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Houshyar S, Bhattacharyya A, Shanks R. Peripheral Nerve Conduit: Materials and Structures. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:3349-3365. [PMID: 31273975 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) are the most common injury types to affect the nervous system. Restoration of nerve function after PNI is a challenging medical issue. Extended gaps in transected peripheral nerves are only repaired using autologous nerve grafting. This technique, however, in which nerve tissue is harvested from a donor site and grafted onto a recipient site in the same body, has many limitations and disadvantages. Recent studies have revealed artificial nerve conduits as a promising alternative technique to substitute autologous nerves. This Review summarizes different types of artificial nerve grafts used to repair peripheral nerve injuries. These include synthetic and natural polymers with biological factors. Then, desirable properties of nerve guides are discussed based on their functionality and effectiveness. In the final part of this Review, fabrication methods and commercially available nerve guides are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Houshyar
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Amitava Bhattacharyya
- Nanoscience and Technology, Department of Electronics and Communication, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore − 641004, India
| | - Robert Shanks
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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Sivandzade F, Mashayekhan S. Design and fabrication of injectable microcarriers composed of acellular cartilage matrix and chitosan. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2018; 29:683-700. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2018.1433422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farzane Sivandzade
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shohreh Mashayekhan
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Clements BA, Bushman J, Murthy NS, Ezra M, Pastore CM, Kohn J. Design of barrier coatings on kink-resistant peripheral nerve conduits. J Tissue Eng 2016; 7:2041731416629471. [PMID: 26977288 PMCID: PMC4765812 DOI: 10.1177/2041731416629471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report on the design of braided peripheral nerve conduits with barrier coatings. Braiding of extruded polymer fibers generates nerve conduits with excellent mechanical properties, high flexibility, and significant kink-resistance. However, braiding also results in variable levels of porosity in the conduit wall, which can lead to the infiltration of fibrous tissue into the interior of the conduit. This problem can be controlled by the application of secondary barrier coatings. Using a critical size defect in a rat sciatic nerve model, the importance of controlling the porosity of the nerve conduit walls was explored. Braided conduits without barrier coatings allowed cellular infiltration that limited nerve recovery. Several types of secondary barrier coatings were tested in animal studies, including (1) electrospinning a layer of polymer fibers onto the surface of the conduit and (2) coating the conduit with a cross-linked hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel. Sixteen weeks after implantation, hyaluronic acid-coated conduits had higher axonal density, displayed higher muscle weight, and better electrophysiological signal recovery than uncoated conduits or conduits having an electrospun layer of polymer fibers. This study indicates that braiding is a promising method of fabrication to improve the mechanical properties of peripheral nerve conduits and demonstrates the need to control the porosity of the conduit wall to optimize functional nerve recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basak Acan Clements
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jared Bushman
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - N Sanjeeva Murthy
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Mindy Ezra
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Christopher M Pastore
- Kanbar College of Design, Engineering and Commerce, Philadelphia University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joachim Kohn
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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Synthetic Biopolymers. Synth Biol (Oxf) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22708-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Baniasadi H, Ramazani S. A A, Mashayekhan S, Farani MR, Ghaderinezhad F, Dabaghi M. Design, Fabrication, and Characterization of Novel Porous Conductive Scaffolds for Nerve Tissue Engineering. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2015.1038817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Neural tissue regeneration in experimental brain injury model with channeled scaffolds of acrylate copolymers. Neurosci Lett 2015; 598:96-101. [PMID: 25980992 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the biocompatibility and cell hosting ability of a copolymer scaffold based on ethyl acrylate (EA) and hydroxyl ethyl acrylate (HEA) in vivo after an experimental brain injury. Wistar rats were subjected to cryogenic traumatic brain injury. We evaluated the tissue response to the implanted materials after 8 weeks. The materials were implanted devoid of cells; they provoked a minimal scar response by the host tissue and permitted the invasion of neurons and glia inside them. We also found new blood vessels surrounding and inside the implant. Thus, the copolymer scaffold proves to offer a suitable environment producing a cellular network potentially useful in brain repair after brain injury.
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Upadhyaya L, Singh J, Agarwal V, Tewari RP. The implications of recent advances in carboxymethyl chitosan based targeted drug delivery and tissue engineering applications. J Control Release 2014; 186:54-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Subramanian A, Krishnan UM, Sethuraman S. Axially aligned electrically conducting biodegradable nanofibers for neural regeneration. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2012; 23:1797-1809. [PMID: 22544170 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-012-4654-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, electrically conducting axially aligned nanofibers have developed to provide both electrical and structural cues. Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) with poly(3-hexylthiophene) (PHT) was electrospun into 2D random (196 ± 98 nm) and 3D axially aligned nanofibers (200 ± 80 nm). Electrospun random and aligned PLGA-PHT fibers were characterized for surface morphology, mechanical property, porosity, degradability, and electrical conductivity. The pore size of random PLGA-PHT nanofibers (6.0 ± 3.3 μm) were significantly higher than the aligned (1.9 ± 0.4 μm) (P < 0.05) and the Young's modulus of aligned scaffold was significantly lower than the random. Aligned nanofibers showed significantly lesser degradation rate and higher electrical conductivity (0.1 × 10(-5) S/cm) than random nanofibers (P < 0.05). Results of in vitro cell studies indicate that aligned PLGA-PHT nanofibers have a significant influence on the adhesion and proliferation of Schwann cells and could be potentially used as scaffold for neural regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Subramanian
- Center for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
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Feng S, Yan Z, Guo C, Chen Z, Zhang K, Mo X, Gu Y. Effects of an avidin-biotin binding system on Schwann cells attachment, proliferation, and gene expressions onto electrospun scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 97:321-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Subramanian A, Krishnan UM, Sethuraman S. Development of biomaterial scaffold for nerve tissue engineering: Biomaterial mediated neural regeneration. J Biomed Sci 2009; 16:108. [PMID: 19939265 PMCID: PMC2790452 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-16-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural tissue repair and regeneration strategies have received a great deal of attention because it directly affects the quality of the patient's life. There are many scientific challenges to regenerate nerve while using conventional autologous nerve grafts and from the newly developed therapeutic strategies for the reconstruction of damaged nerves. Recent advancements in nerve regeneration have involved the application of tissue engineering principles and this has evolved a new perspective to neural therapy. The success of neural tissue engineering is mainly based on the regulation of cell behavior and tissue progression through the development of a synthetic scaffold that is analogous to the natural extracellular matrix and can support three-dimensional cell cultures. As the natural extracellular matrix provides an ideal environment for topographical, electrical and chemical cues to the adhesion and proliferation of neural cells, there exists a need to develop a synthetic scaffold that would be biocompatible, immunologically inert, conducting, biodegradable, and infection-resistant biomaterial to support neurite outgrowth. This review outlines the rationale for effective neural tissue engineering through the use of suitable biomaterials and scaffolding techniques for fabrication of a construct that would allow the neurons to adhere, proliferate and eventually form nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Subramanian
- Center for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India.
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Carlberg B, Axell MZ, Nannmark U, Liu J, Kuhn HG. Electrospun polyurethane scaffolds for proliferation and neuronal differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Biomed Mater 2009; 4:045004. [PMID: 19567936 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/4/4/045004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adult central nervous system (CNS) tissue has a limited capacity to recover after trauma or disease. Hence, tissue engineering scaffolds intended for CNS repair and rehabilitation have been subject to intense research effort. Electrospun porous scaffolds, mimicking the natural three-dimensional environment of the in vivo extracellular matrix (ECM) and providing physical support, have been identified as promising candidates for CNS tissue engineering. The present study demonstrates in vitro culturing and neuronal differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) on electrospun fibrous polyurethane scaffolds. Electrospun scaffolds composed of biocompatible polyurethane resin (Desmopan 9370A, Bayer MaterialScience AG) were prepared with a vertical electrospinning setup. Resulting scaffolds, with a thickness of approximately 150 microm, exhibited high porosity (84%) and a bimodal pore size distribution with peaks at 5-6 and 1 microm. The mean fiber diameter was measured to approximately 360 nm with a standard deviation of 80 nm. The undifferentiated hESC line SA002 (Cellartis AB, Göteborg, Sweden) was seeded and cultured on the produced scaffolds and allowed propagation and then differentiation for up to 47 days. Cultivation of hESC on electrospun fibrous scaffolds proved successful and neuronal differentiation was observed via standard immunocytochemistry. The results indicate that predominantly dopaminergic tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive neurons are derived in co-culture with fibrous scaffolds, in comparison to reference cultures under the same differentiation conditions displaying large proportions of GFAP positive cell types. Scanning electron micrographs confirm neurite outgrowth and connection to adjacent cells, as well as cell attachment to individual fibers of the fibrous scaffold. Consequently, electrospun polyurethane scaffolds have been proven feasible as a substrate for hESC propagation and neuronal differentiation. The physical interaction between cells and the fibrous scaffold indicates that these scaffolds provide a three-dimensional physical structure; a potential candidate for neural tissue engineering repair and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Carlberg
- BioNano Systems Laboratory, Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, SE-412 96, Sweden.
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Tuzlakoglu K, Reis RL. Biodegradable Polymeric Fiber Structures in Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2009; 15:17-27. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2008.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kadriye Tuzlakoglu
- Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics Research Group, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics Research Group, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
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Nisbet DR, Crompton KE, Horne MK, Finkelstein DI, Forsythe JS. Neural tissue engineering of the CNS using hydrogels. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2008; 87:251-63. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Little L, Healy KE, Schaffer D. Engineering biomaterials for synthetic neural stem cell microenvironments. Chem Rev 2008; 108:1787-96. [PMID: 18476674 DOI: 10.1021/cr078228t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Little
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1760, USA
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Li W, Guo Y, Wang H, Shi D, Liang C, Ye Z, Qing F, Gong J. Electrospun nanofibers immobilized with collagen for neural stem cells culture. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2008; 19:847-54. [PMID: 17665116 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-007-3087-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Fibrous mats via electrospinning have been widely applied in tissue engineering. In this work, nanofibers were prepared via electrospinning from polymer with different content of carboxyl groups. A natural material, collagen, was then immobilized onto the nanofiber surface by N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC)/N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) activation process. It was found that the immobilization degree of collagen could be facilely modulated. The obtained collagen-modified nanofibers were used for neural stem cells culture, and unmodified nanofibers were used as a control. Results indicated that the modification of collagen could enhance the attachment and viability of the cultured neural stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, 3rd Affiliated Hospital of SUN YAT-SEN University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Stark Y, Bruns S, Stahl F, Kasper C, Wesemann M, Grothe C, Scheper T. A study on polysialic acid as a biomaterial for cell culture applications. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 85:1-13. [PMID: 17618519 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Polysialic acid (PSA) was investigated for its applicability as coating material for mammalian cell cultivation. PSA is involved in post-translational modification of the vertebrate neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). It is biocompatible and degradation-controlled. Thus, it becomes interesting for use as a coating and scaffold material for tissue engineering applications, especially for peripheral nerve regeneration. As a preliminary study of the use of PSA as scaffold material it was tested in its soluble form as coating material. The cytotoxicity was investigated and compared to another polysaccharide beta-glucan, to widely used coating substances (collagen I, poly-L-lysine, hyaluronic acid) and uncoated tissue culture plastic material. The interactions between the modified cell culture surface and the cells were investigated using a model liver cell line Hep-G2 and a neurobiological cell line PC-12. The PSA coating itself was analyzed by immunoanalysis. Viability of the cells was investigated by the MTT assay. The number and distribution of adhered cells were studied by cell nuclei staining. Furthermore, the differentiation status of the PC-12 cells was monitored, as well as glucose and lactate levels in the cell culture medium from the Hep-G2 cells. Comparable viability and similar numbers of attached cells were observed. Growth in cell clusters was observed for PSA, beta-glucan, and hyaluronic acid coated materials. In general, the results indicate that PSA is comparable to other well-established coating materials (e.g. collagen I, hyaluronic acid, and poly-L-lysine). Moreover, as a key substance in vertebrate development it offers interesting features for nerve regeneration, especially as an insoluble, modified scaffold material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Stark
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstr. 3, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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Sell S, Barnes C, Smith M, McClure M, Madurantakam P, Grant J, McManus M, Bowlin G. Extracellular matrix regenerated: tissue engineering via electrospun biomimetic nanofibers. POLYM INT 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Degradation of covalently cross-linked carboxymethyl chitosan and its potential application for peripheral nerve regeneration. Eur Polym J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Bruns S, Stark Y, Wieland M, Stahl F, Kasper C, Scheper T. Fast and efficient screening system for new biomaterials in tissue engineering: a model for peripheral nerve regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2007; 81:736-47. [PMID: 17226811 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of three-dimensional biodegradable matrices is one major issue in tissue engineering. Numerous materials, fabrication techniques, and modifications have been used and tested in different areas of tissue engineering recently. But nevertheless, technology is far from being optimized and optimal constructs with bioidentical and mechanical properties have not been described in the literature so far. Hence, there is great demand of new suitable biomaterials for tissue engineering applications. In this study, a fast and efficient screening system for initial testing of biomaterials for cell culture application was developed. The set up for the screening system and the decision criteria applied for the determination of suitability of new materials are presented. Hep-G2 and PC-12 cells were seeded onto different matrices and cultured over a period of 2 weeks. The viability of the cells was monitored via the MTT assay. Cell spreading was investigated by DAPI-staining of cell nuclei. Furthermore, the adhesion of the cells on the different matrices was examined by counting the number of attached cells. With these general assays a classification of materials is possible with regard to their suitability. Optimal cell models must be chosen for the defined applications and at least two cell lines are necessary for a differentiating interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Bruns
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, University of Hannover, Callinstr. 3, D-30167 Hannover, Germany.
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Allmeling C, Jokuszies A, Reimers K, Kall S, Vogt PM. Use of spider silk fibres as an innovative material in a biocompatible artificial nerve conduit. J Cell Mol Med 2007; 10:770-7. [PMID: 16989736 PMCID: PMC3933158 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2006.tb00436.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects of peripheral nerves still represent a challenge for surgical nerve reconstruction. Recent studies concentrated on replacement by artificial nerve conduits from different synthetic or biological materials. In our study, we describe for the first time the use of spider silk fibres as a new material in nerve tissue engineering. Schwann cells (SC) were cultivated on spider silk fibres. Cells adhered quickly on the fibres compared to polydioxanone monofilaments (PDS). SC survival and proliferation was normal in Live/Dead assays. The silk fibres were ensheathed completely with cells. We developed composite nerve grafts of acellularized veins, spider silk fibres and SC diluted in matrigel. These artificial nerve grafts could be cultivated in vitro for one week. Histological analysis showed that the cells were vital and formed distinct columns along the silk fibres. In conclusion, our results show that artificial nerve grafts can be constructed successfully from spider silk, acellularized veins and SC mixed with matrigel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Allmeling
- Department of Plastic, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical School Hannover, Podbielskistr. 380, D-30659 Hannover, Germany.
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Kofron MD, Cooper JA, Kumbar SG, Laurencin CT. Novel tubular composite matrix for bone repair. J Biomed Mater Res A 2007; 82:415-25. [PMID: 17295242 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering develops organ replacements to overcome the limitations associated with autografts and allografts. The work presented here details the development of biodegradable, porous, three-dimensional polymer-ceramic-sintered microsphere matrices to support bone regeneration. Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)/hydroxyapatite microspheres were formed using solvent evaporation technique. Individual microspheres were placed in a cylindrical mold and sintered at various temperatures. Scaffolds were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, mercury porosimetry, and mechanical testing in compression. After varying the temperature of sintering, a single temperature was selected and the time of sintering was varied. Mechanical testing indicated that as the sintering temperature or time was increased, the elastic modulus, compressive strength, maximum compressive load, and energy at failure significantly increased. Furthermore, increasing the sintering temperature or time resulted in a decreased porosity and the spherical morphology of the microspheres was lost as the microspheres blended together. To more closely mimic the bone marrow cavity observed in native bone tissue, tubular composite-sintered microsphere matrices were formed. These scaffolds demonstrated no statistically significant difference in compressive mechanical properties when compared with cylindrical composite-sintered microsphere matrices of the same dimension. One potential application for these scaffolds is bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Kofron
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, PO Box 800759, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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