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Kronek J, Minarčíková A, Kroneková Z, Majerčíková M, Strasser P, Teasdale I. Poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline) as a Versatile Functional Polymer for Biomedical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1708. [PMID: 38932057 PMCID: PMC11207257 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Functional polymers play an important role in various biomedical applications. From many choices, poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline) (PIPOx) represents a promising reactive polymer with great potential in various biomedical applications. PIPOx, with pendant reactive 2-oxazoline groups, can be readily prepared in a controllable manner via several controlled/living polymerization methods, such as living anionic polymerization, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), reversible addition-fragmentation transfer (RAFT) or rare earth metal-mediated group transfer polymerization. The reactivity of pendant 2-oxazoline allows selective reactions with thiol and carboxylic group-containing compounds without the presence of any catalyst. Moreover, PIPOx has been demonstrated to be a non-cytotoxic polymer with immunomodulative properties. Post-polymerization functionalization of PIPOx has been used for the preparation of thermosensitive or cationic polymers, drug conjugates, hydrogels, brush-like materials, and polymer coatings available for drug and gene delivery, tissue engineering, blood-like materials, antimicrobial materials, and many others. This mini-review covers new achievements in PIPOx synthesis, reactivity, and use in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Kronek
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.M.); (Z.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Alžbeta Minarčíková
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.M.); (Z.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Zuzana Kroneková
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.M.); (Z.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Monika Majerčíková
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.M.); (Z.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Paul Strasser
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (P.S.); (I.T.)
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (P.S.); (I.T.)
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Kundeková B, Máčajová M, Meta M, Čavarga I, Huntošová V, Datta S, Miškovský P, Kronek J, Bilčík B. The Japanese quail chorioallantoic membrane as a model to study an amphiphilic gradient copoly(2-oxazoline)s- based drug delivery system for photodynamic diagnosis and therapy research. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 40:103046. [PMID: 35917905 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic gradient copoly(2-oxazoline)s are widely researched in the field of drug delivery. They could be used as a transport system for hydrophobic drugs such as hypericin (HYP). We prepared six gradient copolymers (EtOx)-grad-(ROPhOx) by living cationic ring-opening polymerization of a hydrophilic comonomer 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline (EtOx) and a hydrophobic comonomer 2-(4-alkyloxyphenyl)-2-oxazoline (ROPhOx), with different composition ratio (88:12 and 85:15) and three different alkyl chain lengths of alkyl (R) substituents. As an experimental model, Japanese quail chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) was used. The effect of nanoparticles loaded with HYP was evaluated by the changes of fluorescence intensity during photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) monitored under 405 nm LED light before administration, and 0,1,3 and 24 h after topical administration. The effectiveness of photodynamic therapy (PDT) (405 nm, 285 mW/cm2) applied 1h after the administration of HYP-loaded nanoparticles was evaluated using vascular damage score and histological sections. Molecular analysis was done by measuring angiogenesis-related gene expression by qPCR. The application of nanoparticles unloaded or loaded with HYP proved to be biocompatible, non-toxic, and undamaging to the CAM tissue, while they successfully altered the HYP fluorescence. We observed a possible anti-angiogenic potential of prepared nanoparticles, which could present an advantage for PDT used for tumour treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Kundeková
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 84005, Slovakia
| | - Mariana Máčajová
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 84005, Slovakia
| | - Majlinda Meta
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 84005, Slovakia
| | - Ivan Čavarga
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 84005, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Huntošová
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park, P.J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenná 5, Košice 04154, Slovakia
| | - Shubhashis Datta
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park, P.J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenná 5, Košice 04154, Slovakia
| | - Pavol Miškovský
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park, P.J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenná 5, Košice 04154, Slovakia; SAFTRA Photonics s r o., Moldavská cesta 51, Košice 04011, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Kronek
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 84541, Slovakia
| | - Boris Bilčík
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 84005, Slovakia.
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Polyoxazoline: A review article from polymerization to smart behaviors and biomedical applications. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Zahoranová A, Luxenhofer R. Poly(2-oxazoline)- and Poly(2-oxazine)-Based Self-Assemblies, Polyplexes, and Drug Nanoformulations-An Update. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001382. [PMID: 33448122 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
For many decades, poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s, two closely related families of polymers, have led the life of a rather obscure research topic with only a few research groups world-wide working with them. This has changed in the last five to ten years, presumably triggered significantly by very promising clinical trials of the first poly(2-oxazoline)-based drug conjugate. The huge chemical and structural toolbox poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s has been extended very significantly in the last few years, but their potential still remains largely untapped. Here, specifically, the developments in macromolecular self-assemblies and non-covalent drug delivery systems such as polyplexes and drug nanoformulations based on poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s are reviewed. This highly dynamic field benefits particularly from the extensive synthetic toolbox poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s offer and also may have the largest potential for a further development. It is expected that the research dynamics will remain high in the next few years, particularly as more about the safety and therapeutic potential of poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s is learned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zahoranová
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry Vienna University of Technology Getreidemarkt 9/163MC Vienna 1060 Austria
| | - Robert Luxenhofer
- Functional Polymer Materials Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis Institute for Functional Materials and Biofabrication Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Julius‐Maximilians‐Universität Würzburg Röntgenring 11 Würzburg 97070 Germany
- Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Chemistry Helsinki University Helsinki 00014 Finland
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Haladjova E, Rangelov S, Tsvetanov C. Thermoresponsive Polyoxazolines as Vectors for Transfection of Nucleic Acids. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112609. [PMID: 33171983 PMCID: PMC7694630 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(2-oxazoline)s (POx) are an attractive platform for the development of non-viral gene delivery systems. The combination of POx moieties, exhibiting excellent biocompatibility, with DNA-binding polyethyleneimine (PEI) moieties into a single copolymer chain is a promising approach to balance toxicity and transfection efficiency. The versatility of POx in terms of type of substituent, copolymer composition, degree of polymerization, degree of hydrolysis, and chain architecture, as well as the introduction of stimuli-responsive properties, provides opportunities to finely tune the copolymer characteristics and physicochemical properties of the polyplexes to increase the biological performance. An overview of the current state of research in the POx-PEI-based gene delivery systems focusing particularly on thermosensitive POx is presented in this paper.
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Haladjova E, Smolíček M, Ugrinova I, Momekova D, Shestakova P, Kroneková Z, Kronek J, Rangelov S. DNA delivery systems based on copolymers of poly (2‐methyl‐2‐oxazoline) and polyethyleneimine: Effect of polyoxazoline moieties on the endo‐lysosomal escape. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emi Haladjova
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Maroš Smolíček
- Department for Biomaterials ResearchPolymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava Slovakia
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural SciencesComenius University Mlynská dolina Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Iva Ugrinova
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia Bulgaria
| | | | - Pavletta Shestakova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Zuzana Kroneková
- Department for Biomaterials ResearchPolymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Juraj Kronek
- Department for Biomaterials ResearchPolymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava Slovakia
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Simon L, Marcotte N, Devoisselle JM, Begu S, Lapinte V. Recent advances and prospects in nano drug delivery systems using lipopolyoxazolines. Int J Pharm 2020; 585:119536. [PMID: 32531447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Facing the growing demand in nano drug delivery systems (nDDS), hybrid excipients based on natural molecules and well-defined synthetic polymers are intensively investigated. Lipopolyoxazolines (LipoPOx) composed of a polyoxazoline block (POx) and a lipid or lipid-like derivative are detailed in this review. The nature of lipids used, the route to synthesize LipoPOx and their advantages for the formulation of drugs are reported. The place of POx family in nanomedicine is discussed compared to PEG, considered as the gold standard of hydrophilic polymers. LipoPOx nanoformulations including liposomes, mixed micelles, lipid nanocapsules are provided alongside discussion of the nDDS for intravenous or topical administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Simon
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - N Marcotte
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - S Begu
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
| | - V Lapinte
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
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Lorson T, Lübtow MM, Wegener E, Haider MS, Borova S, Nahm D, Jordan R, Sokolski-Papkov M, Kabanov AV, Luxenhofer R. Poly(2-oxazoline)s based biomaterials: A comprehensive and critical update. Biomaterials 2018; 178:204-280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Mees MA, Hoogenboom R. Full and partial hydrolysis of poly(2-oxazoline)s and the subsequent post-polymerization modification of the resulting polyethylenimine (co)polymers. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00978c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the full and partial hydrolysis of poly(2-oxazoline)s as well as the synthetic methods that have been reported to modify the resulting secondary amine groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten A. Mees
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
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Leiske MN, Sobotta FH, Richter F, Hoeppener S, Brendel JC, Traeger A, Schubert US. How To Tune the Gene Delivery and Biocompatibility of Poly(2-(4-aminobutyl)-2-oxazoline) by Self- and Coassembly. Biomacromolecules 2017; 19:748-760. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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11
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Kroneková Z, Mikulec M, Petrenčíková N, Paulovičová E, Paulovičová L, Jančinová V, Nosál' R, Reddy PS, Shimoga GD, Chorvát D, Kronek J. Ex Vivo and In Vitro Studies on the Cytotoxicity and Immunomodulative Properties of Poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline) as a New Type of Biomedical Polymer. Macromol Biosci 2016; 16:1200-11. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Kroneková
- Department for Biomaterials Research; Polymer Institute; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dubravska cesta 9 845 41 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Marcel Mikulec
- Department for Biomaterials Research; Polymer Institute; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dubravska cesta 9 845 41 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Nadežda Petrenčíková
- Department for Biomaterials Research; Polymer Institute; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dubravska cesta 9 845 41 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Ema Paulovičová
- Institute of Chemistry; Center of Glycomics; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dubravska cesta 9 84236 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Lucia Paulovičová
- Institute of Chemistry; Center of Glycomics; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dubravska cesta 9 84236 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Viera Jančinová
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dubravska cesta 9 841 04 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Radomír Nosál'
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dubravska cesta 9 841 04 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Palem S. Reddy
- Centre of Polymer Systems; University Institute; Tomas Bata University in Zlin; Trˇída T. Bati 5678; Zlin 760 01 Czech Republic
| | - Ganesh D. Shimoga
- Centre of Polymer Systems; University Institute; Tomas Bata University in Zlin; Trˇída T. Bati 5678; Zlin 760 01 Czech Republic
| | - Dušan Chorvát
- International Laser Centre; Ilkovičova 3 841 04 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Juraj Kronek
- Department for Biomaterials Research; Polymer Institute; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dubravska cesta 9 845 41 Bratislava Slovakia
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Westmeier D, Stauber RH, Docter D. The concept of bio-corona in modulating the toxicity of engineered nanomaterials (ENM). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 299:53-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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