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San X, Hu J, Chen M, Niu H, Smeets PJM, Malliakas CD, Deng J, Koo K, Dos Reis R, Dravid VP, Hu X. Unlocking the mysterious polytypic features within vaterite CaCO 3. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7858. [PMID: 38030637 PMCID: PMC10687017 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43625-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3), the most abundant biogenic mineral on earth, plays a crucial role in various fields such as hydrosphere, biosphere, and climate regulation. Of the four polymorphs, calcite, aragonite, vaterite, and amorphous CaCO3, vaterite is the most enigmatic one due to an ongoing debate regarding its structure that has persisted for nearly a century. In this work, based on systematic transmission electron microscopy characterizations, crystallographic analysis and machine learning aided molecular dynamics simulations with ab initio accuracy, we reveal that vaterite can be regarded as a polytypic structure. The basic phase has a monoclinic lattice possessing pseudohexagonal symmetry. Direct imaging and atomic-scale simulations provide evidence that a single grain of vaterite can contain three orientation variants. Additionally, we find that vaterite undergoes a second-order phase transition with a critical point of ~190 K. These atomic scale insights provide a comprehensive understanding of the structure of vaterite and offer advanced perspectives on the biomineralization process of calcium carbonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyuan San
- Hebei Key Lab of Optic-electronic Information and Materials, The College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Junwei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, International Center for Materials Discovery, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Mingyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, International Center for Materials Discovery, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Haiyang Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, International Center for Materials Discovery, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China.
| | - Paul J M Smeets
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | | | - Jie Deng
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Kunmo Koo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Roberto Dos Reis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Vinayak P Dravid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
| | - Xiaobing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
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Dejob L, Toury B, Tadier S, Grémillard L, Gaillard C, Salles V. Electrospinning of in situ synthesized silica-based and calcium phosphate bioceramics for applications in bone tissue engineering: A review. Acta Biomater 2021; 123:123-153. [PMID: 33359868 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The field of bone tissue engineering (BTE) focuses on the repair of bone defects that are too large to be restored by the natural healing process. To that purpose, synthetic materials mimicking the natural bone extracellular matrix (ECM) are widely studied and many combinations of compositions and architectures are possible. In particular, the electrospinning process can reproduce the fibrillar structure of bone ECM by stretching a viscoelastic solution under an electrical field. With this method, nano/micrometer-sized fibres can be produced, with an adjustable chemical composition. Therefore, by shaping bioactive ceramics such as silica, bioactive glasses and calcium phosphates through electrospinning, promising properties for their use in BTE can be obtained. This review focuses on the in situ synthesis and simultaneous electrospinning of bioceramic-based fibres while the reasons for using each material are correlated with its bioactivity. Theoretical and practical considerations for the synthesis and electrospinning of these materials are developed. Finally, investigations into the in vitro and in vivo bioactivity of different systems using such inorganic fibres are exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Dejob
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, UMR CNRS 5615, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne F-69622, France; Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, CNRS, MATEIS UMR 5510, Villeurbanne F-69621, France
| | - Bérangère Toury
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, UMR CNRS 5615, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne F-69622, France
| | - Solène Tadier
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, CNRS, MATEIS UMR 5510, Villeurbanne F-69621, France
| | - Laurent Grémillard
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, CNRS, MATEIS UMR 5510, Villeurbanne F-69621, France
| | - Claire Gaillard
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, CNRS, MATEIS UMR 5510, Villeurbanne F-69621, France
| | - Vincent Salles
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, UMR CNRS 5615, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne F-69622, France.
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Solanki AK, Lali FV, Autefage H, Agarwal S, Nommeots-Nomm A, Metcalfe AD, Stevens MM, Jones JR. Bioactive glasses and electrospun composites that release cobalt to stimulate the HIF pathway for wound healing applications. Biomater Res 2021; 25:1. [PMID: 33451366 PMCID: PMC7811269 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-020-00202-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bioactive glasses are traditionally associated with bonding to bone through a hydroxycarbonate apatite (HCA) surface layer but the release of active ions is more important for bone regeneration. They are now being used to deliver ions for soft tissue applications, particularly wound healing. Cobalt is known to simulate hypoxia and provoke angiogenesis. The aim here was to develop new bioactive glass compositions designed to be scaffold materials to locally deliver pro-angiogenic cobalt ions, at a controlled rate, without forming an HCA layer, for wound healing applications. METHODS New melt-derived bioactive glass compositions were designed that had the same network connectivity (mean number of bridging covalent bonds between silica tetrahedra), and therefore similar biodegradation rate, as the original 45S5 Bioglass. The amount of magnesium and cobalt in the glass was varied, with the aim of reducing or removing calcium and phosphate from the compositions. Electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone)/bioactive glass composites were also produced. Glasses were tested for ion release in dissolution studies and their influence on Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) and expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) from fibroblast cells was investigated. RESULTS Dissolution tests showed the silica rich layer differed depending on the amount of MgO in the glass, which influenced the delivery of cobalt. The electrospun composites delivered a more sustained ion release relative to glass particles alone. Exposing fibroblasts to conditioned media from these composites did not cause a detrimental effect on metabolic activity but glasses containing cobalt did stabilise HIF-1α and provoked a significantly higher expression of VEGF (not seen in Co-free controls). CONCLUSIONS The composite fibres containing new bioactive glass compositions delivered cobalt ions at a sustained rate, which could be mediated by the magnesium content of the glass. The dissolution products stabilised HIF-1α and provoked a significantly higher expression of VEGF, suggesting the composites activated the HIF pathway to stimulate angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu K Solanki
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ferdinand V Lali
- The Griffin Institute, Northwick Park & St Mark's Hospitals Campus, Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - Hélène Autefage
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Shweta Agarwal
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Amy Nommeots-Nomm
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Anthony D Metcalfe
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Julian R Jones
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Donate R, Monzón M, Alemán-Domínguez ME. Additive manufacturing of PLA-based scaffolds intended for bone regeneration and strategies to improve their biological properties. E-POLYMERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2020-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPolylactic acid (PLA) is one of the most commonly used materials in the biomedical sector because of its processability, mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Among the different techniques that are feasible to process this biomaterial, additive manufacturing (AM) has gained attention recently, as it provides the possibility of tuning the design of the structures. This flexibility in the design stage allows the customization of the parts in order to optimize their use in the tissue engineering field. In the recent years, the application of PLA for the manufacture of bone scaffolds has been especially relevant, since numerous studies have proven the potential of this biomaterial for bone regeneration. This review contains a description of the specific requirements in the regeneration of bone and how the state of the art have tried to address them with different strategies to develop PLA-based scaffolds by AM techniques and with improved biofunctionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Donate
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, 35017, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Mario Monzón
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, 35017, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - María Elena Alemán-Domínguez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, 35017, Las Palmas, Spain
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Inomata K, Honda M. Co-Culture of Osteoblasts and Endothelial Cells on a Microfiber Scaffold to Construct Bone-Like Tissue with Vascular Networks. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E2869. [PMID: 31491993 PMCID: PMC6765976 DOI: 10.3390/ma12182869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bone is based on an elaborate system of mineralization and vascularization. In hard tissue engineering, diverse biomaterials compatible with osteogenesis and angiogenesis have been developed. In the present study, to examine the processes of osteogenesis and angiogenesis, osteoblast-like MG-63 cells were co-cultured with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) on a microfiber scaffold. The percentage of adherent cells on the scaffold was more than 60% compared to the culture plate, regardless of the cell type and culture conditions. Cell viability under both monoculture and co-culture conditions was constantly sustained. During the culture periods, the cells were spread along the fibers and extended pseudopodium-like structures on the microfibers three-dimensionally. Compared to the monoculture results, the alkaline phosphatase activity of the co-culture increased 3-6 fold, whereas the vascular endothelial cell growth factor secretion significantly decreased. Immunofluorescent staining of CD31 showed that HUVECs were well spread along the fibers and formed microcapillary-structures. These results suggest that the activation of HUVECs by co-culture with MG-63 could enhance osteoblastic differentiation in the microfiber scaffold, which mimics the microenvironment of the extracellular matrix. This approach can be effective for the construction of tissue-engineered bone with vascular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Inomata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
| | - Michiyo Honda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
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Osada N, Terada A, Maeda H, Obata A, Nishikawa Y, Kasuga T. Tuning of ion-release capability from bio-ceramic-polymer composites for enhancing cellular activity. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190612. [PMID: 31598297 PMCID: PMC6774980 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In our previous study, we investigated the synergetic effects of inorganic ions, such as silicate, Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions on the osteoblast-like cell behaviour. Mg2+ ions play an important role in cell adhesion. In the present study, we designed a new composite that releases a high concentration of Mg2+ ions during the early stage of the bone-forming process, and silicate and Ca2+ ions continuously throughout this process. Here, 40SiO2-40MgO-20Na2O glass (G) with high solubility and vaterite-based calcium carbonate (V) were selected as the source of silicate and Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions, respectively. These particles were mixed with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) using a kneading method at 110°C to prepare the composite (G-V/PLGA, G/V/PLGA = 4/56/40 (in weight ratio)). Most of the Mg2+ ions were released within 3 days of immersion at an important stage for cell adhesion, and silicate and Ca2+ ions were released continuously at rates of 70-80 and 180 ppm d-1, respectively, throughout the experiment (until day 7). Mouse-derived osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 proliferated more vigorously on G-V/PLGA in comparison with V-containing PLGA without G particles; it is possible to control the ion-release behaviour by incorporating a small amount of glass particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Osada
- Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso cho, Showa ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
- ORTHOREBIRTH Co. Ltd, 15-3-303 Chigasaki-Chuo, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama 224-0032, Japan
| | - Arisa Terada
- Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso cho, Showa ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Maeda
- Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso cho, Showa ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Akiko Obata
- Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso cho, Showa ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Yasutoshi Nishikawa
- ORTHOREBIRTH Co. Ltd, 15-3-303 Chigasaki-Chuo, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama 224-0032, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kasuga
- Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso cho, Showa ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
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Obata A, Ogasawara T, Kasuga T. Combinatorial effects of inorganic ions on adhesion and proliferation of osteoblast‐like cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 107:1042-1051. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Obata
- Division of Advanced Ceramics, Graduate School of EngineeringNagoya Institute of Technology Nagoya Japan
| | - Toru Ogasawara
- Division of Advanced Ceramics, Graduate School of EngineeringNagoya Institute of Technology Nagoya Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kasuga
- Division of Advanced Ceramics, Graduate School of EngineeringNagoya Institute of Technology Nagoya Japan
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8
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Zhang C, Li P, Zhang Y, Lu F, Li W, Kang H, Xiang JF, Huang Y, Liu R. Hierarchical porous structures in cellulose: NMR relaxometry approach. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yamada S, Obata A, Maeda H, Ota Y, Kasuga T. Development of Magnesium and Siloxane-Containing Vaterite and Its Composite Materials for Bone Regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3:195. [PMID: 26697421 PMCID: PMC4667009 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of novel biomaterials with Mg(2+), Ca(2+), and silicate ions releasability for bone regeneration is now in progress. Several inorganic ions have been reported to stimulate bone-forming cells. We featured Ca(2+), silicate, and especially, Mg(2+) ions as growth factors for osteoblasts. Various biomaterials, such as ceramic powders and organic-inorganic composites, that release the ions, have been developed and investigated for their cytocompatibilities in our previous work. Through the investigation, providing the three ions was found to be effective to activate osteogenic cells. Magnesium and siloxane--containing vaterite was prepared by a carbonation process as an inorganic particle that can has the ability to simultaneously release Ca(2+), silicate, and Mg(2+) ions to biodegradable polymers. Poly (l-lactic acid) (PLLA)- and bioactive PLLA-based composites containing vaterite coatings were discussed regarding their degradability and cytocompatibility using a metallic Mg substrate as Mg(2+) ion source. PLLA/SiV composite film, which has a releasability of silicate ions besides Ca(2+) ion, was coated on a pure Mg substrate to be compared with the PLLA/V coating. The degradability and releasability of inorganic ions were morphologically and quantitatively monitored in a cell culture medium. The bonding strength between the coatings and Mg substrates was one of the key factors to control Mg(2+) ion release from the substrates. The cell culture tests were conducted using mouse osteoblast-like cells (MC3T3-E1 cells); cellular morphology, proliferation, and differentiation on the materials were evaluated. The PLLA/V and PLLA/SiV coatings on Mg substrates were found to enhance the proliferation, especially the PLLA/SiV coating possessed a higher ability to induce the osteogenic differentiation of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Yamada
- Department of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akiko Obata
- Department of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Maeda
- Department of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ota
- Yabashi Industries Co., Ltd., Ogaki, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kasuga
- Department of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
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Uskoković V. When 1+1>2: Nanostructured composites for hard tissue engineering applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 57:434-51. [PMID: 26354283 PMCID: PMC4567690 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multicomponent, synergistic and multifunctional nanostructures have taken over the spotlight in the realm of biomedical nanotechnologies. The most prospective materials for bone regeneration today are almost exclusively composites comprising two or more components that compensate for the shortcomings of each one of them alone. This is quite natural in view of the fact that all hard tissues in the human body, except perhaps the tooth enamel, are composite nanostructures. This review article highlights some of the most prospective breakthroughs made in this research direction, with the hard tissues in main focus being those comprising bone, tooth cementum, dentin and enamel. The major obstacles to creating collagen/apatite composites modeled after the structure of bone are mentioned, including the immunogenicity of xenogeneic collagen and continuously failing attempts to replicate the biomineralization process in vitro. Composites comprising a polymeric component and calcium phosphate are discussed in light of their ability to emulate the soft/hard composite structure of bone. Hard tissue engineering composites created using hard material components other than calcium phosphates, including silica, metals and several types of nanotubes, are also discoursed on, alongside additional components deliverable using these materials, such as cells, growth factors, peptides, antibiotics, antiresorptive and anabolic agents, pharmacokinetic conjugates and various cell-specific targeting moieties. It is concluded that a variety of hard tissue structures in the body necessitates a similar variety of biomaterials for their regeneration. The ongoing development of nanocomposites for bone restoration will result in smart, theranostic materials, capable of acting therapeutically in direct feedback with the outcome of in situ disease monitoring at the cellular and subcellular scales. Progress in this research direction is expected to take us to the next generation of biomaterials, designed with the purpose of fulfilling Daedalus' dream - not restoring the tissues, but rather augmenting them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuk Uskoković
- Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.
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11
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Electrospinning of Bioinspired Polymer Scaffolds. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 881:33-53. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22345-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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12
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Poologasundarampillai G, Wang D, Li S, Nakamura J, Bradley R, Lee PD, Stevens MM, McPhail DS, Kasuga T, Jones JR. Cotton-wool-like bioactive glasses for bone regeneration. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:3733-46. [PMID: 24874652 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic sol-gel solutions were electrospun to produce the first bioactive three-dimensional (3-D) scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration with a structure like cotton-wool (or cotton candy). This flexible 3-D fibrous structure is ideal for packing into complex defects. It also has large inter-fiber spaces to promote vascularization, penetration of cells and transport of nutrients throughout the scaffold. The 3-D fibrous structure was obtained by electrospinning, where the applied electric field and the instabilities exert tremendous force on the spinning jet, which is required to be viscoelastic to prevent jet break up. Previously, polymer binding agents were used with inorganic solutions to produce electrospun composite two-dimensional fibermats, requiring calcination to remove the polymer. This study presents novel reaction and processing conditions for producing a viscoelastic inorganic sol-gel solution that results in fibers by the entanglement of the intermolecularly overlapped nanosilica species in the solution, eliminating the need for a binder. Three-dimensional cotton-wool-like structures were only produced when solutions containing calcium nitrate were used, suggesting that the charge of the Ca(2+) ions had a significant effect. The resulting bioactive silica fibers had a narrow diameter range of 0.5-2μm and were nanoporous. A hydroxycarbonate apatite layer was formed on the fibers within the first 12h of soaking in simulated body fluid. MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells cultured on the fibers showed no adverse cytotoxic effect and they were observed to attach to and spread in the material.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D Wang
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - S Li
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - J Nakamura
- Department of Frontier Materials, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - R Bradley
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - P D Lee
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - M M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - D S McPhail
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - T Kasuga
- Department of Frontier Materials, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - J R Jones
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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