At the same time, cyclodextrins are cage molecules that facilitate transport of hydrophobic molecules to enhance the intestinal drug absorption of these molecules by forming inclusion complexes. Here we demonstrate that cyclodextrins could be used as a bisphosphonate carrier. The formation of cyclodextrins-bisphosphonate complexes was characterized by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, Isothermal Titration Calorimetry and UV-vis spectroscopy. The results revealed that only the side chain of bisphosphonate was involved in the inclusion phenomenon and its length was a crucial parameter in the control of affinity. Findings from this study suggest that cyclodextrin will be a useful carrier for bisphosphonates.
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16
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Olesen NE, Vana V, Holm R. Does the Digestibility of Cyclodextrins Influence the In Vivo Absorption of Benzo[a]pyrene in Rats? J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:2698-2702. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2015.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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In silico prediction of the β-cyclodextrin complexation based on Monte Carlo method. Int J Pharm 2015; 495:404-409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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18
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Sierpe R, Lang E, Jara P, Guerrero AR, Chornik B, Kogan MJ, Yutronic N. Gold nanoparticles interacting with β-cyclodextrin-phenylethylamine inclusion complex: a ternary system for photothermal drug release. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:15177-15188. [PMID: 26091143 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of a 1:1 β-cyclodextrin-phenylethylamine (βCD-PhEA) inclusion complex (IC) and the adhesion of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) onto microcrystals of this complex, which forms a ternary system. The formation of the IC was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction and NMR analyses ((1)H and ROESY). The stability constant of the IC (760 M(-1)) was determined using the phase solubility method. The adhesion of AuNPs was obtained using the magnetron sputtering technique, and the presence of AuNPs was confirmed using UV-vis spectroscopy (surface plasmon resonance effect), which showed an absorbance at 533 nm. The powder X-ray diffractograms of βCD-PhEA were similar to those of the crystals decorated with AuNPs. A comparison of the one- and two-dimensional NMR spectra of the IC with and without AuNPs suggests partial displacement of the guest to the outside of the βCD due to attraction toward AuNPs, a characteristic tropism effect. The size, morphology, and distribution of the AuNPs were analyzed using TEM and SEM. The average size of the AuNPs was 14 nm. Changes in the IR and Raman spectra were attributed to the formation of the complex and to the specific interactions of this group with the AuNPs. Laser irradiation assays show that the ternary system βCD-PhEA-AuNPs in solution enables the release of the guest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Sierpe
- †Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone #1007, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
- ‡Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras #3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
- ∥Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Sergio Livingstone #1007, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Erika Lang
- ‡Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras #3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paul Jara
- ‡Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras #3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ariel R Guerrero
- †Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone #1007, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
- ∥Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Sergio Livingstone #1007, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Boris Chornik
- §Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef #850, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo J Kogan
- †Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone #1007, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
- ∥Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Sergio Livingstone #1007, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Yutronic
- ‡Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras #3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
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Shinohara K, Yamashita M, Uchida W, Okabe C, Oshima S, Sugino M, Egawa Y, Miki R, Hosoya O, Fujihara T, Ishimaru Y, Kishino T, Seki T, Juni K. Preparation of polypseudorotaxanes composed of cyclodextrin and polymers in microspheres. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2015; 62:962-6. [PMID: 25273055 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c14-00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We prepared polypseudorotaxanes (PPRXs) composed of cyclodextrin (CyD) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) inside microspheres (MSs) by an emulsifying process using polypropylene glycol (PPG) that shows temperature-dependent hydrophilicity changes; PPG is hydrophobic at high temperatures but hydrophilic at low temperatures. An aqueous solution of CyD and PEG was dispersed as droplets in PPG at 60°C then cooled to 0°C to allow water of droplets to transfer into PPG. On removal of water in the droplets, CyD and PEG were left behind as a CyD/PEG PPRX inside the solid-state MSs. Examination of α-, β-, and γ-CyD revealed that α-CyD was suitable for the formation of PPRX containing PEG in this MS preparation procedure. Interestingly, a new PPRX composed of α-CyD and PPG was formed in the α-CyD MSs when they were prepared in the absence of PEG from the aqueous solution of α-CyD. This MS fabrication procedure can control the size and shape of PPRX particles, and will contribute to the production of new types of CyD inclusion complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Shinohara
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University
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Ogawa N, Takahashi C, Yamamoto H. Physicochemical Characterization of Cyclodextrin–Drug Interactions in the Solid State and the Effect of Water on These Interactions. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:942-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Martins L, Arrais M, de Souza A, Marsaioli A. 1H NMR studies of binary and ternary dapsone supramolecular complexes with different drug carriers: EPC liposome, SBE-β-CD and β-CD. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2014; 52:665-672. [PMID: 25042274 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Binary and ternary systems composed of dapsone, sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD), β-CD and egg phosphatidylcholine (EPC) were evaluated using 1D ROESY, saturation transfer difference NMR and diffusion experiments (DOSY) revealing the binary complexes Dap/β-CD (K(a) 1396 l mol(-1)), Dap/SBE-β-CD (K(a) 246 l mol(-1)), Dap/EPC (K(a) 84 l mol(-1)) and the ternary complex Dap/β-CD/EPC (K(a) 18 l mol(-1)) in which dapsone is more soluble.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Martins
- University of Campinas, Chemistry Institute, Campinas, Brazil
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22
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Liu M, Chen A, Wang Y, Wang C, Wang B, Sun D. Improved solubility and stability of 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin at different temperatures and pH values through complexation with sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin. Food Chem 2014; 168:270-5. [PMID: 25172710 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The inclusion complex of 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin (7H4MC) with sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) was investigated by means of UV-vis, circular dichroism and (1)H NMR spectroscopy in phosphate buffer solutions at different temperatures and pH values. The stoichiometric ratio of the complexation was found to be 1:1 and the stability constants (KC) were estimated from phase solubility analysis. The thermodynamic parameters of standard Gibbs free energy change, ΔG(o), enthalpy change, ΔH(o), and entropy change, ΔS(o), for the complexation process were obtained by using the van't Hoff equation and Gibbs-Helmholtz equation. The large negative ΔH(o) and the small negative or positive ΔS(o) (|ΔH(o)|>|TΔS(o)|) demonstrated that the inclusion interaction was an enthalpy-driven process. The positive signal of circular dichroism indicated that 7H4MC penetrated the cavity in such a way that the transition moment of the guest chromophore was parallel to the long axis of SBE-β-CD cavity. Moreover, the (1)H NMR spectrum showed that the entire 7H4MC molecule, except the hydroxyl group, was included in the SBE-β-CD cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liao Cheng University, Wenhua Road, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, PR China.
| | - Aiju Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liao Cheng University, Wenhua Road, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, PR China
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liao Cheng University, Wenhua Road, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, PR China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liao Cheng University, Wenhua Road, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, PR China
| | - Bingquan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liao Cheng University, Wenhua Road, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, PR China
| | - Dezhi Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liao Cheng University, Wenhua Road, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, PR China
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Strategies for delivering porphyrinoid-based photosensitizers in therapeutic applications. Ther Deliv 2014; 5:859-72. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.14.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivery strategies for porphyrinoid-based photosensitizers for use in therapeutic applications are based on a myriad of factors, which include porphyrinoid structure, solubility and cellular targets. These drug-delivery methods include encapsulation, hydrogels, protein carriers, nanoparticles and polymeric micelles among others. This article reviews the strategies for delivering porphyrinoids published to date and will focus on porphyrins, corroles, chlorins, bacteriochlorins, porphyrazines and phthalocyanines. Highlighted are the most recent and different strategies used for each of the corresponding porphyrinoid-based macrocycles.
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24
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Holm R, Schönbeck C, Somprasirt P, Westh P, Mu H. A study of salt effects on the complexation between β-cyclodextrins and bile salts based on the Hofmeister series. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-014-0383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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25
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Chen W, Wang C, Yan L, Huang L, Zhu X, Chen B, Sant HJ, Niu X, Zhu G, Yu KN, Roy VAL, Gale BK, Chen X. Improved polyvinylpyrrolidone microneedle arrays with non-stoichiometric cyclodextrin. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:1699-1705. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb21698e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Improved polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) microneedle arrays can be fabricated by adding cyclodextrin (CD) to form PVP–CD inclusion complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF)
- City University of Hong Kong
- , P. R. China
- Department of Physics and Materials Science
- City University of Hong Kong
| | - Chong Wang
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF)
- City University of Hong Kong
- , P. R. China
- Department of Physics and Materials Science
- City University of Hong Kong
| | - Li Yan
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF)
- City University of Hong Kong
- , P. R. China
- Department of Physics and Materials Science
- City University of Hong Kong
| | - Longbiao Huang
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF)
- City University of Hong Kong
- , P. R. China
- Department of Physics and Materials Science
- City University of Hong Kong
| | - Xiaoyue Zhu
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF)
- City University of Hong Kong
- , P. R. China
- Department of Physics and Materials Science
- City University of Hong Kong
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering
- City University of Hong Kong
- , P. R. China
| | - Himanshu J. Sant
- State of Utah Center of Excellence for Biomedical Microfluidics
- Departments of Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering
- University of Utah
- Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Xinrui Niu
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering
- City University of Hong Kong
- , P. R. China
| | - Guangyu Zhu
- Department of Biology and Chemistry
- City University of Hong Kong
- , P. R. China
| | - K. N. Yu
- Department of Physics and Materials Science
- City University of Hong Kong
- , P. R. China
| | - V. A. L. Roy
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF)
- City University of Hong Kong
- , P. R. China
- Department of Physics and Materials Science
- City University of Hong Kong
| | - Bruce K. Gale
- State of Utah Center of Excellence for Biomedical Microfluidics
- Departments of Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering
- University of Utah
- Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Xianfeng Chen
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF)
- City University of Hong Kong
- , P. R. China
- Department of Physics and Materials Science
- City University of Hong Kong
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Gourevich D, Dogadkin O, Volovick A, Wang L, Gnaim J, Cochran S, Melzer A. Ultrasound-mediated targeted drug delivery with a novel cyclodextrin-based drug carrier by mechanical and thermal mechanisms. J Control Release 2013; 170:316-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Biernacka J, Betlejewska-Kielak K, Witowska-Jarosz J, Kłosińska-Szmurło E, Mazurek AP. Mass spectrometry and molecular modeling studies on the inclusion complexes between alendronate and β-cyclodextrin. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2013; 78:437-443. [PMID: 24431983 PMCID: PMC3887263 DOI: 10.1007/s10847-013-0315-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Complexation of alendronate sodium (AlnNa) with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) was studied by means of ESI-mass spectrometry. The experimental results show that stable 1:1 inclusion complexes between selected bisphosphonates and β-CD were formed. In addition, complexes with different stoichiometry were observed. DFT/B3LYP calculations were performed to elucidate the different inclusion behavior between alendronate and β-CD. Molecular modeling showed that the inclusion complex of Aln-β-CD where the two phosphonate groups bound to the central carbon atom of bisphosphonate were inserted into the cavity of β-CD from its "top" side was thermodynamically more favorable than when they were inserted from its "bottom" side; the complexation energy was -74.05 versus -60.85 kcal/mol. The calculations indicated that the formation of conventional hydrogen bonds was the main factor for non-covalent β-CD:Aln complex formation and stabilization in the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Biernacka
- Department of Drug Chemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Ewa Kłosińska-Szmurło
- Department of Drug Chemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksander P. Mazurek
- Department of Drug Chemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- National Medicines Institute, 30/34 Chełmska Street, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
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28
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Badruddoza AZM, Rahman MT, Ghosh S, Hossain MZ, Shi J, Hidajat K, Uddin MS. β-Cyclodextrin conjugated magnetic, fluorescent silica core-shell nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 95:449-57. [PMID: 23618292 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We present synthesis of highly uniform magnetic nanocomposite material possessing an assortment of important functionalities: magnetism, luminescence, cell-targeting, and hydrophobic drug delivery. Magnetic particle Fe3O4 is encapsulated within a shell of SiO2 that ensures biocompatibility of the nanocomposite as well as act as a host for fluorescent dye (FITC), cancer-targeting ligand (folic acid), and a hydrophobic drug storage-delivering vehicle (β-cyclodextrin). Our preliminary results suggest that such core-shell nanocomposite can be a smart theranostic candidate for simultaneous fluorescence imaging, magnetic manipulation, cancer cell-targeting and hydrophobic drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Zayed Md Badruddoza
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
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29
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Zhang QF, Nie HC, Shangguang XC, Yin ZP, Zheng GD, Chen JG. Aqueous solubility and stability enhancement of astilbin through complexation with cyclodextrins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:151-156. [PMID: 23228168 DOI: 10.1021/jf304398v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The complexation of astilbin with α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrin (CD) was studied by phase solubility test and UV-vis spectral titration. Complexation with CDs gradually decreased the absorbance of astilbin at 291 nm and obviously increased its water solubility. The formation constant (K(a)) between astilbin and the three CDs was calculated. The stability of astilbin complexes increased in the order α-CD < γ-CD < β-CD, attributed to the CDs' cavity size. Temperature studies showed that the K(a) value decreased along with the rise of temperature. The negative values of enthalpy and entropy during complexation indicated that the complexation process was enthalpy-controlled. In alkaline medium isomerization and decomposition of astilbin were found; however, the addition of CDs significantly improved its stability through complexation. The solubility of astilbin in β-CD microcapsules prepared by the freeze-drying method was enhanced by 122.1-fold, and its dissolution profile was improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Feng Zhang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Product and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
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30
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Domínguez CSH, Hernández P. Use of Cucurbit [6] Uril as a Modifier in the Electrochemical Determination of Antitumor Platinum (II) Complex: <i>Trans</i>-[PtCl<sub>2</sub>(Dimethylamine) (Isopropylamine)]. Application to Biological Samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2013.46040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Miranda JCD, Martins TEA, Veiga F, Ferraz HG. Cyclodextrins and ternary complexes: technology to improve solubility of poorly soluble drugs. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502011000400003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic oligosaccharides composed of D-glucopyranoside units linked by glycosidic bonds. Their main property is the ability to modify the physicochemical and biological characteristics of low-soluble drugs through the formation of drug:CD inclusion complexes. Inclusion complexation requires that host molecules fit completely or partially within the CD cavity. This adjustment is directly related to the physicochemical properties of the guest and host molecules, easy accommodation of guest molecules within the CD cavity, stoichiometry, therapeutic dose, and toxicity. However, dosage forms may achieve a high volume, depending on the amount of CD required. Thus, it is necessary to increase solubilization efficiency in order to use smaller amounts of CD. This can be achieved by adding small amounts of water-soluble polymers to the system. This review addresses aspects related to drug complexation with CDs using water-soluble polymers to optimize the amount of CD used in the formulation in order to increase drug solubility and reduce dosage form volume.
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32
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Salústio PJ, Pontes P, Conduto C, Sanches I, Carvalho C, Arrais J, Marques HMC. Advanced technologies for oral controlled release: cyclodextrins for oral controlled release. AAPS PharmSciTech 2011; 12:1276-92. [PMID: 21948320 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-011-9690-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are used in oral pharmaceutical formulations, by means of inclusion complexes formation, with the following advantages for the drugs: (1) solubility, dissolution rate, stability, and bioavailability enhancement; (2) to modify the drug release site and/or time profile; and (3) to reduce or prevent gastrointestinal side effects and unpleasant smell or taste, to prevent drug-drug or drug-additive interactions, or even to convert oil and liquid drugs into microcrystalline or amorphous powders. A more recent trend focuses on the use of CDs as nanocarriers, a strategy that aims to design versatile delivery systems that can encapsulate drugs with better physicochemical properties for oral delivery. Thus, the aim of this work was to review the applications of the CDs and their hydrophilic derivatives on the solubility enhancement of poorly water-soluble drugs in order to increase their dissolution rate and get immediate release, as well as their ability to control (to prolong or to delay) the release of drugs from solid dosage forms, either as complexes with the hydrophilic (e.g., as osmotic pumps) and/or hydrophobic CDs. New controlled delivery systems based on nanotechnology carriers (nanoparticles and conjugates) have also been reviewed.
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Holm R, Schönbeck C, Askjaer S, Jensen H, Westh P, Østergaard J. Complexation of tauro- and glyco-conjugated bile salts with α-cyclodextrin and hydroxypropyl-α-cyclodextrin studied by affinity capillary electrophoresis and molecular modelling. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:3221-30. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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34
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Thatiparti TR, Averell N, Overstreet D, von Recum HA. Multiplexing Interactions to Control Antibiotic Release from Cyclodextrin Hydrogels. Macromol Biosci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201100159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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35
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Synthesis of conjugates of β-cyclodextrin with polyamidoamine dendrimers and their molecular inclusion interaction with levofloxacin lactate. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-011-9938-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Gavini E, Spada G, Rassu G, Cerri G, Brundu A, Cossu M, Sorrenti M, Giunchedi P. Development of solid nanoparticles based on hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin aimed for the colonic transmucosal delivery of diclofenac sodium. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 63:472-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2010.01220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Nanoparticles were designed for the oral administration and transmucosal colon delivery of drugs.
Methods
Preparation parameters were studied in order to develop solid pH-dependent drug-release nanoparticles, constituted by hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and/or Eudragit® L100 loaded with diclofenac sodium. Nanoemulsions were prepared by the emulsion-evaporation method using various homogenizers. Different preparative conditions were tested. The emulsions obtained were analysed in terms of size and then dried to obtain solid nanoparticles which were characterized in vitro (particle size, morphology, dissolution, solid state characterization). The effect of nanoparticles on drug permeation through synthetic membranes, colonic pig mucosa and Caco2 cell line were performed. Toxicity studies were carried out to assess the safety of the raw materials used and the nanosystems produced.
Key findings
Appropriate parameters to obtain nanoemulsions stable enough to be desiccated were determined: Panda NS100L was the most suitable homogenizer for the preparation; particle size ranged between 100 and 600 nm depending on the production method. Solid nanoparticles were obtained by an exsiccation process, which does not modify the mean size. pH-dependent drug-release nanoparticles were obtained. The nanoencapsulation process decreased the crystallinity of the drug. Materials and nanoparticles were highly biocompatible. Transmucosal delivery of drug is dependent on the polymer and the test employed: cyclodextrin improved drug permeation across colonic pig mucosa.
Conclusions
Formulations containing hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin represent new colon-targeted nanoparticles for transmucosal delivery of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Gavini
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, University of Sassari, Via Muroni, Italy
| | - Gianpiera Spada
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, University of Sassari, Via Muroni, Italy
| | - Giovanna Rassu
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, University of Sassari, Via Muroni, Italy
| | - Guido Cerri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Botaniche, Ecologiche e Geologiche, University of Sassari, Via Piandanna, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Brundu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Botaniche, Ecologiche e Geologiche, University of Sassari, Via Piandanna, Sassari, Italy
| | - Massimo Cossu
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, University of Sassari, Via Muroni, Italy
| | - Milena Sorrenti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Giunchedi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, University of Sassari, Via Muroni, Italy
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Li H, Sun J, Wang Y, Sui X, Sun L, Zhang J, He Z. Structure-based in silico model profiles the binding constant of poorly soluble drugs with β-cyclodextrin. Eur J Pharm Sci 2010; 42:55-64. [PMID: 20979986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2010] [Revised: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrin inclusion complexation technique is the key method to enhance the solubility and absorption of poorly soluble drugs in the early development stage, and thus it is essential to predict the binding constant between drug molecules and cyclodextrin. Structure-based in silico model was constructed for a data set of 86 poorly soluble drugs and used to profile the binding constant of drug-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex. The stepwise regression was employed to select the optimum subset of the independent variables. The in silico model was built by the multiple linear regression method and validated by the residual analysis, the normal Probability-Probability plot and Williams plot. For the entire data set, the R(2) and Q(2) of the model were 0.78 and 0.67, respectively. The results indicated that the fitted model is robust, stable and satisfies all the prerequisites of the regression models. The chemical space position and important contributors were compared between selected drug molecules and organic compounds available in the literature. It was suggested that the binding behavior of drug molecules with β-CD should differ from that of the common organic compounds. Focusing on structurally diverse drugs, the in silico model can be used as an efficient tool to rapidly screen the drug-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex stability and to rationally design the new drug delivery system of poorly soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Li
- Center for Drug Delivery System, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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38
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Marques HMC. A review on cyclodextrin encapsulation of essential oils and volatiles. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Yano H, Kleinebudde P. Improvement of dissolution behavior for poorly water-soluble drug by application of cyclodextrin in extrusion process: comparison between melt extrusion and wet extrusion. AAPS PharmSciTech 2010; 11:885-93. [PMID: 20496019 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-010-9448-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to improve dissolution behavior of poorly water-soluble drugs by application of cyclodextrin in extrusion processes, which were melt extrusion process and wet extrusion process. Indomethacin (IM) was employed as a model drug. Extrudates containing IM and 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CyD) in 1:1 w/w ratio were manufactured by both melt extrusion process and wet extrusion process. In vitro drug release properties of IM from extrudates and physiochemical properties of extrudates were investigated. The dissolution rates of IM from extrudates manufactured by melt extrusion and wet extrusion with HP-beta-CyD were significantly higher than that of the physical mixture of IM and HP-beta-CyD. In extrudate manufactured by melt extrusion, gamma-form of IM changed to amorphous completely during melt extrusion due to heating above melting point of IM. On the other hand, in extrudate manufactured by wet extrusion, gamma-form of IM changed to amorphous partially due to interaction between IM and HP-beta-CyD and mechanical agitating force during process. Application of HP-beta-CyD in extrusion process is useful for the enhancement of dissolution rate for poorly water-soluble drugs.
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Saruta N, Fukami T, Furuishi T, Suzuki T, Tomono K. Powdered formulation of liquid oil terpenoid included in cyclodextrins for chemical stabilization and improved handling. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2009.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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41
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Králová J, Kejík Z, Bríza T, Poucková P, Král A, Martásek P, Král V. Porphyrin-cyclodextrin conjugates as a nanosystem for versatile drug delivery and multimodal cancer therapy. J Med Chem 2010; 53:128-38. [PMID: 19950899 DOI: 10.1021/jm9007278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The porphyrin-cyclodextrin conjugates were prepared and tested for selective and effective multifunctional drug delivery and therapy. The porphyrin receptor system combines efficient binding of the selected drug to the cyclodextrin cavity and photosensitizing properties of the porphyrin moiety with high accumulation of the whole complex in cancer tissue. The combined effect of chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy is demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarmila Králová
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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McInnes FJ, Anthony NG, Kennedy AR, Wheate NJ. Solid state stabilisation of the orally delivered drugs atenolol, glibenclamide, memantine and paracetamol through their complexation with cucurbit[7]uril. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:765-73. [PMID: 20135032 DOI: 10.1039/b918372h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The inclusion of the cardiovascular beta-blocker drug atenolol, the antidiabetic drug glibenclamide, the Alzheimer's NMDA glutamate receptor drug memantine and the analgesic/antipyretic drug paracetamol by cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) has been studied by (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry, molecular modelling, fluorescence displacement assays and differential scanning calorimetry. All four drugs form 1 : 1 host-guest complexes with CB[7], but the exchange kinetics and location of the binding is different for each drug. Atenolol is bound over the central phenyl ring with a binding constant of 4.2 x 10(4) M(-1), whereas glibenclamide is bound over the terminal cyclohexyl group with a binding constant of 1.7 x 10(5) M(-1), and memantine is totally bound within the CB[7] cavity. Paracetamol is bound in two locations, over the central phenyl ring and over the methyl group, with the CB[7] molecule shuttling quickly between the two sites. Inclusion by CB[7] was shown by differential scanning calorimetry to physically stabilise all four drugs, which has applications preventing drug degradation and improving drug processing and formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona J McInnes
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, John Arbuthnott Building, 27 Taylor Street, Glasgow, United KingdomG4 0NR
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Chemoprevention of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced oral carcinogenesis in hamster cheek pouch by topical application of resveratrol complexed with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. Oral Oncol 2010; 46:42-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Arantes LM, Scarelli C, Marsaioli AJ, de Paula E, Fernandes SA. Proparacaine complexation with beta-cyclodextrin and p-sulfonic acid calix[6]arene, as evaluated by varied (1)H-NMR approaches. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2009; 47:757-763. [PMID: 19557725 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on the use of NMR techniques as a tool for the investigation of complex formation between proparacaine and cyclodextrins (CDs) or p-sulfonic acid calix[6]arene. The pH dependence of the complexation of proparacaine with beta-CD and p-sulfonic acid calix[6]arene was studied and binding constants were determined by (1)H NMR spectroscopy [diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY)] for the charged and uncharged forms of the local anesthetic in beta-CD and p-sulfonic acid calix[6]arene. The stoichiometries of the complexes was determined and rotating frame Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (ROESY) 1D experiments revealed details of the molecular insertion of proparacaine into the beta-CD and p-sulfonic acid calix[6]arene cavities. The results unambiguously demonstrate that pH is an important factor for the development of supramolecular architectures based on beta-CD and p-sulfonic acid calix[6]arene as the host molecules. Such host-guest complexes were investigated in view of their potential use as new therapeutic formulations, designed to increase the bioavailability and/or to decrease the systemic toxicity of proparacaine in anesthesia procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Micquéias Arantes
- Grupo de Química Supramolecular e Biomimética (GQSB), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, 36570-000, MG, Brazil
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Luchini A, Longo C, Espina V, Petricoin EF, Liotta LA. Nanoparticle technology: Addressing the fundamental roadblocks to protein biomarker discovery. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY 2009; 19:5071-5077. [PMID: 20585471 PMCID: PMC2888266 DOI: 10.1039/b822264a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of affinity baits into N-isopropylacrylamide-hydrogel-based nanoparticles offers a novel technology that addresses the major analytical challenges of disease biomarker discovery. In solution in complex biologic fluids (e.g. blood or urine), core-shell bait-containing nanoparticles can perform three functions in one step: (a) sieve molecules according to size, (b) sequestrate and concentrate target analytes, and (c) protect analytes from degradation.
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Bellia F, La Mendola D, Pedone C, Rizzarelli E, Saviano M, Vecchio G. Selectively functionalized cyclodextrins and their metal complexes. Chem Soc Rev 2009; 38:2756-81. [PMID: 19690752 DOI: 10.1039/b718436k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic oligomers of alpha-1,4-linked D-glucopyranose. Due to their unique structure, marked by a chiral and hydrophobic cavity, CDs have been extensively used as chiral selectors and drug delivery systems. The functionalization both improve the CD applications and widen their use in many other fields, such as molecular recognition and enzyme mimicking. Moreover, the functionalization highly increases the metal binding properties of the CDs. This critical review is a report of recent applications concerning the CD derivatives and their metal complexes. The metal ion assists the host-guest interaction often increasing the properties of CDs to act as chiral receptors. Furthermore, it can act as a catalytic center in the mimicking of metalloenzymes based on functionalized CDs (164 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, University of Catania, viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
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Longo C, Patanarut A, George T, Bishop B, Zhou W, Fredolini C, Ross MM, Espina V, Pellacani G, Petricoin EF, Liotta LA, Luchini A. Core-shell hydrogel particles harvest, concentrate and preserve labile low abundance biomarkers. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4763. [PMID: 19274087 PMCID: PMC2651577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The blood proteome is thought to represent a rich source of biomarkers for early stage disease detection. Nevertheless, three major challenges have hindered biomarker discovery: a) candidate biomarkers exist at extremely low concentrations in blood; b) high abundance resident proteins such as albumin mask the rare biomarkers; c) biomarkers are rapidly degraded by endogenous and exogenous proteinases. Methodology and Principal Findings Hydrogel nanoparticles created with a N-isopropylacrylamide based core (365 nm)-shell (167 nm) and functionalized with a charged based bait (acrylic acid) were studied as a technology for addressing all these biomarker discovery problems, in one step, in solution. These harvesting core-shell nanoparticles are designed to simultaneously conduct size exclusion and affinity chromatography in solution. Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), a clinically relevant, highly labile, and very low abundance biomarker, was chosen as a model. PDGF, spiked in human serum, was completely sequestered from its carrier protein albumin, concentrated, and fully preserved, within minutes by the particles. Particle sequestered PDGF was fully protected from exogenously added tryptic degradation. When the nanoparticles were added to a 1 mL dilute solution of PDGF at non detectable levels (less than 20 picograms per mL) the concentration of the PDGF released from the polymeric matrix of the particles increased within the detection range of ELISA and mass spectrometry. Beyond PDGF, the sequestration and protection from degradation for a series of additional very low abundance and very labile cytokines were verified. Conclusions and Significance We envision the application of harvesting core-shell nanoparticles to whole blood for concentration and immediate preservation of low abundance and labile analytes at the time of venipuncture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Longo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Alexis Patanarut
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Tony George
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Barney Bishop
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Weidong Zhou
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Claudia Fredolini
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Mark M. Ross
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Virginia Espina
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Giovanni Pellacani
- Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Emanuel F. Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Lance A. Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Alessandra Luchini
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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de Araujo MVG, Macedo OFL, Nascimento CDC, Conegero LS, Barreto LS, Almeida LE, da Costa NB, Gimenez IF. Characterization, phase solubility and molecular modeling of alpha-cyclodextrin/pyrimethamine inclusion complex. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2009; 72:165-170. [PMID: 19019728 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2008.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An inclusion complex between the dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor pyrimethamine (PYR) and alpha-cyclodextrin (alpha-CD) was prepared and characterized. From the phase-solubility diagram, a linear increase of PYR solubility was verified as a function of alpha-CD concentration, suggesting the formation of a soluble complex. A 1:1 host-guest stoichiometry can be proposed according to the Job's plot, obtained from the difference of PYR fluorescence intensity in the presence and absence of alpha-CD. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements provided additional evidences of complexation such as the absence of the endothermic peak assigned to the melting of the drug. The inclusion mode characterized by two-dimensional (1)H NMR spectroscopy (ROESY) involves penetration of the p-chlorophenyl ring into the alpha-CD cavity, in agreement to the orientation optimized by molecular modeling methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Valeria Gaspar de Araujo
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon s/n, Campus Universitário Prof. José Aloísio de Campos, CEP 491000-000, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
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Holm R, Shi W, Hartvig RA, Askjær S, Christian Madsen J, Westh P. Thermodynamics and structure of inclusion compounds of tauro- and glyco-conjugated bile salts and β-cyclodextrin. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:5070-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b820487j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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50
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Kejík Z, Bříza T, Poučková P, Kralová J, Král V, Martásek P. Cyclodextrin dimer with porphyrin core for target transport and combined therapy. J Control Release 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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