1
|
Galocha-León C, Antich C, Voltes-Martínez A, Marchal JA, Mallandrich M, Halbaut L, Souto EB, Gálvez-Martín P, Clares-Naveros B. Human mesenchymal stromal cells-laden crosslinked hyaluronic acid-alginate bioink for 3D bioprinting applications in tissue engineering. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024:10.1007/s13346-024-01596-9. [PMID: 38662335 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-024-01596-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is considered one of the most advanced tools to build up materials for tissue engineering. The aim of this work was the design, development and characterization of a bioink composed of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSC) for extrusion through nozzles to create these 3D structures that might potentially be apply to replace the function of damaged natural tissue. In this study, we focused on the advantages and the wide potential of biocompatible biomaterials, such as hyaluronic acid and alginate for the inclusion of hMSC. The bioink was characterized for its physical (pH, osmolality, degradation, swelling, porosity, surface electrical properties, conductivity, and surface structure), mechanical (rheology and printability) and biological (viability and proliferation) properties. The developed bioink showed high porosity and high swelling capacity, while the degradation rate was dependent on the temperature. The bioink also showed negative electrical surface and appropriate rheological properties required for bioprinting. Moreover, stress-stability studies did not show any sign of physical instability. The developed bioink provided an excellent environment for the promotion of the viability and growth of hMSC cells. Our work reports the first-time study of the effect of storage temperature on the cell viability of bioinks, besides showing that our bioink promoted a high cell viability after being extruded by the bioprinter. These results support the suggestion that the developed hMSC-composed bioink fulfills all the requirements for tissue engineering and can be proposed as a biological tool with potential applications in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
Collapse
Grants
- Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (FEDER funds), grant number RTC-2016-5451-1; Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (FEDER funds), grant numbers DTS19/00143 and DTS17/00087); Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Emp Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (FEDER funds), grant number RTC-2016-5451-1; Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (FEDER funds), grant numbers DTS19/00143 and DTS17/00087); Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Emp
- FCT-Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., Lisbon, Portugal FCT-Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., Lisbon, Portugal
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Galocha-León
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, University Campus of Cartuja, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Antich
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, 18100, Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs. GRANADA), University Hospital of Granada-University of Granada, 18100, Granada, Spain
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, 18012, Spain
- Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Voltes-Martínez
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, 18100, Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs. GRANADA), University Hospital of Granada-University of Granada, 18100, Granada, Spain
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, 18012, Spain
- Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, 18016, Granada, Spain
- BioFab i3D Lab - Biofabrication and 3D (Bio)printing Singular Laboratory, University of Granada, 18100, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan A Marchal
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, 18100, Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs. GRANADA), University Hospital of Granada-University of Granada, 18100, Granada, Spain
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, 18012, Spain
- Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, 18016, Granada, Spain
- BioFab i3D Lab - Biofabrication and 3D (Bio)printing Singular Laboratory, University of Granada, 18100, Granada, Spain
| | - Mireia Mallandrich
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia IN2UB, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lyda Halbaut
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia IN2UB, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eliana B Souto
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Patricia Gálvez-Martín
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, University Campus of Cartuja, 18071, Granada, Spain
- R&D Human and Animal Health, Bioibérica S.A.U., 08029, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Clares-Naveros
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, University Campus of Cartuja, 18071, Granada, Spain.
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs. GRANADA), University Hospital of Granada-University of Granada, 18100, Granada, Spain.
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia IN2UB, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang Y, Habibovic P. Delivering Mechanical Stimulation to Cells: State of the Art in Materials and Devices Design. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2110267. [PMID: 35385176 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical signals, such as growth factors, cytokines, and transcription factors are known to play a crucial role in regulating a variety of cellular activities as well as maintaining the normal function of different tissues and organs. If the biochemical signals are assumed to be one side of the coin, the other side comprises biophysical cues. There is growing evidence showing that biophysical signals, and in particular mechanical cues, also play an important role in different stages of human life ranging from morphogenesis during embryonic development to maturation and maintenance of tissue and organ function throughout life. In order to investigate how mechanical signals influence cell and tissue function, tremendous efforts have been devoted to fabricating various materials and devices for delivering mechanical stimuli to cells and tissues. Here, an overview of the current state of the art in the design and development of such materials and devices is provided, with a focus on their design principles, and challenges and perspectives for future research directions are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Zhang
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, Maastricht University, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Pamela Habibovic
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, Maastricht University, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Volz M, Wyse-Sookoo KR, Travascio F, Huang CY, Best TM. MECHANOBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES FOR STIMULATING CHONDROGENESIS OF STEM CELLS. Stem Cells Dev 2022; 31:460-487. [PMID: 35615879 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2022.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrogenesis is the process of differentiation of stem cells into mature chondrocytes. Such a process consists of chemical, functional, and structural changes which are initiated and mediated by the host environment of the cells. To date, the mechanobiology of chondrogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Hence, experimental activity is focused on recreating specific environmental conditions for stimulating chondrogenesis, and to look for a mechanistic interpretation of the mechanobiological response of cells in the cartilaginous tissues. There are a large number of studies on the topic that vary considerably in their experimental protocols used for providing environmental cues to cells for differentiation, making generalizable conclusions difficult to ascertain. The main objective of this contribution is to review the mechanobiological stimulation of stem cell chondrogenesis and methodological approaches utilized to date to promote chondrogenesis of stem cells in-vitro. In-vivo models will also be explored, but this area is currently limited. An overview of the experimental approaches used by different research groups may help the development of unified testing methods that could be used to overcome existing knowledge gaps, leading to an accelerated translation of experimental findings to clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mallory Volz
- University of Miami, 5452, Biomedical Engineering, Coral Gables, Florida, United States;
| | | | - Francesco Travascio
- University of Miami, 5452, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, 1251 Memorial Drive, MEB 217B, Coral Gables, Florida, United States, 33146;
| | - Chun-Yuh Huang
- University of Miami, 5452, Biomedical Engineering, Coral Gables, Florida, United States;
| | - Thomas M Best
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 12235, School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen Y, Ouyang X, Wu Y, Guo S, Xie Y, Wang G. Co-culture and Mechanical Stimulation on Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Chondrocytes for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 15:54-60. [PMID: 31660820 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x14666191029104249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Defects in articular cartilage injury and chronic osteoarthritis are very widespread and common, and the ability of injured cartilage to repair itself is limited. Stem cell-based cartilage tissue engineering provides a promising therapeutic option for articular cartilage damage. However, the application of the technique is limited by the number, source, proliferation, and differentiation of stem cells. The co-culture of mesenchymal stem cells and chondrocytes is available for cartilage tissue engineering, and mechanical stimulation is an important factor that should not be ignored. A combination of these two approaches, i.e., co-culture of mesenchymal stem cells and chondrocytes under mechanical stimulation, can provide sufficient quantity and quality of cells for cartilage tissue engineering, and when combined with scaffold materials and cytokines, this approach ultimately achieves the purpose of cartilage repair and reconstruction. In this review, we focus on the effects of co-culture and mechanical stimulation on mesenchymal stem cells and chondrocytes for articular cartilage tissue engineering. An in-depth understanding of the impact of co-culture and mechanical stimulation of mesenchymal stem cells and chondrocytes can facilitate the development of additional strategies for articular cartilage tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biological Medicines in Universities of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Xinli Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Medicines in Universities of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Yide Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biological Medicines in Universities of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Shaojia Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biological Medicines in Universities of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Yongfang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biological Medicines in Universities of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Guohui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Medicines in Universities of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Evaluation of alginate modification effect on cell-matrix interaction, mechanotransduction and chondrogenesis of encapsulated MSCs. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 381:255-272. [PMID: 32405685 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03216-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising cell candidates for cartilage regeneration. Furthermore, it is important to control the cell-matrix interactions that have a direct influence on cell functions. Providing an appropriate microenvironment for cell differentiation in response to exogenous stimuli is a critical step towards the clinical utilization of MSCs. In this study, hydrogels consisted of different proportions of alginates that were modified using gelatin, collagen type I and arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) and were evaluated regarding their effects on mesenchymal stem cells. The effect of applying hydrostatic pressure on MSCs encapsulated in collagen-modified alginate with and without chondrogenic medium was evaluated 7, 14 and 21 days after culture, which is a comprehensive evaluation of chondrogenesis in 3D hydrogels with mechanical and chemical stimulants. Alcian blue, safranin O and dimethyl methylene blue (DMMB) staining showed the chondrogenic phenotype of cells seeded in the collagen- and RGD-modified alginate hydrogels with the highest intensity after 21 days of culture. The results of real-time PCR for cartilage-specific extracellular matrix genes indicated the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs in all hydrogels. Also, the synergic effects of chemical and mechanical stimuli are indicated. The highest expression levels of the studied genes were observed in the cells embedded in collagen-modified alginate by loading after 14 days of exposure to the chondrogenic medium. The effect of using IHP on encapsulated MSCs in modified alginate with collagen type I is equal or even higher than using TGF-beta on encapsulated cells. The results of immunohistochemical assessments also confirmed the real-time PCR data.
Collapse
|
6
|
Lee E, Kim J, Kang Y, Shin JW. A Platform for Studying of the Three-Dimensional Migration of Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 17:25-31. [PMID: 32002840 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-019-00224-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) have the property to return to the bone marrow, which is believed to be critical in situations such as HSPC transplantation. This property plays an important role in the stemness, viability, and proliferation of HSPCs, also. However, most in vitro models so far have not sufficiently simulated the complicate environment. Here, we proposed a three-dimensional experimental platform for the quantitative study of the migration of HSPCs. METHODS After encapsulating osteoblasts (OBs) in alginate beads, we quantified the migration of HSPCs into the beads due to the physical environment using digital image processing. Intermittent hydrostatic pressure (IHP) was used to mimic the mechanical environment of human bone marrow without using any biochemical factors. The expression of stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) under IHP was measured. RESULTS The results showed that the presence of OBs in the hydrogel scaffold initiate the movement of HSPCs. Furthermore, the IHP promotes the migration of HSPCs, even without the addition of any biochemical factors, and the results were confirmed by measuring SDF-1 levels. CONCLUSION We believe this suggested three-dimensional experimental platform consisting of a simulated in vivo physical environment and encapsulated OBs should contribute to in vitro migration studies used to investigate the effects of other external factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunjin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Yungyeong Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50834, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung-Woog Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50834, Republic of Korea.
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Institute of Aged Life Redesign, UHARC, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50834, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mechanical stimulation promotes the proliferation and the cartilage phenotype of mesenchymal stem cells and chondrocytes co-cultured in vitro. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 117:109146. [PMID: 31387186 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells and chondrocytes are an important source of the cells for cartilage tissue engineering. Therefore, the culture and expansion methods of these cells need to be improved to overcome the aging of chondrocytes and induced chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. The aim of this study was to expand the cells for cartilage tissue engineering by combining the advantages of growing cells in co-culture and under a mechanically-stimulated environment. Rabbit chondrocytes and co-cultured cells (bone mesenchymal stem cells and chondrocytes) were subjected to cyclic sinusoidal dynamic tensile mechanical stimulationusing the FX-4000 tension system. Chondrocyte proliferation was assayed by flow cytometry and CFSE labeling. The cell cartilage phenotype was determined by detecting GAG, collagen II and TGF-β1 protein expression by ELISA and the Col2α1, TGF-β1 and Sox9 gene expression by RT-PCR. The results show that the co-culture improved both the proliferation ability of chondrocytes and the cartilage phenotype of co-cultured cells. A proper cyclic sinusoidal dynamic tensile mechanical stimulation improved the proliferation ability and cartilage phenotype of chondrocytes and co-cultured cells. These results suggest that the co-culture of mesenchymal stem cells with chondrocytes and proper mechanical stimulation may be an appropriate way to rapidly expand the cells that have an improved cartilage phenotype for cartilage tissue engineering.
Collapse
|
8
|
Xie Y, Liu X, Wang S, Wang M, Wang G. Proper mechanical stimulation improve the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells: Improve the viscoelasticity and chondrogenic phenotype. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 115:108935. [PMID: 31078039 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells are ideal seed cell alternatives for articular cartilage tissue engineering, and the methods of the expansion of seed cells need to be improved. The mechanical factors play a significant role in the process of articular cartilage development and regeneration. The aim of this study was to improve the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and to expand seed cells for articular cartilage tissue engineering based on mechanical factors. Rabbit bone mesenchymal stem cells were subjected to cyclic dynamic square wave tensile mechanical loading using the FX-4000 tension system. The viscoelasticity of cells was investigated using the micropipette aspiration technique combined with the Kelvin standard linear viscoelastic solid model. The cell chondrogenic phenotype was assessed by detecting characteristic chondrocyte biomarkers; the expression of the GAG and TGF-β1 was analyzed by ELISA, and the expression of the Col2α1 and Sox9 gene was analyzed by RT-PCR. The results show that proper tensile mechanical stimulation improves the viscoelasticity and chondrogenic phenotype of mesenchymal stem cells such that it is similar to that of chondrocytes. These results suggest that viscoelasticity is a specific marker of chondrogenic differentiation and that proper mechanical stimulation culture methods can be used to expand seed cells and improve the chondrogenic phenotype for articular cartilage tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongfang Xie
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261042, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261042, China
| | - Mingling Wang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Guohui Wang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hodder E, Duin S, Kilian D, Ahlfeld T, Seidel J, Nachtigall C, Bush P, Covill D, Gelinsky M, Lode A. Investigating the effect of sterilisation methods on the physical properties and cytocompatibility of methyl cellulose used in combination with alginate for 3D-bioplotting of chondrocytes. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2019; 30:10. [PMID: 30610462 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-018-6211-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
For both the incorporation of cells and future therapeutic applications the sterility of a biomaterial must be ensured. However, common sterilisation techniques are intense and often negatively impact on material physicochemical attributes, which can affect its suitability for tissue engineering and 3D printing. In the present study four sterilisation methods, autoclave, supercritical CO2 (scCO2) treatment, UV- and gamma (γ) irradiation were evaluated regarding their impact on material properties and cellular responses. The investigations were performed on methyl cellulose (MC) as a component of an alginate/methyl cellulose (alg/MC) bioink, used for bioprinting embedded bovine primary chondrocytes (BPCs). In contrast to the autoclave, scCO2 and UV-treatments, the γ-irradiated MC resulted in a strong reduction in alg/MC viscosity and stability after extrusion which made this method unsuitable for precise bioprinting. Gel permeation chromatography analysis revealed a significant reduction in MC molecular mass only after γ-irradiation, which influenced MC chain mobility in the Ca2+-crosslinked alginate network as well as gel composition and microstructure. With regard to cell survival and proteoglycan matrix production, the results determined UV-irradiation and autoclaving as the best candidates for sterilisation. The scCO2-treatment of MC resulted in an unfavourable cell response indicating that this method needs careful optimisation prior to application for cell encapsulation. As proven by consistent FT-IR spectra, chemical alterations could be excluded as a cause for the differences seen between MC treatments on alg/MC behaviour. This investigation provides knowledge for the development of a clinically appropriate 3D-printing-based fabrication process to produce bioengineered tissue for cartilage regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ella Hodder
- School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK.
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK.
| | - Sarah Duin
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - David Kilian
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tilman Ahlfeld
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Julia Seidel
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Natural Materials Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Carsten Nachtigall
- Institute of Natural Materials Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Bush
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Derek Covill
- School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Michael Gelinsky
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Lode
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wu Y, Kang YG, Cho H, Kim IG, Chung EJ, Shin JW. Combinational effects of mechanical forces and substrate surface characteristics on esophageal epithelial differentiation. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 107:552-560. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Wu
- Department of Health Science and Technology; Inje University; Gimhae Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Gyeong Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Inje University; Gimhae Republic of Korea
| | - Hana Cho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - In Gul Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jae Chung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Woog Shin
- Department of Health Science and Technology; Inje University; Gimhae Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Inje University; Gimhae Republic of Korea
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center/Institute of Aged Life Redesign/UHARC, Inje University; Gimhae Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kolber MJ, Purita J, Paulus C, Carreno JA, Hanney WJ. Platelet Rich Plasma: Postprocedural Considerations for the Sports Medicine Professional. Strength Cond J 2018. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
12
|
Yi T, Huang S, Liu G, Li T, Kang Y, Luo Y, Wu J. Bioreactor Synergy with 3D Scaffolds: New Era for Stem Cells Culture. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 1:193-209. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Yi
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, , Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shaoxiong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, , Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guiting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, , Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tiancheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, , Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yang Kang
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuxi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, , Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, , Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Composites and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, , Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Park SH, Park SA, Kang YG, Shin JW, Park YS, Gu SR, Wu YR, Wei J, Shin JW. PCL/β-TCP Composite Scaffolds Exhibit Positive Osteogenic Differentiation with Mechanical Stimulation. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 14:349-358. [PMID: 30603491 PMCID: PMC6171607 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-017-0022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the use of Polycaprolactone (PCL)/ β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) composites with applied mechanical stimulation as scaffold for bone tissue engineering. PCL-based three-dimensional (3D) structures were fabricated in a solvent-free process using a 3D-printing technique. The mass fraction of β-TCP was varied in the range 0-30%, and the structure and compressive modulus of the specimens was characterized. The shape and interconnectivity of the pores was found to be satisfactory, and the compressive modulus of the specimens was comparable with that of human trabecular bone. Human mesenchymal stem cells were seeded on the composites, and various biological evaluations were performed over 9 days. With a mass fraction of β-TCP of 30%, differentiation began earlier; however, the cell proliferation rate was lower. Through the use of mechanical stimulation, however, the proliferation rate recovered, and was comparable with that of the other groups. This stimulation effect was also observed in ECM generation and other biological assays. With mechanical stimulation, expression of osteogenic markers was lower on samples with a β-TCP content of 10 wt% than without β-TCP; however, with mechanical stimulation, the sample with a β-TCP content of 30 wt% exhibited significantly greater expression of those markers than the other samples. We found that mechanical stimulation and the addition of β-TCP interacted closely, and that a mass fraction of β-TCP of 30% was particularly useful as a bone tissue scaffold when accompanied by mechanical stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- So Hee Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, 50834 Korea
| | - Su A. Park
- Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, 156, Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34103 Korea
| | - Yun Gyeong Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, 50834 Korea
| | - Ji Won Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, 50834 Korea
| | - Young Shik Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, 50834 Korea
| | - Seo Rin Gu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, 50834 Korea
| | - Yan Ru Wu
- Department of Health science and technology, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, 50834 Korea
| | - Jie Wei
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237 China
| | - Jung-Woog Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, 50834 Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, 50834 Korea
- Inst. of Aged Life Redesign/ UHARC/Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, 50834 Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Development and Characterization of a Parallelizable Perfusion Bioreactor for 3D Cell Culture. Bioengineering (Basel) 2017; 4:bioengineering4020051. [PMID: 28952530 PMCID: PMC5590478 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering4020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The three dimensional (3D) cultivation of stem cells in dynamic bioreactor systems is essential in the context of regenerative medicine. Still, there is a lack of bioreactor systems that allow the cultivation of multiple independent samples under different conditions while ensuring comprehensive control over the mechanical environment. Therefore, we developed a miniaturized, parallelizable perfusion bioreactor system with two different bioreactor chambers. Pressure sensors were also implemented to determine the permeability of biomaterials which allows us to approximate the shear stress conditions. To characterize the flow velocity and shear stress profile of a porous scaffold in both bioreactor chambers, a computational fluid dynamics analysis was performed. Furthermore, the mixing behavior was characterized by acquisition of the residence time distributions. Finally, the effects of the different flow and shear stress profiles of the bioreactor chambers on osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells were evaluated in a proof of concept study. In conclusion, the data from computational fluid dynamics and shear stress calculations were found to be predictable for relative comparison of the bioreactor geometries, but not for final determination of the optimal flow rate. However, we suggest that the system is beneficial for parallel dynamic cultivation of multiple samples for 3D cell culture processes.
Collapse
|
15
|
Mamidi MK, Das AK, Zakaria Z, Bhonde R. Mesenchymal stromal cells for cartilage repair in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:1307-16. [PMID: 26973328 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Treatment for articular cartilage damage is quite challenging as it shows limited repair and regeneration following injury. Non-operative and classical surgical techniques are inefficient in restoring normal anatomy and function of cartilage in osteoarthritis (OA). Thus, investigating new and effective strategies for OA are necessary to establish feasible therapeutic solutions. The emergence of the new discipline of regenerative medicine, having cell-based therapy as its primary focus, may enable us to achieve repair and restore the damaged articular cartilage. This review describes progress and development of employing mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-based therapy as a promising alternative for OA treatment. The objective of this review is to first, discuss how in vitro MSC chondrogenic differentiation mimics in vivo embryonic cartilage development, secondly, to describe various chondrogenic differentiation strategies followed by pre-clinical and clinical studies demonstrating their feasibility and efficacy. However, several challenges need to be tackled before this research can be translated to the clinics. In particular, better understanding of the post-transplanted cell behaviour and learning to enhance their potency in the disease microenvironment is essential. Final objective is to underscore the importance of isolation, storage, cell shipment, route of administration, optimum dosage and control batch to batch variations to realise the full potential of MSCs in OA clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M K Mamidi
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal University, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - A K Das
- Department of Surgery, Taylor's University School of Medicine, Sungai Buloh Hospital, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Z Zakaria
- Hematology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, 50588 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - R Bhonde
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal University, Bangalore 560065, India.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
The Distinct Effects of Estrogen and Hydrostatic Pressure on Mesenchymal Stem Cells Differentiation: Involvement of Estrogen Receptor Signaling. Ann Biomed Eng 2016; 44:2971-2983. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-016-1631-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
17
|
Im GI. Coculture in Musculoskeletal Tissue Regeneration. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2014; 20:545-54. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gun-Il Im
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
SAFSHEKAN FARZANEH, SHADPOUR MOHAMMADTAFAZZOLI, SHOKRGOZAR MOHAMMADALI, HAGHIGHIPOUR NOOSHIN, ALAVI SEYEDHAMED. EFFECTS OF SHORT-TERM CYCLIC HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE ON INITIATING AND ENHANCING THE EXPRESSION OF CHONDROGENIC GENES IN HUMAN ADIPOSE-DERIVED MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS. J MECH MED BIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519414500547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage tissue engineering is a promising treatment for damaged or diseased cartilage that requires thorough understanding of influential parameters involved in chondrogenic differentiation. This study examined how 4-h application of cyclic hydrostatic pressure (CHP) of 5 MPa at 0.5 Hz could modulate chondroinduction of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) in vitro. Four groups were examined including a negative control group, a chemical group treated by growth factor for 10 days, a mechanical group exposed to 4-h loading on the 10th day of pellet culture without any chondrogenic stimulator, and finally a chemical-mechanical group subjected to both growth factor and loading. Application of cyclic hydrostatic pressure increased the expression of chondrogenic genes, including sox9 and aggrecan to higher levels than those of the chemical group. This study indicates that cyclic hydrostatic pressure initiates and enhances the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells with or without growth factors in vitro and confirms the important role of hydrostatic pressure during chondrogenesis in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- FARZANEH SAFSHEKAN
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, 424, Hafez Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - MOHAMMAD ALI SHOKRGOZAR
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69, Pasteur Ave, P. O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - NOOSHIN HAGHIGHIPOUR
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69, Pasteur Ave, P. O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - SEYED HAMED ALAVI
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, 424, Hafez Ave, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Battiston KG, Cheung JWC, Jain D, Santerre JP. Biomaterials in co-culture systems: towards optimizing tissue integration and cell signaling within scaffolds. Biomaterials 2014; 35:4465-76. [PMID: 24602569 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Most natural tissues consist of multi-cellular systems made up of two or more cell types. However, some of these tissues may not regenerate themselves following tissue injury or disease without some form of intervention, such as from the use of tissue engineered constructs. Recent studies have increasingly used co-cultures in tissue engineering applications as these systems better model the natural tissues, both physically and biologically. This review aims to identify the challenges of using co-culture systems and to highlight different approaches with respect to the use of biomaterials in the use of such systems. The application of co-culture systems to stimulate a desired biological response and examples of studies within particular tissue engineering disciplines are summarized. A description of different analytical co-culture systems is also discussed and the role of biomaterials in the future of co-culture research are elaborated on. Understanding the complex cell-cell and cell-biomaterial interactions involved in co-culture systems will ultimately lead the field towards biomaterial concepts and designs with specific biochemical, electrical, and mechanical characteristics that are tailored towards the needs of distinct co-culture systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle G Battiston
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Room 461, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1G6
| | - Jane W C Cheung
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Room 461, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1G6
| | - Devika Jain
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Room 461, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1G6
| | - J Paul Santerre
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Room 461, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1G6; Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Room 464D, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1G6.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Adipose stromal cells contain phenotypically distinct adipogenic progenitors derived from neural crest. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84206. [PMID: 24391913 PMCID: PMC3877257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) contain phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous subpopulations of cells, but their developmental origin and their relative differentiation potential remain elusive. In the present study, we aimed at investigating how and to what extent the neural crest contributes to ASCs using Cre-loxP-mediated fate mapping. ASCs harvested from subcutaneous fat depots of either adult P0-Cre/or Wnt1-Cre/Floxed-reporter mice contained a few neural crest-derived ASCs (NCDASCs). This subpopulation of cells was successfully expanded in vitro under standard culture conditions and their growth rate was comparable to non-neural crest derivatives. Although NCDASCs were positive for several mesenchymal stem cell markers as non-neural crest derivatives, they exhibited a unique bipolar or multipolar morphology with higher expression of markers for both neural crest progenitors (p75NTR, Nestin, and Sox2) and preadipocytes (CD24, CD34, S100, Pref-1, GATA2, and C/EBP-delta). NCDASCs were able to differentiate into adipocytes with high efficiency but their osteogenic and chondrogenic potential was markedly attenuated, indicating their commitment to adipogenesis. In vivo, a very small proportion of adipocytes were originated from the neural crest. In addition, p75NTR-positive neural crest-derived cells were identified along the vessels within the subcutaneous adipose tissue, but they were negative for mural and endothelial markers. These results demonstrate that ASCs contain neural crest-derived adipocyte-restricted progenitors whose phenotype is distinct from that of non-neural crest derivatives.
Collapse
|
21
|
Alassaf A, Aleid A, Frenkel V. In vitro methods for evaluating therapeutic ultrasound exposures: present-day models and future innovations. J Ther Ultrasound 2013; 1:21. [PMID: 25093079 PMCID: PMC4109267 DOI: 10.1186/2050-5736-1-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although preclinical experiments are ultimately required to evaluate new therapeutic ultrasound exposures and devices prior to clinical trials, in vitro experiments can play an important role in the developmental process. A variety of in vitro methods have been developed, where each of these has demonstrated their utility for various test purposes. These include inert tissue-mimicking phantoms, which can incorporate thermocouples or cells and ex vivo tissue. Cell-based methods have also been used, both in monolayer and suspension. More biologically relevant platforms have also shown utility, such as blood clots and collagen gels. Each of these methods possesses characteristics that are well suited for various well-defined investigative goals. None, however, incorporate all the properties of real tissues, which include a 3D environment and live cells that may be maintained long-term post-treatment. This review is intended to provide an overview of the existing application-specific in vitro methods available to therapeutic ultrasound investigators, highlighting their advantages and limitations. Additional reporting is presented on the exciting and emerging field of 3D biological scaffolds, employing methods and materials adapted from tissue engineering. This type of platform holds much promise for achieving more representative conditions of those found in vivo, especially important for the newest sphere of therapeutic applications, based on molecular changes that may be generated in response to non-destructive exposures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Alassaf
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Catholic University of America, 620 Michigan Ave NE, Washington, DC 20064, USA
| | - Adham Aleid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Catholic University of America, 620 Michigan Ave NE, Washington, DC 20064, USA
| | - Victor Frenkel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Catholic University of America, 620 Michigan Ave NE, Washington, DC 20064, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
The effect of non-growth factors on chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Tissue Bank 2013; 15:319-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s10561-013-9403-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
23
|
Kim SY, Park SH, Shin JW, Kang YG, Jeon KJ, Hyun JS, Oh MJ, Shin JW. Mechanical stimulation and the presence of neighboring cells greatly affect migration of human mesenchymal stem cells. Biotechnol Lett 2013; 35:1817-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-013-1270-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
24
|
Elongated cell morphology and uniaxial mechanical stretch contribute to physical attributes of niche environment for MSC tenogenic differentiation. Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:755-60. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|