1
|
Wubneh A, Tsekoura EK, Ayranci C, Uludağ H. Current state of fabrication technologies and materials for bone tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2018; 80:1-30. [PMID: 30248515 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A range of traditional and free-form fabrication technologies have been investigated and, in numerous occasions, commercialized for use in the field of regenerative tissue engineering (TE). The demand for technologies capable of treating bone defects inherently difficult to repair has been on the rise. This quest, accompanied by the advent of functionally tailored, biocompatible, and biodegradable materials, has garnered an enormous research interest in bone TE. As a result, different materials and fabrication methods have been investigated towards this end, leading to a deeper understanding of the geometrical, mechanical and biological requirements associated with bone scaffolds. As our understanding of the scaffold requirements expands, so do the capability requirements of the fabrication processes. The goal of this review is to provide a broad examination of existing scaffold fabrication processes and highlight future trends in their development. To appreciate the clinical requirements of bone scaffolds, a brief review of the biological process by which bone regenerates itself is presented first. This is followed by a summary and comparisons of commonly used implant techniques to highlight the advantages of TE-based approaches over traditional grafting methods. A detailed discussion on the clinical and mechanical requirements of bone scaffolds then follows. The remainder of the manuscript is dedicated to current scaffold fabrication methods, their unique capabilities and perceived shortcomings. The range of biomaterials employed in each fabrication method is summarized. Selected traditional and non-traditional fabrication methods are discussed with a highlight on their future potential from the authors' perspective. This study is motivated by the rapidly growing demand for effective scaffold fabrication processes capable of economically producing constructs with intricate and precisely controlled internal and external architectures. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The manuscript summarizes the current state of fabrication technologies and materials used for creating scaffolds in bone tissue engineering applications. A comprehensive analysis of different fabrication methods (traditional and free-form) were summarized in this review paper, with emphasis on recent developments in the field. The fabrication techniques suitable for creating scaffolds for tissue engineering was particularly targeted and their use in bone tissue engineering were articulated. Along with the fabrication techniques, we emphasized the choice of materials in these processes. Considering the limitations of each process, we highlighted the materials and the material properties critical in that particular process and provided a brief rational for the choice of the materials. The functional performance for bone tissue engineering are summarized for different fabrication processes and the choice of biomaterials. Finally, we provide a perspective on the future of the field, highlighting the knowledge gaps and promising avenues in pursuit of effective scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. This extensive review of the field will provide research community with a reference source for current approaches to scaffold preparation. We hope to encourage the researchers to generate next generation biomaterials to be used in these fabrication processes. By providing both advantages and disadvantage of each fabrication method in detail, new fabrication techniques might be devised that will overcome the limitations of the current approaches. These studies should facilitate the efforts of researchers interested in generating ideal scaffolds, and should have applications beyond the repair of bone tissue.
Collapse
|
2
|
Cornelsen M, Probst FA, Schwarz C, Burian E, Tröltzsch M, Otto S, Saller MM, Schieker M, Seitz H. Mechanical and biological effects of infiltration with biopolymers on 3D printed tricalciumphosphate scaffolds. Dent Mater J 2017; 36:553-559. [PMID: 28747594 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2016-306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of infiltrating 3D printed (TCP) scaffolds with different biodegradable polymers on their mechanical and biological properties. 3D printed TCP scaffolds with interconnecting channels measuring 450±50 µm were infiltrated with four different biodegradable copolymers. To determine the average compressive strength, a uniaxial testing system was used. Additionally, scaffolds were seeded with MC3T3 cells and cell viability was assessed by live/dead-assay. Uninfiltrated TCP had an average compression strength of 1.92±0.38 MPa. Mechanical stability was considerably increased in all infiltrated scaffolds up to a maximum of 7.36±0.57 MPa. All scaffolds demonstrated high cell survival rates with a maximum of 94±10 % living cells. In conclusion, infiltration of 3D printed tricalcium phosphate scaffolds with biodegradable polymers significantly improved mechanical properties and biological properties were comparable to those of uninfiltrated TCP scaffolds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Florian Andreas Probst
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University
| | - Christina Schwarz
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University
| | - Egon Burian
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University
| | - Matthias Tröltzsch
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University
| | - Sven Otto
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University
| | | | - Matthias Schieker
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University
| | - Hermann Seitz
- Fluid Technology and Microfluidics, University of Rostock
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Spath S, Drescher P, Seitz H. Impact of Particle Size of Ceramic Granule Blends on Mechanical Strength and Porosity of 3D Printed Scaffolds. MATERIALS 2015; 8:4720-4732. [PMID: 28793467 PMCID: PMC5455480 DOI: 10.3390/ma8084720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
3D printing is a promising method for the fabrication of scaffolds in the field of bone tissue engineering. To date, the mechanical strength of 3D printed ceramic scaffolds is not sufficient for a variety of applications in the reconstructive surgery. Mechanical strength is directly in relation with the porosity of the 3D printed scaffolds. The porosity is directly influenced by particle size and particle-size distribution of the raw material. To investigate this impact, a hydroxyapatite granule blend with a wide particle size distribution was fractioned by sieving. The specific fractions and bimodal mixtures of the sieved granule blend were used to 3D print specimens. It has been shown that an optimized arrangement of fractions with large and small particles can provide 3D printed specimens with good mechanical strength due to a higher packing density. An increase of mechanical strength can possibly expand the application area of 3D printed hydroxyapatite scaffolds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Spath
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Marine Technology, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 6, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Philipp Drescher
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Marine Technology, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 6, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Hermann Seitz
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Marine Technology, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 6, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Beck-Broichsitter BE, Becker ST, Seitz H, Wiltfang J, Warnke PH. Endocultivation: Histomorphological effects of repetitive rhBMP-2 application into prefabricated hydroxyapatite scaffolds at extraskeletal sites. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2015; 43:981-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2015.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
5
|
Shirazi SFS, Gharehkhani S, Mehrali M, Yarmand H, Metselaar HSC, Adib Kadri N, Osman NAA. A review on powder-based additive manufacturing for tissue engineering: selective laser sintering and inkjet 3D printing. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2015; 16:033502. [PMID: 27877783 PMCID: PMC5099820 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/16/3/033502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Since most starting materials for tissue engineering are in powder form, using powder-based additive manufacturing methods is attractive and practical. The principal point of employing additive manufacturing (AM) systems is to fabricate parts with arbitrary geometrical complexity with relatively minimal tooling cost and time. Selective laser sintering (SLS) and inkjet 3D printing (3DP) are two powerful and versatile AM techniques which are applicable to powder-based material systems. Hence, the latest state of knowledge available on the use of AM powder-based techniques in tissue engineering and their effect on mechanical and biological properties of fabricated tissues and scaffolds must be updated. Determining the effective setup of parameters, developing improved biocompatible/bioactive materials, and improving the mechanical/biological properties of laser sintered and 3D printed tissues are the three main concerns which have been investigated in this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Farid Seyed Shirazi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Advanced Material Research Center, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Samira Gharehkhani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Advanced Material Research Center, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mehdi Mehrali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Advanced Material Research Center, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hooman Yarmand
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Advanced Material Research Center, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Nahrizul Adib Kadri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noor Azuan Abu Osman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jariwala SH, Lewis GS, Bushman ZJ, Adair JH, Donahue HJ. 3D Printing of Personalized Artificial Bone Scaffolds. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2015; 2:56-64. [PMID: 28804734 PMCID: PMC4981149 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2015.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing technologies, including three-dimensional printing (3DP), have unlocked new possibilities for bone tissue engineering. Long-term regeneration of normal anatomic structure, shape, and function is clinically important subsequent to bone trauma, tumor, infection, nonunion after fracture, or congenital abnormality. Due to the great complexity in structure and properties of bone across the population, along with variation in the type of injury or defect, currently available treatments for larger bone defects that support load often fail in replicating the anatomic shape and structure of the lost bone tissue. 3DP could provide the ability to print bone substitute materials with a controlled chemistry, shape, porosity, and topography, thus allowing printing of personalized bone grafts customized to the patient and the specific clinical condition. 3DP and related fabrication approaches of bone grafts may one day revolutionize the way clinicians currently treat bone defects. This article gives a brief overview of the current advances in 3DP and existing materials with an emphasis on ceramics used for 3DP of bone scaffolds. Furthermore, it addresses some of the current limitations of this technique and discusses potential future directions and strategies for improving fabrication of personalized artificial bone constructs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shailly H. Jariwala
- Division of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Gregory S. Lewis
- Division of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State College of Engineering, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Zachary J. Bushman
- Chemistry Department, Eberly College of Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - James H. Adair
- Materials Science and Engineering, College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Henry J. Donahue
- Division of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State College of Engineering, University Park, Pennsylvania
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Characterization of silk fibroin modified surface: a proteomic view of cellular response proteins induced by biomaterials. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:209469. [PMID: 24818131 PMCID: PMC3982454 DOI: 10.1155/2014/209469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop the pathway of silk fibroin (SF) biopolymer surface induced cell membrane protein activation. Fibroblasts were used as an experimental model to evaluate the responses of cellular proteins induced by biopolymer material using a mass spectrometry-based profiling system. The surface was covered by multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and SF to increase the surface area, enhance the adhesion of biopolymer, and promote the rate of cell proliferation. The amount of adhered fibroblasts on CNTs/SF electrodes of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) greatly exceeded those on other surfaces. Moreover, analyzing differential protein expressions of adhered fibroblasts on the biopolymer surface by proteomic approaches indicated that CD44 may be a key protein. Through this study, utilization of mass spectrometry-based proteomics in evaluation of cell adhesion on biopolymer was proposed.
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Yang MH, Jong SB, Lu CY, Lin YF, Chiang PW, Tyan YC, Chung TW. Assessing the responses of cellular proteins induced by hyaluronic acid-modified surfaces utilizing a mass spectrometry-based profiling system: over-expression of CD36, CD44, CDK9, and PP2A. Analyst 2012; 137:4921-33. [PMID: 22910856 DOI: 10.1039/c2an35368g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cell responses to biopolymer surface at the early adhesion stages can be critical for cell survival. The purpose of this research was to assess formation of hyaluronic acid (HA) biopolymer surface, the fibroblasts were used as an experimental model to evaluate the responses of cellular proteins induced by biopolymer materials using a mass spectrometry-based profiling system. Surfaces were covered by multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT), chitosan (CS), and HA to increase the surface area, enhance the adhesion of biopolymer and promote the rate of cell proliferation. The amount of adhered fibroblasts on CNT/CS/HA electrodes of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) were greatly exceeded those on other surfaces that were consistent with cell-count technique. Moreover, analyzing differential protein expressions of adhered fibroblasts on those biopolymer surfaces by proteomic approaches identified CD36, CD44, PP2A, and CDK9 as key proteins. To validate the influences of those four proteins on adhesions of fibroblasts on biopolymers, the cells were blocked by antibodies of the proteins and the adhesions of cells on the tested biopolymer surfaces were examined using a QCM technique, flow cytometric analysis and morphological observations. The results of significantly decreasing the weights and densities of the blocked fibroblasts adhering to CNT/CS/HA surfaces were obtained, and validate those proteins found by proteomic approaches. Utilizing mass spectrometry-based proteomics to evaluate cell adhesions on biopolymers is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hui Yang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin, 64002 Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Metzler P, von Wilmowsky C, Zimmermann R, Wiltfang J, Schlegel KA. The effect of current used bone substitution materials and platelet-rich plasma on periosteal cells by ectopic site implantation: An in-vivo pilot study. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2012; 40:409-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
11
|
Lomelino RDO, Castro-Silva II, Linhares ABR, Alves GG, Santos SRDA, Gameiro VS, Rossi AM, Granjeiro JM. The association of human primary bone cells with biphasic calcium phosphate (βTCP/HA 70:30) granules increases bone repair. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2012; 23:781-788. [PMID: 22201029 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-011-4530-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This work evaluates the suitability of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) granules (β-TCP/HA 70:30) as potential carriers for cell-guided bone therapy. The BCP granules were obtained by synthesis in the presence of wax, thermal treatment, crushing and sieving and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The cytocompatibility of the BCP granules was confirmed by a multiparametric cytotoxicity assay. SEM analysis showed human bone cell adhesion and migration after seeding onto the material. Rat subcutaneous xenogeneic grafting of granules associated to human bone cells revealed a more accentuated moderate chronic inflammatory infiltrate, without signs of a strong xenoreactivity. Histomorphometrical analysis of bone repair of defects in rat skulls (∅ = 5 mm) has shown that bone cell associated-BCP and autograft promoted a two- and threefold increase, respectively, on new bone formation after 45 days, as compared to BCP alone and blood clot. The increase in bone repair supports the suitability the biocompatible (70:30) BCP granules as injectable and mouldable scaffolds for human cells in bone bioengineering.
Collapse
|
12
|
Reconstruction of radial bone defects using the reinforced tissue-engineered periosteum. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012; 72:E94-100. [DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e3182196a54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
13
|
Jonitz A, Wieding J, Lochner K, Cornelsen M, Seitz H, Hansmann D, Bader R. Migration Capacity and Viability of Human Primary Osteoblasts in Synthetic Three-dimensional Bone Scaffolds Made of Tricalciumphosphate. MATERIALS 2011; 4:1249-1259. [PMID: 28824140 PMCID: PMC5448682 DOI: 10.3390/ma4071249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In current therapeutic strategies, bone defects are filled up by bone auto- or allografts. Since they are limited by insufficient availability and donor site morbidity, it is necessary to find an appropriate alternative of synthetic porous bone materials. Because of their osteoconductive characteristics, ceramic materials like tricalciumphosphate (TCP) are suitable to fill up bone defects. Another advantage of TCP implants is the ability of patient-specific engineering. Objective of the present in-vitro study was to analyze the migration capacity and viability of human primary osteoblasts in porous three-dimensional TCP scaffolds in a static cell culture. To obtain data of the cellular supply with nutrients and oxygen, we determined the oxygen concentration and the pH value within the 3D scaffold compared to the surrounding medium using microsensors. After eight days of cultivation we found cells on all four planes. During incubation, the oxygen concentration within the scaffold decreased by approximately 8%. Furthermore, we could not demonstrate an increasing acidification in the core of the TCP scaffold. Our results suggest that osteoblasts could migrate and survive within the macroporous TCP scaffolds. The selected size of the macropores prevents overgrowth of cells, whereby the oxygen and nutrients supply is sufficiently guaranteed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anika Jonitz
- Department of Orthopaedics, Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, University of Rostock, Rostock 18107, Germany.
| | - Jan Wieding
- Department of Orthopaedics, Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, University of Rostock, Rostock 18107, Germany.
| | - Katrin Lochner
- Department of Orthopaedics, Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, University of Rostock, Rostock 18107, Germany.
| | - Matthias Cornelsen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Marine Technology, Chair of Fluid Technology and Microfluidics, University of Rostock, Rostock 18107, Germany.
| | - Hermann Seitz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Marine Technology, Chair of Fluid Technology and Microfluidics, University of Rostock, Rostock 18107, Germany.
| | - Doris Hansmann
- Department of Orthopaedics, Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, University of Rostock, Rostock 18107, Germany.
| | - Rainer Bader
- Department of Orthopaedics, Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, University of Rostock, Rostock 18107, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Petrochenko P, Narayan RJ. Novel approaches to bone grafting: porosity, bone morphogenetic proteins, stem cells, and the periosteum. J Long Term Eff Med Implants 2011; 20:303-15. [PMID: 21488823 DOI: 10.1615/jlongtermeffmedimplants.v20.i4.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The disadvantages involving the use of a patient's own bone as graft material have led surgeons to search for alternative materials. In this review, several characteristics of a successful bone graft material are discussed. In addition, novel synthetic materials and natural bone graft materials are being considered. Various factors can determine the success of a bone graft substitute. For example, design considerations such as porosity, pore shape, and interconnection play significant roles in determining graft performance. The effective delivery of bone morphogenetic proteins and the ability to restore vascularization also play significant roles in determining the success of a bone graft material. Among current approaches, shorter bone morphogenetic protein sequences, more efficient delivery methods, and periosteal graft supplements have shown significant promise for use in autograft substitutes or autograft extenders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Petrochenko
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Butscher A, Bohner M, Hofmann S, Gauckler L, Müller R. Structural and material approaches to bone tissue engineering in powder-based three-dimensional printing. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:907-20. [PMID: 20920616 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the current state of knowledge concerning the use of powder-based three-dimensional printing (3DP) for the synthesis of bone tissue engineering scaffolds. 3DP is a solid free-form fabrication (SFF) technique building up complex open porous 3D structures layer by layer (a bottom-up approach). In contrast to traditional fabrication techniques generally subtracting material step by step (a top-down approach), SFF approaches allow nearly unlimited designs and a large variety of materials to be used for scaffold engineering. Today's state of the art materials, as well as the mechanical and structural requirements for bone scaffolds, are summarized and discussed in relation to the technical feasibility of their use in 3DP. Advances in the field of 3DP are presented and compared with other SFF methods. Existing strategies on material and design control of scaffolds are reviewed. Finally, the possibilities and limiting factors are addressed and potential strategies to improve 3DP for scaffold engineering are proposed.
Collapse
|
16
|
Detsch R, Schaefer S, Deisinger U, Ziegler G, Seitz H, Leukers B. In vitro: osteoclastic activity studies on surfaces of 3D printed calcium phosphate scaffolds. J Biomater Appl 2010; 26:359-80. [PMID: 20659962 DOI: 10.1177/0885328210373285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Various biomaterials have been developed for the use as bone substitutes for bone defects. To optimize their integration and functionality, they should be adapted to the individual defect. Rapid prototyping is a manufacturing method to tailor materials to the 3D geometry of the defect. Especially 3D printing allows the manufacture of implants, the shape of which can be designed to fit the bone defect using anatomical information obtained from the patient. 3D printing of calcium phosphates, which are well established as bone substitutes, involves a sintering step after gluing the granules together by a binder liquid. In this study, we analyzed if and how these 3D printed calcium phosphate surfaces can be resorbed by osteoclast-like cells. On 3D printed scaffold surfaces consisting of pure HA and β-TCP as well as a biphasic mixture of HA and TCP the osteoclastic cell differentiation was studied. In this regard, cell proliferation, differentiation, and activation were analyzed with the monocytic cell line RAW 264.7. The results show that osteoclast-like cells were able to resorb calcium phosphate surfaces consisting of granules. Furthermore, biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics exhibit, because of their osteoclastic activation ability, the most promising surface properties to serve as 3D printed bone substitute scaffolds.
Collapse
|