1
|
Mirkhalaf M, Men Y, Wang R, No Y, Zreiqat H. Personalized 3D printed bone scaffolds: A review. Acta Biomater 2023; 156:110-124. [PMID: 35429670 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
3D printed bone scaffolds have the potential to replace autografts and allografts because of advantages such as unlimited supply and the ability to tailor the scaffolds' biochemical, biological and biophysical properties. Significant progress has been made over the past decade in additive manufacturing techniques to 3D print bone grafts, but challenges remain in the lack of manufacturing techniques that can recapitulate both mechanical and biological functions of native bones. The purpose of this review is to outline the recent progress and challenges of engineering an ideal synthetic bone scaffold and to provide suggestions for overcoming these challenges through bioinspiration, high-resolution 3D printing, and advanced modeling techniques. The article provides a short overview of the progress in developing the 3D printed scaffolds for the repair and regeneration of critical size bone defects. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Treatment of critical size bone defects is still a tremendous clinical challenge. To address this challenge, diverse sets of advanced manufacturing approaches and materials have been developed for bone tissue scaffolds. 3D printing has sparked much interest because it provides a close control over the scaffold's internal architecture and in turn its mechanical and biological properties. This article provides a critical overview of the relationships between material compositions, printing techniques, and properties of the scaffolds and discusses the current technical challenges facing their successful translation to the clinic. Bioinspiration, high-resolution printing, and advanced modeling techniques are discussed as future directions to address the current challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mirkhalaf
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Unit, School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Bioengineering, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St., Brisbane, QLD 4000 Australia.
| | - Yinghui Men
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Unit, School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Rui Wang
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Unit, School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Young No
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Unit, School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Bioengineering, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Hala Zreiqat
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Unit, School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Bioengineering, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dolomite-Foamed Bioactive Silicate Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Repair. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13030628. [PMID: 32023840 PMCID: PMC7040841 DOI: 10.3390/ma13030628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds is recognized worldwide as a valuable biomedical approach for promoting tissue regeneration in critical-size bone defects. Over the last 50 years, bioactive glasses have been intensively investigated in a wide range of different clinical applications, from orthopedics to soft tissue healing. Bioactive glasses exhibit the unique capability to chemically bond to the host tissue and, furthermore, their processing versatility makes them very appealing due to the availability of different manufacturing techniques for the production of porous and interconnected synthetic bone grafts able to support new tissue growth over the whole duration of the treatment. As a novel contribution to the broad field of scaffold manufacturing, we report here an effective and relatively easy method to produce silicate glass-derived scaffolds by using, for the first time in the biomedical field, dolomite powder as a foaming agent for the formation of 3D bone-like porous structures. Morphological/structural features, crystallization behavior, and in vitro bioactivity in a simulated body fluid (SBF) were investigated. All the tested scaffolds were found to fulfil the minimum requirements that a scaffold for osseous repair should exhibit, including porosity (65-83 vol.%) and compressive strength (1.3-3.9 MPa) comparable to those of cancellous bone, as well as hydroxyapatite-forming ability (bioactivity). This study proves the suitability of a dolomite-foaming method for the production of potentially suitable bone grafts based on bioactive glass systems.
Collapse
|
3
|
Baino F, Fiume E. Elastic Mechanical Properties of 45S5-Based Bioactive Glass-Ceramic Scaffolds. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12193244. [PMID: 31590231 PMCID: PMC6803936 DOI: 10.3390/ma12193244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Porosity is recognized to play a key role in dictating the functional properties of bioactive scaffolds, especially the mechanical performance of the material. The mechanical suitability of brittle ceramic and glass scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications is usually evaluated on the basis of the compressive strength alone, which is relatively easy to assess. This work aims to investigate the porosity dependence of the elastic properties of silicate scaffolds based on the 45S5 composition. Highly porous glass–ceramic foams were fabricated by the sponge replica method and their elastic modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson’s ratio were experimentally determined by the impulse excitation technique; furthermore, the failure strength was quantified by compressive tests. As the total fractional porosity increased from 0.52 to 0.86, the elastic and shear moduli decreased from 16.5 to 1.2 GPa and from 6.5 to 0.43 GPa, respectively; the compressive strength was also found to decrease from 3.4 to 0.58 MPa, whereas the Poisson’s ratio increased from 0.2692 to 0.3953. The porosity dependences of elastic modulus, shear modulus and compressive strength obeys power-law models, whereas the relationship between Poisson’s ratio and porosity can be described by a linear approximation. These relations can be useful to optimize the design and fabrication of porous biomaterials as well as to predict the mechanical properties of the scaffolds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Baino
- Institute of Materials Physics and Engineering, Applied Science and Technology Department, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Elisa Fiume
- Institute of Materials Physics and Engineering, Applied Science and Technology Department, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang B, Sun H, Wu L, Ma L, Xing F, Kong Q, Fan Y, Zhou C, Zhang X. 3D printing of calcium phosphate bioceramic with tailored biodegradation rate for skull bone tissue reconstruction. Biodes Manuf 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42242-019-00046-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
5
|
A review of materials for managing bone loss in revision total knee arthroplasty. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 104:109941. [PMID: 31500053 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.109941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In 2014-2015, 61,421 total knee arthroplasties (TKAs) were performed in Canada; an increase of about 20% over 2000-2001. Revision total knee arthroplasties (rTKAs) accounted for 6.8% of TKAs performed between 2014 and 2015, and this is estimated to grow another 12% by 2025. rTKAs are typically more complicated than primary TKAs due to the significant loss of femoral and tibial bone stock. The escalating demand and limitations associated with total knee arthroplasty and their revision drives the development of novel treatments. A variety of materials have been utilized to facilitate regeneration of healthy bone around the site of a knee arthroplasty. The selection of these materials is based on the bone defect size and includes bone grafts, graft substitutes and cements. However, all these materials have certain disadvantages such as blood loss, disease transmission (bone grafts), inflammatory response, insufficient mechanical properties (bone graft substitutes) thermal necrosis and stress shielding (bone cement). Recently, the use of metal augments for large bone defects has attracted attention, however they can undergo fretting, corrosion, and stress shielding. All things considered, this review indicates the necessity of developing augments that have structural integrities and biodegradation rates similar to that of human bone. Therefore, the future of bone loss management may lie in fabricating novel bioactive glass augments as they can promote bone healing and implant stability and can degrade with time.
Collapse
|
6
|
Pawlik J, Ziąbka M, Lach R, Łączka M, Cholewa-Kowalska K. Tailoring the porosity, mechanical and bioactive properties of sol-gel bioactive glasses, hydroxyapatite and titanium dioxide porous composites. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 87:40-49. [PMID: 30031362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Pawlik
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Department of Glass Technology and Amorphous Coatings, 30 Mickiewicza Ave., 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Ziąbka
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Department of Ceramics and Refractory Materials, 30 Mickiewicza Ave., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Radosław Lach
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Department of Ceramics and Refractory Materials, 30 Mickiewicza Ave., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Łączka
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Department of Glass Technology and Amorphous Coatings, 30 Mickiewicza Ave., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Cholewa-Kowalska
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Department of Glass Technology and Amorphous Coatings, 30 Mickiewicza Ave., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Macías-Andrés VI, Li W, Aguilar-Reyes EA, Ding Y, Roether JA, Harhaus L, León-Patiño CA, Boccaccini AR. Preparation and characterization of 45S5 bioactive glass-based scaffolds loaded with PHBV microspheres with daidzein release function. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:1765-1774. [PMID: 28241393 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) microsphere loaded 45S5 bioactive glass (BG) based scaffolds with drug releasing capability have been developed. PHBV microspheres with a mean particle size 4 ± 2 μm loaded with daidzein were obtained by oil-in-water single emulsion solvent evaporation method and applied to the surface of BG scaffolds by dip coating technique. The morphology, in vitro bioactivity in simulated body fluid (SBF), mechanical properties and drug release kinetics of microsphere loaded scaffolds were studied. The microspheres were shown to be homogeneously dispersed on the scaffold surfaces. It was confirmed that hydroxyapatite crystals homogeneously grew not only on the surface of the scaffold but also on the surface of the microspheres within 3 days of immersion in SBF. The daidzein release from the microsphere loaded scaffolds lasted almost 1 month and was determined to be diffusion controlled. The microsphere loaded BG scaffolds with daidzein releasing capability obtained in this study are a candidate for bone tissue engineering. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 1765-1774, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor I Macías-Andrés
- Instituto de Investigación en Metalúrgia y Materiales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, 58030, México
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Institute of Biomaterials, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Ena A Aguilar-Reyes
- Instituto de Investigación en Metalúrgia y Materiales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, 58030, México
| | - Yaping Ding
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Institute of Polymer Materials, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Judith A Roether
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Institute of Polymer Materials, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Leila Harhaus
- Department of Hand-, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, Department of Hand- and Plastic Surgery of Heidelberg University, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Germany.,Department of Plastic Surgery of Heidelberg University, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, 67071, Germany
| | - Carlos A León-Patiño
- Instituto de Investigación en Metalúrgia y Materiales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, 58030, México
| | - Aldo R Boccaccini
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Institute of Biomaterials, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fabrication and evaluation of silica-based ceramic scaffolds for hard tissue engineering applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 71:431-438. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
9
|
Hendrikx S, Kascholke C, Flath T, Schumann D, Gressenbuch M, Schulze FP, Hacker MC, Schulz-Siegmund M. Indirect rapid prototyping of sol-gel hybrid glass scaffolds for bone regeneration - Effects of organic crosslinker valence, content and molecular weight on mechanical properties. Acta Biomater 2016; 35:318-29. [PMID: 26925964 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a series of organic/inorganic hybrid sol-gel derived glasses, made from a tetraethoxysilane-derived silica sol (100% SiO2) and oligovalent organic crosslinkers functionalized with 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane. The material was susceptible to heat sterilization. The hybrids were processed into pore-interconnected scaffolds by an indirect rapid prototyping method, described here for the first time for sol-gel glass materials. A large panel of polyethylene oxide-derived 2- to 4-armed crosslinkers of molecular weights ranging between 170 and 8000Da were incorporated and their effect on scaffold mechanical properties was investigated. By multiple linear regression, 'organic content' and the 'content of ethylene oxide units in the hybrid' were identified as the main factors that determined compressive strength and modulus, respectively. In general, 3- and 4-armed crosslinkers performed better than linear molecules. Compression tests and cell culture experiments with osteoblast-like SaOS-2 cells showed that macroporous scaffolds can be produced with compressive strengths of up to 33±2MPa and with a pore structure that allows cells to grow deep into the scaffolds and form mineral deposits. Compressive moduli between 27±7MPa and 568±98MPa were obtained depending on the hybrid composition and problems associated with the inherent brittleness of sol-gel glass materials could be overcome. SaOS-2 cells showed cytocompatibility on hybrid glass scaffolds and mineral accumulation started as early as day 7. On day 14, we also found mineral accumulation on control hybrid glass scaffolds without cells, indicating a positive effect of the hybrid glass on mineral accumulation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE We produced a hybrid sol-gel glass material with significantly improved mechanical properties towards an application in bone regeneration and processed the material into macroporous scaffolds of controlled architecture by indirect rapid prototyping. We were able to produce macroporous materials of relevant porosity and pore size with compressive moduli, covering the range reported for cancellous bone while an even higher compressive strength was maintained. By multiple linear regression, we identified crosslinker parameters, namely organic content and the content of ethylene oxide units in the hybrids that predominantly determined the mechanics of the hybrid materials. The scaffolds proved to be cytocompatible and induced mineralization in SaOS-2 cells. This provides new insight on the critical parameters for the design of the organic components of covalent hybrid sol-gel glasses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Hendrikx
- Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leipzig University, Eilenburger Straße 15a, Leipzig 04317, Germany.
| | - Christian Kascholke
- Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leipzig University, Eilenburger Straße 15a, Leipzig 04317, Germany.
| | - Tobias Flath
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Leipzig University of Applied Sciences, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 134, Leipzig 04277, Germany.
| | - Dirk Schumann
- Bubbles and Beyond GmbH, Karl-Heine Straße 99, Leipzig 04229, Germany.
| | | | - F Peter Schulze
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Leipzig University of Applied Sciences, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 134, Leipzig 04277, Germany.
| | - Michael C Hacker
- Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leipzig University, Eilenburger Straße 15a, Leipzig 04317, Germany.
| | - Michaela Schulz-Siegmund
- Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leipzig University, Eilenburger Straße 15a, Leipzig 04317, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Baino F, Novajra G, Vitale-Brovarone C. Bioceramics and Scaffolds: A Winning Combination for Tissue Engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3:202. [PMID: 26734605 PMCID: PMC4681769 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, we have assisted to a general increase of elder population worldwide associated with age-related pathologies. Therefore, there is the need for new biomaterials that can substitute damaged tissues, stimulate the body’s own regenerative mechanisms, and promote tissue healing. Porous templates referred to as “scaffolds” are thought to be required for three-dimensional tissue growth. Bioceramics, a special set of fully, partially, or non-crystalline ceramics (e.g., calcium phosphates, bioactive glasses, and glass–ceramics) that are designed for the repair and reconstruction of diseased parts of the body, have high potential as scaffold materials. Traditionally, bioceramics have been used to fill and restore bone and dental defects (repair of hard tissues). More recently, this category of biomaterials has also revealed promising applications in the field of soft-tissue engineering. Starting with an overview of the fundamental requirements for tissue engineering scaffolds, this article provides a detailed picture on recent developments of porous bioceramics and composites, including a summary of common fabrication technologies and a critical analysis of structure–property and structure–function relationships. Areas of future research are highlighted at the end of this review, with special attention to the development of multifunctional scaffolds exploiting therapeutic ion/drug release and emerging applications beyond hard tissue repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Baino
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Institute of Materials Physics and Engineering, Politecnico di Torino , Turin , Italy
| | - Giorgia Novajra
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Institute of Materials Physics and Engineering, Politecnico di Torino , Turin , Italy
| | - Chiara Vitale-Brovarone
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Institute of Materials Physics and Engineering, Politecnico di Torino , Turin , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kaur G, Pickrell G, Sriranganathan N, Kumar V, Homa D. Review and the state of the art: Sol-gel and melt quenched bioactive glasses for tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2015; 104:1248-75. [PMID: 26060931 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterial development is currently the most active research area in the field of biomedical engineering. The bioglasses possess immense potential for being the ideal biomaterials due to their high adaptiveness to the biological environment as well as tunable properties. Bioglasses like 45S5 has shown great clinical success over the past 10 years. The bioglasses like 45S5 were prepared using melt-quenching techniques but recently porous bioactive glasses have been derived through sol-gel process. The synthesis route exhibits marked effect on the specific surface area, as well as degradability of the material. This article is an attempt to provide state of the art of the sol-gel and melt quenched bioactive bioglasses for tissue regeneration. Fabrication routes for bioglasses suitable for bone tissue engineering are highlighted and the effect of these fabrication techniques on the porosity, pore-volume, mechanical properties, cytocompatibilty and especially apatite layer formation on the surface of bioglasses is analyzed in detail. Drug delivery capability of bioglasses is addressed shortly along with the bioactivity of mesoporous glasses. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 1248-1275, 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gurbinder Kaur
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Holden Hall, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24060, USA.,School of Physics & Materials Science, Thapar University, Patiala, 147004, India
| | - Gary Pickrell
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Holden Hall, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24060, USA
| | - Nammalwar Sriranganathan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24060, USA
| | - Vishal Kumar
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Holden Hall, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24060, USA.,Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, 140406, India
| | - Daniel Homa
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Holden Hall, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24060, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Baino F, Vitale-Brovarone C. Bioceramics in ophthalmology. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:3372-97. [PMID: 24879312 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The benefits of ceramics in biomedical applications have been universally appreciated as they exhibit an extraordinarily broad set of physico-chemical, mechanical and biological properties which can be properly tailored by acting on their composition, porosity and surface texture to increase their versatility and suitability for targeted healthcare applications. Bioceramics have traditionally been used for the repair of hard tissues, such as bone and teeth, mainly due to their suitable strength for load-bearing applications, wear resistance (especially alumina, zirconia and composites thereof) and, in some cases, bone-bonding ability (calcium orthophosphates and bioactive glasses). Bioceramics have been also applied in other medical areas, like ophthalmic surgery; although their use in such a context has been scientifically documented since the late 1700s, the potential and importance of ceramic ocular implants still seem to be underestimated and an exhaustive, critical assessment is currently lacking in the relevant literature. The present review aims to fill this gap by giving a comprehensive picture of the ceramic-based materials and implants that are currently used in ophthalmology and pointing out the strengths and weaknesses of the existing devices. A prospect for future research is also provided, highlighting the potential of new, smart bioceramics able to carry specific added values which could have a significant impact on the treatment of ocular diseases.
Collapse
|
13
|
Fu Q, Saiz E, Rahaman MN, Tomsia AP. Toward Strong and Tough Glass and Ceramic Scaffolds for Bone Repair. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2013; 23:5461-5476. [PMID: 29527148 PMCID: PMC5844579 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201301121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The need for implants to repair large bone defects is driving the development of porous synthetic scaffolds with the requisite mechanical strength and toughness in vivo. Recent developments in the use of design principles and novel fabrication technologies are paving the way to create synthetic scaffolds with promising potential for reconstituting bone in load-bearing sites. This article reviews the state of the art in the design and fabrication of bioactive glass and ceramic scaffolds that have improved mechanical properties for structural bone repair. Scaffolds with anisotropic and periodic structures can be prepared with compressive strengths comparable to human cortical bone (100-150 MPa), while scaffolds with an isotropic structure typically have strengths in the range of trabecular bone (2-12 MPa). However, the mechanical response of bioactive glass and ceramic scaffolds in multiple loading modes such as flexure and torsion - as well as their mechanical reliability, fracture toughness, and fatigue resistance - has received little attention. Inspired by the designs of natural materials such as cortical bone and nacre, glass-ceramic and inorganic/polymer composite scaffolds created with extrinsic toughening mechanisms are showing potential for both high strength and mechanical reliability. Future research should include improved designs that provide strong scaffolds with microstructures conducive to bone ingrowth, and evaluation of these scaffolds in large animal models for eventual translation into clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
| | - Eduardo Saiz
- Centre for Advanced Structural Materials, Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mohamed N Rahaman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center for Bone and Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
| | - Antoni P Tomsia
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Essien ER, Adams LA, Shaibu RO, Oki A. Sol-gel bioceramic material from bentonite clay. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/jbise.2013.63032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
15
|
Baino F, Ferraris M, Bretcanu O, Verné E, Vitale-Brovarone C. Optimization of composition, structure and mechanical strength of bioactive 3-D glass-ceramic scaffolds for bone substitution. J Biomater Appl 2011; 27:872-90. [DOI: 10.1177/0885328211429193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fabrication of 3-D highly porous, bioactive, and mechanically competent scaffolds represents a significant challenge of bone tissue engineering. In this work, Bioglass®-derived glass-ceramic scaffolds actually fulfilling this complex set of requirements were successfully produced through the sponge replication method. Scaffold processing parameters and sintering treatment were carefully designed in order to obtain final porous bodies with pore content (porosity above 70 %vol), trabecular architecture and mechanical properties (compressive strength up to 3 MPa) analogous to those of the cancellous bone. Influence of the Bioglass® particles size on the structural and mechanical features of the sintered scaffolds was considered and discussed. Relationship between porosity and mechanical strength was investigated and modeled. Three-dimensional architecture, porosity, mechanical strength and in vitro bioactivity of the optimized Bioglass®-derived scaffolds were also compared to those of CEL2-based glass-ceramic scaffolds (CEL2 is an experimental bioactive glass originally developed by the authors at Politecnico di Torino) fabricated by the same processing technique, in an attempt at understanding the role of different bioactive glass composition on the major features of scaffolds prepared by the same method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Baino
- Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Department, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Monica Ferraris
- Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Department, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Oana Bretcanu
- Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Department, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
- School of Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Enrica Verné
- Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Department, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Vitale-Brovarone
- Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Department, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Facile route to obtain a highly bioactive SiO2–CaO–Na2O–P2O5 crystalline powder. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
17
|
Fu Q, Saiz E, Rahaman MN, Tomsia AP. Bioactive glass scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: state of the art and future perspectives. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2011; 31:1245-1256. [PMID: 21912447 PMCID: PMC3169803 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2011.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The repair and regeneration of large bone defects resulting from disease or trauma remains a significant clinical challenge. Bioactive glass has appealing characteristics as a scaffold material for bone tissue engineering, but the application of glass scaffolds for the repair of load-bearing bone defects is often limited by their low mechanical strength and fracture toughness. This paper provides an overview of recent developments in the fabrication and mechanical properties of bioactive glass scaffolds. The review reveals the fact that mechanical strength is not a real limiting factor in the use of bioactive glass scaffolds for bone repair, an observation not often recognized by most researchers and clinicians. Scaffolds with compressive strengths comparable to those of trabecular and cortical bones have been produced by a variety of methods. The current limitations of bioactive glass scaffolds include their low fracture toughness (low resistance to fracture) and limited mechanical reliability, which have so far received little attention. Future research directions should include the development of strong and tough bioactive glass scaffolds, and their evaluation in unloaded and load-bearing bone defects in animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Eduardo Saiz
- Centre for Advanced Structural Materials, Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mohamed N. Rahaman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center for Bone and Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
| | - Antoni P. Tomsia
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Baino F, Vitale-Brovarone C. Three-dimensional glass-derived scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: Current trends and forecasts for the future. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 97:514-35. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
19
|
Fu Q, Saiz E, Tomsia AP. Bioinspired Strong and Highly Porous Glass Scaffolds. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2011; 21:1058-1063. [PMID: 21544222 PMCID: PMC3085453 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201002030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The quest for more efficient energy-related technologies is driving the development of porous and high-performance structural materials with exceptional mechanical strength. Natural materials achieve their strength through complex hierarchical designs and anisotropic structures that are extremely difficult to replicate synthetically. We emulate nature's design by direct-ink-write assembling of glass scaffolds with a periodic pattern, and controlled sintering of the filaments into anisotropic constructs similar to biological materials. The final product is a porous glass scaffold with a compressive strength (136 MPa) comparable to that of cortical bone and a porosity (60%) comparable to that of trabecular bone. The strength of this porous glass scaffold is ~100 times that of polymer scaffolds and 4-5 times that of ceramic and glass scaffolds with comparable porosities reported elsewhere. The ability to create both porous and strong structures opens a new avenue for fabricating scaffolds for a broad array of applications, including tissue engineering, filtration, lightweight composites, and catalyst support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Eduardo Saiz
- Centre for Advanced Structural Ceramics, Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Antoni P. Tomsia
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|