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Venkatesan K, Mary Mathew A, Sreya P, Raveendran S, Rajendran A, Subramanian B, Pattanayak DK. Silver - calcium titanate – titania decorated Ti6Al4V powders: An antimicrobial and biocompatible filler in composite scaffold for bone tissue engineering application. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wadge MD, Turgut B, Murray JW, Stuart BW, Felfel RM, Ahmed I, Grant DM. Developing highly nanoporous titanate structures via wet chemical conversion of DC magnetron sputtered titanium thin films. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 566:271-283. [PMID: 32006822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Titanate structures have been widely investigated as biomedical component surfaces due to their bioactive, osteoinductive and antibacterial properties. However, these surfaces are limited to Ti and its alloys, due to the nature of the chemical conversion employed. The authors present a new method for generating nanoporous titanate structures on alternative biomaterial surfaces, such as other metals/alloys, ceramics and polymers, to produce bioactive and/or antibacterial properties in a simple yet effective way. Wet chemical (NaOH; 5 M; 60 °C; 24 h) conversion of DC magnetron sputtered Ti surfaces on 316L stainless steel were investigated to explore effects of microstructure on sodium titanate conversion. It was found that the more equiaxed thin films (B/300) generated the thickest titanate structures (ca. 1.6 μm), which disagreed with the proposed hypothesis of columnar structures allowing greater NaOH ingress. All film parameters tested ultimately generated titanate structures, as confirmed via EDX, SEM, XPS, XRD, FTIR and Raman analyses. Additionally, the more columnar structures (NB/NH & B/NH) had a greater quantity of Na (ca. 26 at.%) in the top portion of the films, as confirmed via XPS, however, on average the Na content was consistent across the films (ca. 5-9 at.%). Film adhesion for the more columnar structures (ca. 42 MPa), even on polished substrates, were close to that of the FDA requirement for plasma-sprayed HA coatings (ca. 50 MPa). This study demonstrates the potential of these surfaces to be applied onto a wide variety of material types, even polymeric materials, due to the lower processing temperatures utilised, with the vision to generate bioactive and/or antibacterial properties on a plethora of bioinert materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Wadge
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, UK.
| | - Burhan Turgut
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - James W Murray
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Bryan W Stuart
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Reda M Felfel
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, UK; Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ifty Ahmed
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - David M Grant
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, UK.
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Rajendran A, Pattanayak DK. Mechanistic studies of biomineralisation on silver incorporated anatase TiO 2. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 109:110558. [PMID: 32228955 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Here we report silver incorporated anatase TiO2 developed on Ti metal by H2O2-AgNO3 and heat treatment to have faster biomineralisation or apatite-forming ability in simulated body fluid (SBF). Apatite-forming ability has been investigated concerning heat treatment temperatures ranges, 400-800 °C and duration of soaking period in SBF. The apatite formation showed an increasing trend with increase in the heat treatment temperatures up to 600 °C and beyond that the Ti metal lost this ability. XRD as wells as Raman results of such chemical and heat-treated Ti metal at different temperatures further correlates the apatite nucleation directly in relation with that of anatase to rutile TiO2 formation. Further, a time dependent apatite mineralisation study by XPS revealed simultaneous calcium and phosphate deposition at the early stage of soaking in SBF. Therefore, the apatite nucleation in the present chemically treated Ti metal depends on the crystalline phase of TiO2 formed by H2O2 and heat treatment along with Ag+ ion release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Rajendran
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630006, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Deepak K Pattanayak
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630006, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Li K, Xue Y, Yan T, Zhang L, Han Y. Si substituted hydroxyapatite nanorods on Ti for percutaneous implants. Bioact Mater 2020; 5:116-123. [PMID: 32021946 PMCID: PMC6994265 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An ideal intraosseous transcutaneous implant should form a tight seal with soft tissue, besides a requirement of osseointegration at the bone-fixed position. Si substituted hydroxyapatite (Si-HA) nanorods releasing Si ion and simulating nanotopography of natural tissue were designed on Ti to enhance fibroblast response in vitro and biosealing with soft tissue in vivo. Si-HA nanorods were fabricated by alkali-heat treatment followed with hydrothermal treatment. The hydrothermal formation mechanism of Si-HA nanorods was explored. The surface characteristic of Si-HA nanorods was compared with pure HA nanorods. Fibroblast behaviors in vitro and skin response in vivo on different surfaces were also evaluated. The obtained results show that the substitution of Si did not significantly alter the phase component, morphology, roughness and wettability of HA, but additional Si and more Ca were released from Si-HA into medium. Comparing to pure HA nanrods and Ti substrate, Si-HA nanrods enhanced cell behaviors including proliferation, fibrotic phenotype and collagen secretion in vitro, and reduced epithelial down growth in vivo. The enhanced cell response and biosealing should be due to the releasing of Ca, Si and nanotopography of Si-HA nanorods. Si-HA nanorods can be a potential coating to accelerate skin integration for percutaneous implants in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lan Zhang
- State-key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yong Han
- State-key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
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Rajendran A, Kapoor U, Jothinarayanan N, Lenka N, Pattanayak DK. Effect of Silver-Containing Titania Layers for Bioactivity, Antibacterial Activity, and Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Ti Metal. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:3808-3819. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Archana Rajendran
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630006, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Upasana Kapoor
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | | | - Nibedita Lenka
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Deepak K. Pattanayak
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630006, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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Rajendran A, Vinoth G, Nivedhitha J, Iyer KM, Pattanayak DK. Ca-Ag coexisting nano-structured titania layer on Ti metal surface with enhanced bioactivity, antibacterial and cell compatibility. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 99:440-449. [PMID: 30889718 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.01.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A nano-structured titanate layer encapsulated with Ca2+ and Ag+ ions was successfully grown over commercially pure (CP) Ti metal by chemical treatment with H2O2 and subsequent treatment with Ca (NO3)2/AgNO3 solutions. Heat treatment at 600 °C, further transformed this nano-structured titanate layer into titania containing Ca2+ and Ag+ ions. Thus modified Ti metal showed significant enhancement in apatite-forming ability when soaked in simulated body fluid (SBF). Presence of Ag+ ions showed good antimicrobial activity against pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus, and, Ca2+ ions being a major component of bone mineral accelerated the apatite-forming ability over Ti metal in SBF. Further, Ca2+and Ag+ ions proportion over Ti metal surface could be optimised in order to have minimum Ag concentration that can have not only antibacterial activity and also cell compatibility against MG 63 osteoblast-like cells. Therefore, the proposed surface modification approach presented here is expected to be useful in orthopaedic implants that necessitate enhanced bioactivity, antibacterial activity and cell compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Rajendran
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630006, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - G Vinoth
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630006, India
| | - J Nivedhitha
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630006, India
| | - Kumar M Iyer
- Hoganas India Pvt. Ltd., Pune, Maharashtra 411001, India
| | - Deepak K Pattanayak
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630006, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Rajendran A, Sugunapriyadharshini S, Mishra D, Pattanayak DK. Role of calcium ions in defining the bioactivity of surface modified Ti metal. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 98:197-204. [PMID: 30813020 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.12.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nano-structured hydrogen titanate and sodium hydrogen titanate layers were formed when Ti metal was treated with H2O2 and NaOH solutions, respectively. The chemically treated Ti metals upon subsequent treatment with Ca(NO3)2 and CaCl2 solutions, resulted in incorporation of Ca2+ ions into the nano-structured titanate layer. Thus formed nano-structured titanate layers containing Ca2+ ions when subjected to heat treatment, forms anatase and calcium titanate-rutile phases, respectively. In vitro apatite-forming ability in simulated body fluid (SBF) was positive for H2O2-Ca and heat-treated Ti metal in contrast to NaOH-Ca and heat treatment. Formation of anatase phase together with Ca2+ ion release into SBF was found to be the key driving force for such a high bioactivity of Ca2+ containing H2O2 treated Ti metal on contrary to NaOH and heat treatment. This study provides a new insight into the factors accelerating the bioactivity of Ti metals during various chemical and thermal treatments, which further aid and abet to design dental and orthopaedic implants with high bone-bonding ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Rajendran
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630006, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - S Sugunapriyadharshini
- School of Biosciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Debasish Mishra
- School of Biosciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Deepak K Pattanayak
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630006, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Hsu HC, Wu SC, Hsu SK, Liao YH, Ho WF. Effect of different post-treatments on the bioactivity of alkali-treated Ti–5Si alloy. Biomed Mater Eng 2017; 28:503-514. [DOI: 10.3233/bme-171693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh-Chuan Hsu
- Department of Dental Technology and Materials Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shih-Ching Wu
- Department of Dental Technology and Materials Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shih-Kuang Hsu
- Department of Dental Technology and Materials Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Hang Liao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Da-Yeh University, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Fu Ho
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan, ROC. E-mail:
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Tsukanaka M, Fujibayashi S, Takemoto M, Matsushita T, Kokubo T, Nakamura T, Sasaki K, Matsuda S. Bioactive treatment promotes osteoblast differentiation on titanium materials fabricated by selective laser melting technology. Dent Mater J 2017; 35:118-25. [PMID: 26830832 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2015-127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Selective laser melting (SLM) technology is useful for the fabrication of porous titanium implants with complex shapes and structures. The materials fabricated by SLM characteristically have a very rough surface (average surface roughness, Ra=24.58 µm). In this study, we evaluated morphologically and biochemically the specific effects of this very rough surface and the additional effects of a bioactive treatment on osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. Flat-rolled titanium materials (Ra=1.02 µm) were used as the controls. On the treated materials fabricated by SLM, we observed enhanced osteoblast differentiation compared with the flat-rolled materials and the untreated materials fabricated by SLM. No significant differences were observed between the flat-rolled materials and the untreated materials fabricated by SLM in their effects on osteoblast differentiation. We concluded that the very rough surface fabricated by SLM had to undergo a bioactive treatment to obtain a positive effect on osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Tsukanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University
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Vladescu A, Titorencu I, Dekhtyar Y, Jinga V, Pruna V, Balaceanu M, Dinu M, Pana I, Vendina V, Braic M. In Vitro Biocompatibility of Si Alloyed Multi-Principal Element Carbide Coatings. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161151. [PMID: 27571361 PMCID: PMC5003397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we have examined the possibility to improve the biocompatibility of the (TiZrNbTaHf)C through replacement of either Ti or Ta by Si. The coatings were deposited on Si and 316L stainless steel substrates by magnetron sputtering in an Ar+CH4 mixed atmosphere and were examined for elemental composition, chemical bonds, surface topography, surface electrical charge and biocompatible characteristics. The net surface charge was evaluated at nano and macroscopic scale by measuring the electrical potential and work function, respectively. The biocompatible tests comprised determination of cell viability and cell attachment to the coated surface. The deposited coatings had C/(metal+Si) ratios close to unity, while a mixture of metallic carbide, free-carbon and oxidized species formed on the film surface. The coatings’ surfaces were smooth and no influence of surface roughness on electrical charge or biocompatibility was found. The biocompatible characteristics correlated well with the electrical potential/work function, suggesting a significant role of surface charge in improving biocompatibility, particularly cell attachment to coating's surface. Replacement of either Ti or Ta by Si in the (TiZrNbTaHf)C coating led to an enhanced surface electrical charge, as well as to superior biocompatible properties, with best results for the (TiZrNbSiHf)C coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Vladescu
- National Institute for Optoelectronics, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Titorencu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Victor Jinga
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vasile Pruna
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Balaceanu
- National Institute for Optoelectronics, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Dinu
- National Institute for Optoelectronics, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania
| | - Iulian Pana
- National Institute for Optoelectronics, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Physics, Bucharest University, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Mariana Braic
- National Institute for Optoelectronics, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania
- * E-mail:
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Saita M, Ikeda T, Yamada M, Kimoto K, Lee MCI, Ogawa T. UV photofunctionalization promotes nano-biomimetic apatite deposition on titanium. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:223-34. [PMID: 26834469 PMCID: PMC4716735 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s95249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although biomimetic apatite coating is a promising way to provide titanium with osteoconductivity, the efficiency and quality of deposition is often poor. Most titanium implants have microscale surface morphology, and an addition of nanoscale features while preserving the micromorphology may provide further biological benefit. Here, we examined the effect of ultraviolet (UV) light treatment of titanium, or photofunctionalization, on the efficacy of biomimetic apatite deposition on titanium and its biological capability. Methods and results Micro-roughed titanium disks were prepared by acid-etching with sulfuric acid. Micro-roughened disks with or without photofunctionalization (20-minute exposure to UV light) were immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 1 or 5 days. Photofunctionalized titanium disks were superhydrophilic and did not form surface air bubbles when immersed in SBF, whereas non-photofunctionalized disks were hydrophobic and largely covered with air bubbles during immersion. An apatite-related signal was observed by X-ray diffraction on photofunctionalized titanium after 1 day of SBF immersion, which was equivalent to the one observed after 5 days of immersion of control titanium. Scanning electron microscopy revealed nodular apatite deposition in the valleys and at the inclines of micro-roughened structures without affecting the existing micro-configuration. Micro-roughened titanium and apatite-deposited titanium surfaces had similar roughness values. The attachment, spreading, settling, proliferation, and alkaline phosphate activity of bone marrow-derived osteoblasts were promoted on apatite-coated titanium with photofunctionalization. Conclusion UV-photofunctionalization of titanium enabled faster deposition of nanoscale biomimetic apatite, resulting in the improved biological capability compared to the similarly prepared apatite-deposited titanium without photofunctionalization. Photofunctionalization-assisted biomimetic apatite deposition may be a novel method to effectively enhance micro-roughened titanium surfaces without altering their microscale morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Saita
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Takayuki Ikeda
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamada
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Kimoto
- Department of Prosthodontics and Oral Rehabilitation, Kanagawa Dental University Graduate School of Dentistry, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Masaichi Chang-Il Lee
- Yokosuka-Shonan Disaster Health Emergency Research Center and ESR Laboratories, Kanagawa Dental University Graduate School of Dentistry, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ogawa
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Kokubo T, Yamaguchi S. Growth of Novel Ceramic Layers on Metals via Chemical and Heat Treatments for Inducing Various Biological Functions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3:176. [PMID: 26579517 PMCID: PMC4621495 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present authors' systematic studies on growth of novel ceramic layers on Ti metal and its alloys by chemical and heat treatments for inducing bone-bonding bioactivity and some other biological functions are reviewed. Ti metal formed an apatite on its surface in a simulated body fluid, when heat-treated after exposure to strong acid solutions to form rutile surface layer, or to strong alkali solutions to form sodium titanate surface layer. Both types of Ti metal tightly bonded to the living bone. The alkali and heat treatment was applied to the surface Ti metal of an artificial hip joint and successfully used in the clinic since 2007. The acid and heat treatments was applied to porous Ti metal to induce osteoconductivity as well as osteoinductivity. The resulting product was successfully used in clinical trials for spinal fusion devices. For the Ti-based alloys, the alkali and heat treatment was little modified to form calcium titanate surface layer. Bone-growth promoting Mg, Sr, and Zn ions as well as the antibacterial Ag ion were successfully incorporated into the calcium titanate layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Kokubo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University , Kasugai , Japan
| | - Seiji Yamaguchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University , Kasugai , Japan
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An alumina toughened zirconia composite for dental implant application: in vivo animal results. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:157360. [PMID: 25945324 PMCID: PMC4402487 DOI: 10.1155/2015/157360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ceramic materials are widely used for biomedical applications because of their remarkable biological and mechanical properties. Composites made of alumina and zirconia are particularly interesting owing to their higher toughness with respect to the monolithic materials. On this basis, the present study is focused on the in vivo behavior of alumina toughened zirconia (ATZ) dental implants treated with a hydrothermal process. A minipig model was implemented to assess the bone healing through histology and mRNA expression at different time points (8, 14, 28, and 56 days). The novel ATZ implant was compared to a titanium clinical standard. The implants were analyzed in terms of microstructure and surface roughness before in vivo tests. The most interesting result deals with a statistically significant higher digital histology index for ATZ implants with respect to titanium standard at 56 days, which is an unprecedented finding, to the authors' knowledge. Even if further investigations are needed before proposing the clinical use in humans, the tested material proved to be a promising candidate among the possible ceramic dental implants.
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Kokubo T, Yamaguchi S. Bioactive titanate layers formed on titanium and its alloys by simple chemical and heat treatments. Open Biomed Eng J 2015; 9:29-41. [PMID: 25893014 PMCID: PMC4391211 DOI: 10.2174/1874120701509010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To reveal general principles for obtaining bone-bonding bioactive metallic titanium, Ti metal was heat-treated after exposure to a solution with different pH. The material formed an apatite layer at its surface in simulated body fluid when heat-treated after exposure to a strong acid or alkali solution, because it formed a positively charged titanium oxide and negatively charged sodium titanate film on its surface, respectively. Such treated these Ti metals tightly bonded to living bone. Porous Ti metal heat-treated after exposure to an acidic solution exhibited not only osteoconductive, but also osteoinductive behavior. Porous Ti metal exposed to an alkaline solution also exhibits osteoconductivity as well as osteoinductivity, if it was subsequently subjected to acid and heat treatments. These acid and heat treatments were not effective for most Ti-based alloys. However, even those alloys exhibited apatite formation when they were subjected to acid and heat treatment after a NaOH treatment, since the alloying elements were removed from the surface by the latter. The NaOH and heat treatments were also not effective for Ti-Zr-Nb-Ta alloys. These alloys displayed apatite formation when subjected to CaCl2 treatment after NaOH treatment, forming Ca-deficient calcium titanate at their surfaces after subsequent heat and hot water treatments. The bioactive Ti metal subjected to NaOH and heat treatments has been clinically used as an artificial hip joint material in Japan since 2007. A porous Ti metal subjected to NaOH, HCl and heat treatments has successfully undergone clinical trials as a spinal fusion device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Kokubo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University 1200 Matsumoto-chow, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501 Japan
| | - Seiji Yamaguchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University 1200 Matsumoto-chow, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501 Japan
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Ho WF, Tsou HK, Wu SC, Hsu SK, Chuang SH, Hsu HC. Effect of ethyl alcohol aging on the apatite formation of a low-modulus Ti-7.5Mo alloy treated with aqueous NaOH. BIOMATERIALS AND BIOMECHANICS IN BIOENGINEERING 2014. [DOI: 10.12989/bme.2014.1.1.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lin X, Zhou L, Li S, Lu H, Ding X. Behavior of acid etching on titanium: topography, hydrophility and hydrogen concentration. Biomed Mater 2013; 9:015002. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/9/1/015002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, People's Republic of China
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Kawai T, Takemoto M, Fujibayashi S, Akiyama H, Yamaguchi S, Pattanayak DK, Doi K, Matsushita T, Nakamura T, Kokubo T, Matsuda S. Osteoconduction of porous Ti metal enhanced by acid and heat treatments. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2013; 24:1707-1715. [PMID: 23532383 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-013-4919-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Bone ingrowth into porous Ti metal is important for stable fixation of Ti metal implants to surrounding bone. However, without surface treatment this is limited to only a thin region of the outer surface of the Ti metal. In the present study, a porous Ti metal with a porosity of ~60 % and interpore connections of 70-200 micrometers in diameter was investigated in terms of its chemical and heat treatments, by implanting it into rabbit femur for periods varying from 3 to 12 weeks. The porous Ti metal subjected to heat treatment at 600 °C after H2SO4/HCl mixed acid treatment showed the largest bone ingrowth in comparison with those subjected to no treatment, only acid treatment, and only heat treatment even at an early stage after implantation, and remained as such even 12 weeks after implantation. Their bone ingrowths were well interpreted in terms of apatite-forming abilities of the Ti metals in body environment. Their apatite-forming abilities did not depend upon their surface roughness nor type of crystalline phase, but upon the positive surface charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Kawai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shougoin Sakyou-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
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18
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Kawashita M, Kamitani A, Miyazaki T, Matsui N, Li Z, Kanetaka H, Hashimoto M. Zeta potential of alumina powders with different crystalline phases in simulated body fluids. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Kawai T, Takemoto M, Fujibayashi S, Neo M, Akiyama H, Yamaguchi S, Pattanayak DK, Matsushita T, Nakamura T, Kokubo T. Bone-bonding properties of Ti metal subjected to acid and heat treatments. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2012; 23:2981-2992. [PMID: 22948713 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-012-4758-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The effects of surface treatment on the bone-bonding properties of Ti metal were examined by both mechanical detaching test and histological observation after implantation into rabbit tibiae for various periods ranging from 4 to 26 weeks. The bone-bonding ability of Ti metal, which is extremely low as it is abraded, was hardly increased by simple heat treatment at 600 °C or treatment with H(2)SO(4)/HCl mixed acid alone, but was markedly increased by the heat treatment after the acid treatment. Even Ti metal that had been previously subjected to NaOH treatment showed considerably high bone-bonding ability after acid and heat treatments. Such high bonding abilities were attributed to their high apatite-forming ability in the body environment. Their high apatite-forming abilities were attributed to a high positive surface charge, and not to the type of crystalline phase or specific roughness of their surfaces. The present study has demonstrated that acid and subsequent heat treatments are effective for conferring stable fixation properties on Ti metal implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Kawai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shougoin, Kyoto, Japan.
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20
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Effects of surface charges on dental implants: past, present, and future. Int J Biomater 2012; 2012:381535. [PMID: 23093962 PMCID: PMC3472554 DOI: 10.1155/2012/381535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osseointegration is a major factor influencing the success of dental implantation. To achieve rapid and strong, durable osseointegration, biomaterial researchers have investigated various surface treatment methods for dental subgingival titanium (Ti) implants. This paper focuses on surface-charge modification on the surface of titanium dental implants, which is a relatively new and very promising methodology for improving the implants' osseointegration properties. We give an overview on both theoretical explanations on how surface-charge affects the implants' osseointegration, as well as a potential surface charge modification method using sandblasting. Additionally, we discuss insights on the important factors affecting effectiveness of surface-charge modification methods and point out several interesting directions for future investigations on this topic.
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21
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Pattanayak DK, Yamaguchi S, Matsushita T, Kokubo T. Nanostructured positively charged bioactive TiO2 layer formed on Ti metal by NaOH, acid and heat treatments. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2011; 22:1803-1812. [PMID: 21670996 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-011-4372-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Nanometer-scale roughness was generated on the surface of titanium (Ti) metal by NaOH treatment and remained after subsequent acid treatment with HCl, HNO(3) or H(2)SO(4) solution, as long as the acid concentration was not high. It also remained after heat treatment. Sodium hydrogen titanate produced by NaOH treatment was transformed into hydrogen titanate after subsequent acid treatment as long as the acid concentration was not high. The hydrogen titanate was then transformed into titanium oxide (TiO(2)) of anatase and rutile by heat treatment. Treated Ti metals exhibited high apatite-forming abilities in a simulated body fluid especially when the acid concentration was greater than 10 mM, irrespective of the type of acid solutions used. This high apatite-forming ability was maintained in humid environments for long periods. The high apatite-forming ability was attributed to the positive surface charge that formed on the TiO(2) layer and not to the surface roughness or a specific crystalline phase. This positively charged TiO(2) induced apatite formation by first selectively adsorbing negatively charged phosphate ions followed by positively charged calcium ions. Apatite formation is expected on the surfaces of such treated Ti metals after short periods, even in living systems. The bonding of metal to living bone is also expected to take place through this apatite layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak K Pattanayak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan.
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22
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Yamaguchi S, Takadama H, Matsushita T, Nakamura T, Kokubo T. Preparation of bioactive Ti-15Zr-4Nb-4Ta alloy from HCl and heat treatments after an NaOH treatment. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 97:135-44. [PMID: 21370443 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ti-15Zr-4Nb-4Ta alloy does not contain any cytotoxic elements and has a high mechanical strength. Water or HCl and heat treatments were applied to this alloy after NaOH treatment to form a bioactive titanium oxide layer with a nanometer scale roughness on its surface. The nanometer scale roughness was formed on the surface after the first NaOH treatment and remained, even after a subsequent water or HCl and heat treatment. A layer that was mainly composed of anatase was formed on the surface after the heat treatment. Thus, the treated alloy showed a high apatite-forming ability in an SBF, as well as a high scratch resistance. Its high apatite-forming ability was attributed to its positive surface charge. The same alloy subjected to a heat treatment without a water or HCl treatment after the NaOH treatment did not show an apatite-forming ability. This was attributed to a too slow release rate of sodium ions from the surface in an SBF. Ti-15Zr-4Nb-4Ta alloy samples subjected to a water or HCl and heat treatment after the NaOH treatment are expected to be useful as orthopedic and dental implants, since they can form an apatite layer on their surface in a living body and bond to living bone through this apatite layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Yamaguchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai-city, Aichi 487-8501, Japan.
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23
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Ferraris S, Spriano S, Pan G, Venturello A, Bianchi CL, Chiesa R, Faga MG, Maina G, Vernè E. Surface modification of Ti-6Al-4V alloy for biomineralization and specific biological response: Part I, inorganic modification. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2011; 22:533-545. [PMID: 21287240 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-011-4246-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Titanium and its alloys represent the gold standard for orthopaedic and dental prosthetic devices, because of their good mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Recent research has been focused on surface treatments designed to promote their rapid osteointegration also in case of poor bone quality. A new surface treatment has been investigated in this research work, in order to improve tissue integration of titanium based implants. The surface treatment is able to induce a bioactive behaviour, without the introduction of a coating, and preserving mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V substrates (fatigue resistance). The application of the proposed technique results in a complex surface topography, characterized by the combination of a micro-roughness and a nanotexture, which can be coupled with the conventional macro-roughness induced by blasting. Modified metallic surfaces are rich in hydroxyls groups: this feature is extremely important for inorganic bioactivity (in vitro and in vivo apatite precipitation) and also for further functionalization procedures (grafting of biomolecules). Modified Ti6Al4V induced hydroxyapatite precipitation after 15 days soaking in simulated body fluid (SBF). The process was optimised in order to not induce cracks or damages on the surface. The surface oxide layer presents high scratch resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ferraris
- DISMIC Department, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129, Turin, Italy.
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24
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Pattanayak DK, Fukuda A, Matsushita T, Takemoto M, Fujibayashi S, Sasaki K, Nishida N, Nakamura T, Kokubo T. Bioactive Ti metal analogous to human cancellous bone: Fabrication by selective laser melting and chemical treatments. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:1398-406. [PMID: 20883832 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Selective laser melting (SLM) is a useful technique for preparing three-dimensional porous bodies with complicated internal structures directly from titanium (Ti) powders without any intermediate processing steps, with the products being expected to be useful as a bone substitute. In this study the necessary SLM processing conditions to obtain a dense product, such as the laser power, scanning speed, and hatching pattern, were investigated using a Ti powder of less than 45 μm particle size. The results show that a fully dense plate thinner than 1.8 mm was obtained when the laser power to scanning speed ratio was greater than 0.5 and the hatch spacing was less than the laser diameter, with a 30 μm thick powder layer. Porous Ti metals with structures analogous to human cancellous bone were fabricated and the compressive strength measured. The compressive strength was in the range 35-120 MPa when the porosity was in the range 75-55%. Porous Ti metals fabricated by SLM were heat-treated at 1300 °C for 1h in an argon gas atmosphere to smooth the surface. Such prepared specimens were subjected to NaOH, HCl, and heat treatment to provide bioactivity. Field emission scanning electron micrographs showed that fine networks of titanium oxide were formed over the whole surface of the porous body. These treated porous bodies formed bone-like apatite on their surfaces in a simulated body fluid within 3 days. In vivo studies showed that new bone penetrated into the pores and directly bonded to the walls within 12 weeks after implantation into the femur of Japanese white rabbits. The percentage bone affinity indices of the chemical- and heat-treated porous bodies were significantly higher than that of untreated implants.
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Pattanayak DK, Yamaguchi S, Matsushita T, Kokubo T. Effect of heat treatments on apatite-forming ability of NaOH- and HCl-treated titanium metal. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2011; 22:273-278. [PMID: 21188481 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-010-4218-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Titanium (Ti) metal was soaked in HCl solution after NaOH treatment and then subjected to heat treatments at different temperatures. Their apatite-forming abilities in a simulated body fluid (SBF) were discussed in terms of their surface structures and properties. The nanometer scale roughness formed on Ti metal after NaOH treatment remained after the HCl treatment and a subsequent heat treatment below 700°C. Hydrogen titanate was formed on Ti metal from an HCl treatment after NaOH treatment, and this was converted into titanium oxide of anatase and rutile phases by a subsequent heat treatment above 500°C. The scratch resistance of the surface layer increased with the formation of the titanium oxide after a heat treatment up to 700°C, and then decreased with increasing temperature. The Ti metal with a titanium oxide layer formed on its surface showed a high apatite-forming ability in SBF when the heat treatment temperature was in the range 500-700°C. The high apatite-forming ability was attributed to the positive surface charge in an SBF. These positive surface charges were ascribed to the presence of chloride ions, which were adsorbed on the surfaces and dissociated in the SBF to give an acid environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak K Pattanayak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan.
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26
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Kokubo T, Pattanayak DK, Yamaguchi S, Takadama H, Matsushita T, Kawai T, Takemoto M, Fujibayashi S, Nakamura T. Positively charged bioactive Ti metal prepared by simple chemical and heat treatments. J R Soc Interface 2010; 7 Suppl 5:S503-13. [PMID: 20444711 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2010.0129.focus] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly bioactive bone-bonding Ti metal was obtained when Ti metal was simply heat-treated after a common acid treatment. This bone-bonding property was ascribed to the formation of apatite on the Ti metal in a body environment. The formation of apatite on the Ti metal was induced neither by its surface roughness nor by the rutile phase precipitated on its surface, but by its positively charged surface. The surface of the Ti metal was positively charged because acid groups were adsorbed on titanium hydride formed on the Ti metal by the acid treatment, and remained even after the titanium hydride was transformed into titanium oxide by the subsequent heat treatment. These results provide a new principle based on a positively charged surface for obtaining bioactive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Kokubo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan.
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27
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Abstract
Sodium titanate formed on Ti metal by NaOH and heat treatments induces apatite formation on its surface in a body environment and bonds to living bone. These treatments have been applied to porous Ti metal in artificial hip joints, and have been used clinically in Japan since 2007. Calcium titanate formed on Ti-15Zr-4Nb-4Ta alloy by NaOH, CaCl2, heat, and water treatments induces apatite formation on its surface in a body environment. Titanium oxide formed on porous Ti metal by NaOH, HCl, and heat treatments exhibits osteoinductivity as well as osteoconductivity. This is now under clinical tests for application to a spinal fusion device.
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