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Ibrahim E, Ahmed S, Abir SSH, Taylor K, Padilla-Gainza VM, Lozano K. Centrifugally spun alginate-poly(lactic acid) microbeads: A promising carrier for drug delivery and tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 220:671-682. [PMID: 35988730 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A facile and high yield centrifugal spinning technique known as Forcespinning® (FS) was used to develop unique microstructures consisting of PLA microbeads along alginate fibers. Morphological variation and structural features appeared in the field-emission scanning electron micrographs for the PLA-alginate composites and dried PLA-alginate films from precursor emulsions at constant PLA and varied alginate contents. Shrunk and deflated microbeads were observed for composites whilst spherical beads were evident for the PLA control. Furthermore, PLA was found surrounding the alginate when the alginate was present at 0.24 wt% or lower, while alginate (mushroom-like structures), were seen protruding through the PLA layer at ≥0.34 wt% alginate. Rheological characterization of the composite emulsions revealed that the filler (alginate) provided shear thinning properties including pseudoplasticity, desirable for printing and other related applications in contrast to the Newtonian flow shown by the PLA control. Along with infra-red spectroscopy, the nanocomposites were further characterized using thermal gravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry featuring reversible events influenced by heat capacity and irreversible kinetic/thermodynamic counterparts. The work provides a comprehensive investigation of biocompatible networks of PLA-alginate microbeads embedded in nano-sized fibers and the prospective application of these microbeads as a drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Ibrahim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA.
| | - Salahuddin Ahmed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
| | - Sk Shamim Hasan Abir
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
| | - Keith Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Victoria M Padilla-Gainza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
| | - Karen Lozano
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
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Mahmood H, Shepherd DE, Espino DM. A technique for measuring the frictional torque of articular cartilage and replacement biomaterials. Med Eng Phys 2020; 83:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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A method for the assessment of the coefficient of friction of articular cartilage and a replacement biomaterial. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 103:103580. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Yu D, Dong Z, Lim H, Chen Y, Ding Z, Sultana N, Wu J, Qin B, Cheng J, Li W. Microfluidic preparation, shrinkage, and surface modification of monodispersed alginate microbeads for 3D cell culture. RSC Adv 2019; 9:11101-11110. [PMID: 35520215 PMCID: PMC9062992 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra01443h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Functionalized alginate microbeads (MB) have been widely used for three-dimensional (3D) culture of cells and creating biomimetic tissue models. However, conventional methods for preparing these MB suffer from poor polydispersity, due to coalescence of droplets during the gelation process and post-aggregation. It remains an immense challenge to prepare alginate MB with narrow size distribution and uniform shape, especially when their diameters are similar to the size of cells. In this work, we developed a simple method to produce monodispersed, cell-size alginate MB through microfluidic emulsification, followed by a controlled shrinkage process and gelation in mineral oil with low concentration of calcium ion (Ca2+). During the gelation process caused by the diffusion of Ca2+ from the oil to water phase, a large amount of satellite droplets with sub-micrometer sizes was formed at the water/oil interface. As a result, each original droplet was transformed to one shrunken-MB with much smaller size and numerous submicron-size satellites. To explore the feasibility of the shrunken-MB for culturing with cells, we have successfully modified a variety of polymer nanofilms on MB surfaces using a layer-by-layer assembly approach. Finally, the nanofilm-modified MB was applied to a 3D culture of GFP-expressing fibroblast cells and demonstrated good biocompatibility. Cell-size alginate microbeads for 3D cell culture were prepared by microfluidic emulsification and controlled shrinkage, followed by nanofilm modification.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Provincial People's Hospital) Zhengzhou 450003 China .,Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University 807 Canton Ave Lubbock Texas 79409 USA
| | - Ziye Dong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University 807 Canton Ave Lubbock Texas 79409 USA
| | - HyunTaek Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University 807 Canton Ave Lubbock Texas 79409 USA
| | - Yuting Chen
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology LiuFang Campus, No. 206, Guanggu 1st Road, Donghu New & High Technology Development Zone Wuhan 430205 P. R. China
| | - Zhenya Ding
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University 807 Canton Ave Lubbock Texas 79409 USA
| | - Nadia Sultana
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University 807 Canton Ave Lubbock Texas 79409 USA
| | - Jiangyu Wu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology LiuFang Campus, No. 206, Guanggu 1st Road, Donghu New & High Technology Development Zone Wuhan 430205 P. R. China
| | - Bingyu Qin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Provincial People's Hospital) Zhengzhou 450003 China
| | - Jianjian Cheng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Provincial People's Hospital) Zhengzhou 450003 China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University 807 Canton Ave Lubbock Texas 79409 USA
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Majumdar T, Cooke ME, Lawless BM, Bellier F, Hughes EAB, Grover LM, Jones SW, Cox SC. Formulation and viscoelasticity of mineralised hydrogels for use in bone-cartilage interfacial reconstruction. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 80:33-41. [PMID: 29414473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is a viscoelastic tissue whose structural integrity is important in maintaining joint health. To restore the functionality of osteoarthritic joints it is vital that regenerative strategies mimic the dynamic loading response of cartilage and bone. Here, a rotating simplex model was employed to optimise the composition of agarose and gellan hydrogel constructs structured with hydroxyapatite (HA) with the aim of obtaining composites mechanically comparable to human cartilage in terms of their ability to dissipate energy. Addition of ceramic particles was found to reinforce both matrices up to a critical concentration (< 3w/v%). Beyond this, larger agglomerates were formed, as evidenced by micro computed tomography data, which acted as stress risers and reduced the ability of composites to dissipate energy demonstrated by a reduction in tan δ values. A maximum compressive modulus of 450.7±24.9 kPa was achieved with a composition of 5.8w/v% agarose and 0.5w/v% HA. Interestingly, when loaded dynamically (1-20Hz) this optimised formulation did not exhibit the highest complex modulus instead a sample with a higher concentration of mineral was identified (5.8w/v% agarose and 25w/v% HA). Thus, demonstrating the importance of examining the mechanical behaviour of biomaterials under conditions representative of physiological environments. While the complex moduli of the optimised gellan (1.0 ± 0.2MPa at 1Hz) and agarose (1.7 ± 0.2MPa at 1Hz) constructs did not match the complex moduli of healthy human cartilage samples (26.3 ± 6.5MPa at 1Hz), similar tan δ values were observed between 1 and 5Hz. This is promising since these frequencies represent the typical heel strike time of the general population. In summary, this study demonstrates the importance of considering more than just the strength of biomaterials since tissues like cartilage play a more complex role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trina Majumdar
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Monash University, Australia
| | - Megan E Cooke
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2WB, United Kingdom; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Bernard M Lawless
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Francis Bellier
- Materials Engineering, Toulouse National Polytechnic Institute, France
| | - Erik A B Hughes
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Liam M Grover
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simon W Jones
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2WB, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie C Cox
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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Baxter J, Buchan KG, Espino DM. Viscoelastic properties of mitral valve leaflets: An analysis of regional variation and frequency-dependency. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2017; 231:938-944. [PMID: 28707559 DOI: 10.1177/0954411917719741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the regional variation in viscoelastic properties of mitral valve leaflets over a range of physiological and patho-physiological frequencies. This included comparisons to be made between anterior and posterior leaflets, anterior leaflet clear and rough zones, and radial and circumferential leaflet orientation. Dynamic mechanical analysis was used to determine frequency-dependent viscoelastic properties. The valve leaflets were dissected from eight porcine hearts. The leaflets were loaded under a sinusoidal tensile displacement, with a mean dynamic peak to trough strain of 11%, applied to all leaflet samples at nine different frequencies, ranging from 0.5 to 10 Hz. The anterior leaflet has higher storage and loss stiffness than the posterior leaflet. The storage stiffness of circumferential tissue is greater than that of radially oriented valve tissue (2.0 ± 1.6 N/mm cf. 1.7 ± 0.9 N/mm; p < 0.05); however, the loss stiffness is greater for radial tissue (0.15 ± 0.07 cf. 0.14 ± 0.09 N/mm; p < 0.05). Likewise, the storage stiffness of the anterior leaflet clear zone is greater than that of the rough zone (2.4 ± 1.6 cf. 2.1 ± 1.2; p < 0.05), but the loss stiffness is greater for the rough zone (0.17 ± 0.09 N/mm cf. 0.14 ± 0.08 N/mm; p < 0.05). In conclusion, the viscoelastic properties of porcine mitral valve leaflets have regional variations, with dynamic stiffness being dependent on circumferential or radial orientation and on location at a clear or rough zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Baxter
- 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Keith G Buchan
- 2 Cardiothoracic Surgery, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Daniel M Espino
- 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Pellegrini M, Cherukupalli A, Medini M, Falkowski R, Olabisi R. The Effect of Swelling Ratio on the Coulter Underestimation of Hydrogel Microsphere Diameters. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2015; 21:1246-50. [PMID: 26414785 PMCID: PMC4663640 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2015.0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that the diameters of porous particles are underestimated by Coulter measurements. This phenomenon has also been observed in hydrogel particles, but not characterized. Since the Coulter principle uses the displacement of electrolyte to determine particle size, electrolyte contained within the swelled hydrogel microparticles results in an underestimate of actual particle diameters. The increased use of hydrogel microspheres in biomedical applications has led to the increased application of the Coulter principle to evaluate the size distribution of microparticles. A relationship between the swelling ratio of the particles and their reported Coulter diameters will permit calculation of the actual diameters of these particles. Using polyethylene glycol diacrylate hydrogel microspheres, we determined a correction factor that relates the polymer swelling ratio and the reported Coulter diameters to their actual size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pellegrini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey
| | | | - Michael Medini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Ron Falkowski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Ronke Olabisi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey
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Dang TD, Joo SW. Preparation of tadpole-shaped calcium alginate microparticles with sphericity control. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2012; 102:766-71. [PMID: 23107954 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Monosized sodium alginate microdroplets are prepared using a flow-focusing microdevice by adjusting the flow rate of the continuous phase (soybean oil) and the dispersed phase (sodium alginate solution). The gelation process of the semi-product, sodium alginate microdroplets, occurs outside the channel in a calcium chloride solution to form tadpole-shaped calcium alginate microparticles. The microparticles prepared are in the range of 100-250 μm in diameter, depending on the experimental conditions. The shape, size and size distribution of these calcium alginate microparticles depend strongly on the calcium solution concentration and the stirring mode. The shaping mechanism of the microparticles and the impact of the experimental conditions on particle shape and size are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Dang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
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Olderøy MO, Xie M, Andreassen JP, Strand BL, Zhang Z, Sikorski P. Viscoelastic properties of mineralized alginate hydrogel beads. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2012; 23:1619-1627. [PMID: 22552827 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-012-4655-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Alginate hydrogels have applications in biomedicine, ranging from delivery of cells and growth factors to wound management aids. However, they are mechanically soft and have shown little potential for the use in bone tissue engineering. Here, the viscoelastic properties of alginate hydrogel beads mineralized with calcium phosphate, both by a counter-diffusion (CD) and an enzymatic approach, are characterized by a micro-manipulation technique and mathematical modeling. Fabricated hydrogel materials have low mineral content (below 3 % of the total hydrogel mass, which corresponds to mineral content of up to 60 % of the dry mass) and low dry mass content (<5 %). For all samples compression and hold (relaxation after compression) data was collected and analyzed. The apparent Young's modulus of the mineralized beads was estimated by the Hertz model (compression data) and was shown to increase up to threefold upon mineralization. The enzymatically mineralized beads showed higher apparent Young's modulus compared to the ones mineralized by CD, even though the mineral content of the former was lower. Full compression-relaxation force-time profiles were analyzed using viscoelastic model. From this analysis, infinite and instantaneous Young's moduli were determined. Similarly, enzymatic mineralized beads, showed higher instantaneous and infinite Young's modulus, even if the degree of mineralization is lower then that achieved for CD method. This leads to the conclusion that both the degree of mineralization and the spatial distribution of mineral are important for the mechanical performance of the composite beads, which is in analogy to highly structured mineralized tissues found in many organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus O Olderøy
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
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Sharifi S, Kamali M, Mohtaram NK, Shokrgozar MA, Rabiee SM, Atai M, Imani M, Mirzadeh H. Preparation, mechanical properties, and in vitro
biocompatibility of novel nanocomposites based on polyhexamethylene carbonate fumarate and nanohydroxyapatite. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Fulcher GR, Hukins DWL, Shepherd DET. Viscoelastic properties of bovine articular cartilage attached to subchondral bone at high frequencies. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2009; 10:61. [PMID: 19497105 PMCID: PMC2698871 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-10-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Articular cartilage is a viscoelastic material, but its exact behaviour under the full range of physiological loading frequencies is unknown. The objective of this study was to measure the viscoelastic properties of bovine articular cartilage at loading frequencies of up to 92 Hz. Methods Intact tibial plateau cartilage, attached to subchondral bone, was investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). A sinusoidally varying compressive force of between 16 N and 36 N, at frequencies from 1 Hz to 92 Hz, was applied to the cartilage surface by a flat indenter. The storage modulus, loss modulus and phase angle (between the applied force and the deformation induced) were determined. Results The storage modulus, E', increased with increasing frequency, but at higher frequencies it tended towards a constant value. Its dependence on frequency, f, could be represented by, E' = Aloge (f) + B where A = 2.5 ± 0.6 MPa and B = 50.1 ± 12.5 MPa (mean ± standard error). The values of the loss modulus (4.8 ± 1.0 MPa mean ± standard deviation) were much less than the values of storage modulus and showed no dependence on frequency. The phase angle was found to be non-zero for all frequencies tested (4.9 ± 0.6°). Conclusion Articular cartilage is viscoelastic throughout the full range of frequencies investigated. The behaviour has implications for mechanical damage to articular cartilage and the onset of osteoarthritis. Storage modulus increases with frequency, until the plateau region is reached, and has a higher value than loss modulus. Furthermore, loss modulus does not increase with loading frequency. This means that more energy is stored by the tissue than is dissipated and that this effect is greater at higher frequencies. The main mechanism for this excess energy to be dissipated is by the formation of cracks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey R Fulcher
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.
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