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Sharma B, Gadi R. Analytical Tools and Methods for Explosive Analysis in Forensics: A Critical Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-27. [PMID: 37934616 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2274927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes (i) compositions and types of improvised explosive devices; (ii) the process of collection, extraction and analysis of explosive evidence encountered in explosive and related cases; (iii) inter-comparison of analytical techniques; (iv) the challenges and prospects of explosive detection technology. The highlights of this study include extensive information regarding the National & International standards specified by USEPA, ASTM, and so on, for explosives detection. The holistic development of analytical tools for explosive analysis ranging from conventional methods to advanced analytical tools is also covered in this article. The most important aspect of this review is to make forensic scientists familiar with the challenges during explosive analysis and the steps to avoid them. The problems during analysis can be analyte-based, that is, interferences due to matrix or added molding/stabilizing agents, trace amount of parent explosives in post-blast samples and many more. Others are techniques-based challenges viz. specificity, selectivity, and sensitivity of the technique. Thus, it has become a primary concern to adopt rapid, field deployable, and highly sensitive techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhumika Sharma
- Department of Applied Sciences & Humanities, Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, Delhi, India
| | - Ranu Gadi
- Department of Applied Sciences & Humanities, Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, Delhi, India
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Taniya OS, Khasanov AF, Sadieva LK, Santra S, Nikonov IL, Al-Ithawi WKA, Kovalev IS, Kopchuk DS, Zyryanov GV, Ranu BC. Polymers and Polymer-Based Materials for the Detection of (Nitro-)explosives. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6333. [PMID: 37763611 PMCID: PMC10532833 DOI: 10.3390/ma16186333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Methods for the remote detection of warfare agents and explosives have been in high demand in recent times. Among the several detection methods, fluorescence methods appear to be more convenient due to their low cost, simple operation, fast response time, and naked-eye-visible sensory response. For fluorescence methods, a large variety of fluorescent materials, such as small-molecule-based fluorophores, aggregation-induced emission fluorophores/materials, and supramolecular systems, have been reported in the literature. Among them, fluorescent (bio)polymers/(bio)polymer-based materials have gained wide attention due to their excellent mechanical properties and sensory performance, their ability to recognize explosives via different sensing mechanisms and their combinations, and, finally, the so-called amplification of the sensory response. This review provides the most up-to-date data on the utilization of polymers and polymer-based materials for the detection of nitroaromatic compounds (NACs)/nitro-explosives (NEs) in the last decade. The literature data have been arranged depending on the polymer type and/or sensory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga S. Taniya
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (O.S.T.); (A.F.K.); (L.K.S.); (S.S.); (I.L.N.); (W.K.A.A.-I.); (I.S.K.); (D.S.K.); (B.C.R.)
| | - Albert F. Khasanov
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (O.S.T.); (A.F.K.); (L.K.S.); (S.S.); (I.L.N.); (W.K.A.A.-I.); (I.S.K.); (D.S.K.); (B.C.R.)
| | - Leila K. Sadieva
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (O.S.T.); (A.F.K.); (L.K.S.); (S.S.); (I.L.N.); (W.K.A.A.-I.); (I.S.K.); (D.S.K.); (B.C.R.)
| | - Sougata Santra
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (O.S.T.); (A.F.K.); (L.K.S.); (S.S.); (I.L.N.); (W.K.A.A.-I.); (I.S.K.); (D.S.K.); (B.C.R.)
| | - Igor L. Nikonov
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (O.S.T.); (A.F.K.); (L.K.S.); (S.S.); (I.L.N.); (W.K.A.A.-I.); (I.S.K.); (D.S.K.); (B.C.R.)
- I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of RAS (Ural Division), 22/20 S. Kovalevskoy/Akademicheskaya Str., 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Wahab K. A. Al-Ithawi
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (O.S.T.); (A.F.K.); (L.K.S.); (S.S.); (I.L.N.); (W.K.A.A.-I.); (I.S.K.); (D.S.K.); (B.C.R.)
- Energy and Renewable Energies Technology Center, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad 10066, Iraq
| | - Igor S. Kovalev
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (O.S.T.); (A.F.K.); (L.K.S.); (S.S.); (I.L.N.); (W.K.A.A.-I.); (I.S.K.); (D.S.K.); (B.C.R.)
| | - Dmitry S. Kopchuk
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (O.S.T.); (A.F.K.); (L.K.S.); (S.S.); (I.L.N.); (W.K.A.A.-I.); (I.S.K.); (D.S.K.); (B.C.R.)
- I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of RAS (Ural Division), 22/20 S. Kovalevskoy/Akademicheskaya Str., 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Grigory V. Zyryanov
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (O.S.T.); (A.F.K.); (L.K.S.); (S.S.); (I.L.N.); (W.K.A.A.-I.); (I.S.K.); (D.S.K.); (B.C.R.)
- I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of RAS (Ural Division), 22/20 S. Kovalevskoy/Akademicheskaya Str., 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Brindaban C. Ranu
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (O.S.T.); (A.F.K.); (L.K.S.); (S.S.); (I.L.N.); (W.K.A.A.-I.); (I.S.K.); (D.S.K.); (B.C.R.)
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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Zhao ZX, Wu YY, Zhao DX, Liu QX. Preparation of a Tetra-Imidazolium Salt and Sensing for p-Dinitrobenzene. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:6869-6874. [PMID: 36844593 PMCID: PMC9947943 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A macrocyclic tetra-imidazolium salt (2) based on quinoxaline was prepared and characterized. The recognition of 2 to nitro compounds was investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy, 1H NMR titrations, MS, IR spectroscopy, and UV/vis spectroscopy. The results displayed that 2 was able to effectively differentiate p-dinitrobenzene from other nitro compounds via the fluorescence method.
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Li Z, Shen Z, Pei Y, Chao S, Pei Z. Covalently bridged pillararene-based polymers: structures, synthesis, and applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:989-1005. [PMID: 36621829 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05594e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Covalently bridged pillararene-based polymers (CBPPs) are a special class of macrocycle-based polymers in which multiple pillararene monomers are attached to the polymer structures by covalent bonds. Owing to the unique molecular structures including the connection components or the spatial structures, CBPPs have become increasingly popular in applications ranging from environmental science to biomedical science. In this review, CBPPs are divided into three types (linear polymers, grafted polymers, and cross-linked polymers) according to their structural characteristics and described from the perspective of synthesis methods comprehensively. In addition, the applications of CBPPs are presented, including selective adsorption and separation, fluorescence sensing and detection, construction of supramolecular gels, anticancer drug delivery, artificial light-harvesting, catalysis, and others. Finally, the current challenging issues and comprehensive prospects of CBPPs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanghuan Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China.
| | - Ziyan Shen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China.
| | - Yuxin Pei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China.
| | - Shuang Chao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China. .,College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhichao Pei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China. .,College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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Roy I, David AHG, Das PJ, Pe DJ, Stoddart JF. Fluorescent cyclophanes and their applications. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:5557-5605. [PMID: 35704949 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00352b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
With the serendipitous discovery of crown ethers by Pedersen more than half a century ago and the subsequent introduction of host-guest chemistry and supramolecular chemistry by Cram and Lehn, respectively, followed by the design and synthesis of wholly synthetic cyclophanes-in particular, fluorescent cyclophanes, having rich structural characteristics and functions-have been the focus of considerable research activity during the past few decades. Cyclophanes with remarkable emissive properties have been investigated continuously over the years and employed in numerous applications across the field of science and technology. In this Review, we feature the recent developments in the chemistry of fluorescent cyclophanes, along with their design and synthesis. Their host-guest chemistry and applications related to their structure and properties are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranil Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA.
| | - Arthur H G David
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA.
| | - Partha Jyoti Das
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA.
| | - David J Pe
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA.
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA. .,School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310021, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Hangzhou, 311215, China
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